Emotion-Focused Therapy Promising for Eating Disorders

SEATTLE – Patients with eating disorders who receive emotion-focused therapy experience a decrease in psychological morbidity and possible reductions in bingeing and vomiting, preliminary results of the first evaluation of this therapy for eating disorders show.

“Affect has long been implicated in triggering eating disorder symptoms. Difficulties with affect regulation characterize the population,” Leslie Greenberg, Ph.D., told people attending an international conference sponsored by the Academy for Eating Disorders.

In an emotion-focused therapy (EFT) model, the activation of emotion schematic memories and the experience of overwhelming affect play key roles in the pathogenesis of these disorders. “A central function in our view of the eating disorder [is that it] can be understood as an attempt to control affect,” he said at the conference, which was cosponsored by the University of New Mexico.

EFT is an evidence-based treatment for depression, trauma, and couples distress, noted Dr. Greenberg, who is director of the psychotherapy research center at York University, Toronto.

“The hypothesized effect of EFT for eating disorders is that it will enhance people's sense of efficacy about dealing with the eating disorder, leading to change in dysfunctional behavior patterns,” he said. When patients are able to understand that the disorder is functioning to regulate their emotions, they are then able to handle their emotions in a new way, which gives rise to a sense of hope that they can also control the disorder, he said.

“Once the emotions have been dealt with, this will render the eating disorder unnecessary as a means of coping,” he said.

Dr. Greenberg and his colleagues enrolled 14 women with eating disorders in the study. The average age of the women was 33 years. Seven (50%) of them had bulimia nervosa, four (29%) had binge-eating disorder, and three (21%) had an eating disorder not otherwise specified. The mean duration of eating problems was nearly 20 years.

The women were equally divided into two groups and received group EFT consisting of 16 weekly sessions, each lasting 2 hours. In the first session, the therapist focused on psychoeducation about eating and emotions, according to Dr. Greenberg. In the remaining sessions, two or three women engaged in dialogue on self-critical issues, self-interruptive issues, and unfinished business.

On average, the women attended about 12 sessions and had five chair-work treatments. Therapists reported that the women in group 1 (a start-up group) had a comparatively higher prevalence of atypical eating disorder presentations and Axis II disorders, as well as poorer attendance. Those in group 2 had a higher prevalence of typical eating-disorder presentations and greater focus.

The results, which Dr. Greenberg stressed were preliminary, indicated that after therapy, the patients had significant improvements from baseline in scores on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Symptom Checklist-90. They also had nonsignificant improvements in scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

In the two groups combined, there were nonsignificant reductions in the number of bingeing episodes (from roughly 14 to 9 in a 2-week period) and the number of vomiting episodes (from roughly 4 to 2 in a 2-week period). However, when group 2 was analyzed alone, the reduction was significant.

Dr. Greenberg noted that two patients in group 1 actually began bingeing more during therapy. “Both worked on abuse or separation issues, and they got quite dysregulated within the group. But this is not necessarily bad,” he said “This is one of the cases of sometimes getting worse before you get better.”

Both patients entered individual EFT and one entered day treatment, and they eventually became asymptomatic. In group 2, all patients had a reduction in bingeing, and three no longer binged at all after therapy. There was also a comparable reduction in vomiting in this group. “So we see that this is possibly a mechanism, that people feel now more hope that they will be able to tackle the eating disorder because they have some understanding of their emotional process and its relationship to their eating disorder,” Dr. Greenberg said.

Finally, when patients rated the helpfulness of various aspects of EFT, they gave highest scores to learning what they needed in response to their emotions (mean score on a 0-6 scale, 5.82) and feeling understood by group leaders (5.82), he said.

Other aspects of EFT that they found helpful included doing self-critical chair work (5.73), understanding how their emotions and symptoms connected (5.72), gaining awareness of their emotions (5.64), and feeling understood by other members of their group (5.55).

Dr. Greenberg reported that he had no conflicts of interest in association with the study.

This treatment should 'enhance people's sense of efficacy about dealing with the eating disorder.' DR. GREENBERG

SEATTLE – Patients with eating disorders who receive emotion-focused therapy experience a decrease in psychological morbidity and possible reductions in bingeing and vomiting, preliminary results of the first evaluation of this therapy for eating disorders show.

“Affect has long been implicated in triggering eating disorder symptoms. Difficulties with affect regulation characterize the population,” Leslie Greenberg, Ph.D., told people attending an international conference sponsored by the Academy for Eating Disorders.

In an emotion-focused therapy (EFT) model, the activation of emotion schematic memories and the experience of overwhelming affect play key roles in the pathogenesis of these disorders. “A central function in our view of the eating disorder [is that it] can be understood as an attempt to control affect,” he said at the conference, which was cosponsored by the University of New Mexico.

EFT is an evidence-based treatment for depression, trauma, and couples distress, noted Dr. Greenberg, who is director of the psychotherapy research center at York University, Toronto.

“The hypothesized effect of EFT for eating disorders is that it will enhance people's sense of efficacy about dealing with the eating disorder, leading to change in dysfunctional behavior patterns,” he said. When patients are able to understand that the disorder is functioning to regulate their emotions, they are then able to handle their emotions in a new way, which gives rise to a sense of hope that they can also control the disorder, he said.

“Once the emotions have been dealt with, this will render the eating disorder unnecessary as a means of coping,” he said.

Dr. Greenberg and his colleagues enrolled 14 women with eating disorders in the study. The average age of the women was 33 years. Seven (50%) of them had bulimia nervosa, four (29%) had binge-eating disorder, and three (21%) had an eating disorder not otherwise specified. The mean duration of eating problems was nearly 20 years.

The women were equally divided into two groups and received group EFT consisting of 16 weekly sessions, each lasting 2 hours. In the first session, the therapist focused on psychoeducation about eating and emotions, according to Dr. Greenberg. In the remaining sessions, two or three women engaged in dialogue on self-critical issues, self-interruptive issues, and unfinished business.

On average, the women attended about 12 sessions and had five chair-work treatments. Therapists reported that the women in group 1 (a start-up group) had a comparatively higher prevalence of atypical eating disorder presentations and Axis II disorders, as well as poorer attendance. Those in group 2 had a higher prevalence of typical eating-disorder presentations and greater focus.

The results, which Dr. Greenberg stressed were preliminary, indicated that after therapy, the patients had significant improvements from baseline in scores on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Symptom Checklist-90. They also had nonsignificant improvements in scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

In the two groups combined, there were nonsignificant reductions in the number of bingeing episodes (from roughly 14 to 9 in a 2-week period) and the number of vomiting episodes (from roughly 4 to 2 in a 2-week period). However, when group 2 was analyzed alone, the reduction was significant.

Dr. Greenberg noted that two patients in group 1 actually began bingeing more during therapy. “Both worked on abuse or separation issues, and they got quite dysregulated within the group. But this is not necessarily bad,” he said “This is one of the cases of sometimes getting worse before you get better.”

Both patients entered individual EFT and one entered day treatment, and they eventually became asymptomatic. In group 2, all patients had a reduction in bingeing, and three no longer binged at all after therapy. There was also a comparable reduction in vomiting in this group. “So we see that this is possibly a mechanism, that people feel now more hope that they will be able to tackle the eating disorder because they have some understanding of their emotional process and its relationship to their eating disorder,” Dr. Greenberg said.

Finally, when patients rated the helpfulness of various aspects of EFT, they gave highest scores to learning what they needed in response to their emotions (mean score on a 0-6 scale, 5.82) and feeling understood by group leaders (5.82), he said.

Other aspects of EFT that they found helpful included doing self-critical chair work (5.73), understanding how their emotions and symptoms connected (5.72), gaining awareness of their emotions (5.64), and feeling understood by other members of their group (5.55).

Dr. Greenberg reported that he had no conflicts of interest in association with the study.

This treatment should 'enhance people's sense of efficacy about dealing with the eating disorder.' DR. GREENBERG

SEATTLE – Patients with eating disorders who receive emotion-focused therapy experience a decrease in psychological morbidity and possible reductions in bingeing and vomiting, preliminary results of the first evaluation of this therapy for eating disorders show.

“Affect has long been implicated in triggering eating disorder symptoms. Difficulties with affect regulation characterize the population,” Leslie Greenberg, Ph.D., told people attending an international conference sponsored by the Academy for Eating Disorders.

In an emotion-focused therapy (EFT) model, the activation of emotion schematic memories and the experience of overwhelming affect play key roles in the pathogenesis of these disorders. “A central function in our view of the eating disorder [is that it] can be understood as an attempt to control affect,” he said at the conference, which was cosponsored by the University of New Mexico.

EFT is an evidence-based treatment for depression, trauma, and couples distress, noted Dr. Greenberg, who is director of the psychotherapy research center at York University, Toronto.

“The hypothesized effect of EFT for eating disorders is that it will enhance people's sense of efficacy about dealing with the eating disorder, leading to change in dysfunctional behavior patterns,” he said. When patients are able to understand that the disorder is functioning to regulate their emotions, they are then able to handle their emotions in a new way, which gives rise to a sense of hope that they can also control the disorder, he said.

“Once the emotions have been dealt with, this will render the eating disorder unnecessary as a means of coping,” he said.

Dr. Greenberg and his colleagues enrolled 14 women with eating disorders in the study. The average age of the women was 33 years. Seven (50%) of them had bulimia nervosa, four (29%) had binge-eating disorder, and three (21%) had an eating disorder not otherwise specified. The mean duration of eating problems was nearly 20 years.

The women were equally divided into two groups and received group EFT consisting of 16 weekly sessions, each lasting 2 hours. In the first session, the therapist focused on psychoeducation about eating and emotions, according to Dr. Greenberg. In the remaining sessions, two or three women engaged in dialogue on self-critical issues, self-interruptive issues, and unfinished business.

On average, the women attended about 12 sessions and had five chair-work treatments. Therapists reported that the women in group 1 (a start-up group) had a comparatively higher prevalence of atypical eating disorder presentations and Axis II disorders, as well as poorer attendance. Those in group 2 had a higher prevalence of typical eating-disorder presentations and greater focus.

The results, which Dr. Greenberg stressed were preliminary, indicated that after therapy, the patients had significant improvements from baseline in scores on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Symptom Checklist-90. They also had nonsignificant improvements in scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

In the two groups combined, there were nonsignificant reductions in the number of bingeing episodes (from roughly 14 to 9 in a 2-week period) and the number of vomiting episodes (from roughly 4 to 2 in a 2-week period). However, when group 2 was analyzed alone, the reduction was significant.

Dr. Greenberg noted that two patients in group 1 actually began bingeing more during therapy. “Both worked on abuse or separation issues, and they got quite dysregulated within the group. But this is not necessarily bad,” he said “This is one of the cases of sometimes getting worse before you get better.”

Both patients entered individual EFT and one entered day treatment, and they eventually became asymptomatic. In group 2, all patients had a reduction in bingeing, and three no longer binged at all after therapy. There was also a comparable reduction in vomiting in this group. “So we see that this is possibly a mechanism, that people feel now more hope that they will be able to tackle the eating disorder because they have some understanding of their emotional process and its relationship to their eating disorder,” Dr. Greenberg said.

Finally, when patients rated the helpfulness of various aspects of EFT, they gave highest scores to learning what they needed in response to their emotions (mean score on a 0-6 scale, 5.82) and feeling understood by group leaders (5.82), he said.

Other aspects of EFT that they found helpful included doing self-critical chair work (5.73), understanding how their emotions and symptoms connected (5.72), gaining awareness of their emotions (5.64), and feeling understood by other members of their group (5.55).

Dr. Greenberg reported that he had no conflicts of interest in association with the study.

This treatment should 'enhance people's sense of efficacy about dealing with the eating disorder.' DR. GREENBERG