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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 795,000 strokes occur in the United States yearly and are the fifth leading cause of death.1 The CDC also states that about 43 million Americans who could benefit from cholesterol medication are currently taking them.2 As of 2019, West Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky are 3 states with the highest rates of heart disease mortality.3
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) accumulates on the walls of blood vessels, which can lead to coronary heart disease. However, some LDL-C is necessary to maintain proper brain function. Guidelines from the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) recommend LDL-C goal levels < 70 mg/dL.4 Yet, there is no consensus on how low LDL-C levels should be. According to clinical practice guidelines for dyslipidemia, developed by the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and US Department of Defense, statin medications are first-line agents for lowering LDL-C. The intensity of the statin medication is based on primary or secondary prevention, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, and current LDL-C levels prior to treatment.5
Statin medications are used for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. In addition, statin medications decrease total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides while causing a mild increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although statin medications are first-line therapy for LDL-C lowering, other medications can be used to assist in decreasing LDL-C. Ezetimibe, fenofibrates, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors can also be used.5 Statin medications do pose a risk of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs), such as rhabdomyolysis and myopathy.6
One prospective cohort study looked at 27,937 women and analyzed total cholesterol, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and strokes. The study noted a mean 19.3-year follow-up and within that follow-up, 137 hemorrhagic strokes occurred. Based on the study’s results, LDL-C levels < 70 mg/dL had 2.17 times the risk of experiencing a hemorrhagic stroke.7 A meta-analysis of prospective studies analyzed 476,173 patients and 7487 hemorrhagic stroke cases. This review concluded that a 10 mg/dL increase in LDL-C was associated with a 3% lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke.8
An observational study conducted in Asia of Chinese adults found that 22% of all strokes were hemorrhagic. The incidence of the hemorrhagic strokes was higher for patients who had an LDL-C < 1.8 mmol/L than those who had an LDL-C between 1.8 and 2.6 mmol/L. This study also showed that if hypertension was inadequately treated, the risk of hemorrhagic stroke increased. This study concluded that the benefit of reducing ASCVD outweighs the small risk of hemorrhagic strokes.9
Another prospective cohort study included 96,043 stroke-free participants and analyzed LDL-C concentrations and incidence of intracranial hemorrhage. The average LDL-C concentrations were calculated from data collected in 4 separate reporting years, and incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was confirmed through review of medication records. Over a 9-year follow-up period, the study concluded that participants with an LDL-C level of < 70 mg/dL had a significantly higher risk of developing intracranial hemorrhage than participants with LDL-C levels 70 to 99 mg/dL.10
The safety and effects of prolonged very low LDL-C levels are currently unknown. The current study sought to gather information to determine the risks of very low LDL-C levels in a veteran population.
Methods
A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients aged 18 to 90 years receiving care at the Hershel “Woody” Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center (HWW VAMC) in Huntington, West Virginia, between January 1, 2010, and September 1, 2020. Approval of the current study was obtained through the Marshall University Institutional Review Board, HWW VAMC Research and Development Committee, and Veterans Health Administration (VHA) DATA Access Request Tracker (DART)/VA Informatic and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI). Data were obtained via the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) for the HWW VAMC using Microsoft Structured Query Language (SQL) server available in VINCI. Analysis of the data was conducted using STATA v. 15.
Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia, received treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or PCSK9 medications, and had an LDL-C level ≤ 40 mg/dL. The primary outcome was the rate of intracranial hemorrhage that could be caused by very low LDL-C levels. The secondary outcomes included actions taken by clinicians to address LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL, ADRs, duration of therapy, and medication adherence. Patients were excluded if they were aged < 18 or > 90 years, were pregnant during the study period, had hypothyroidism, received chronic anticoagulation medications, or had a triglyceride level > 300 mg/dL.
Results
The study included 3027 patients. Of those patients, 78 patients were female while 2949 were male, and the mean (SD) age was 68.3 (9.4) years. A subsample of 32 patients was analyzed to determine whether an ADR was noted or low LDL-C level was addressed in the chart. The subsample size was determined through chart review and included patients who had a documented intracranial hemorrhage. None of the 32 patients had an ADR documented, and 6 (19%) had the low LDL-C level addressed in the chart by monitoring levels, reducing statin doses, or discontinuing the medication. Of the total population analyzed, 8 patients (0.3%) had a documented intracranial hemorrhage within 1 year following the low LDL-C level.
We also analyzed the intensity of statin related to the low LDL-C level (Table 1). 
The most common ADRs were muscle, joint, and leg pain, rash, and cramps (Table 2). 
Adherence to the medications and duration of therapy was also analyzed and was found to be similar among the various medications. Lovastatin had the highest percent adherence with 91.2% while atorvastatin had the lowest with 85.5%. It can be noted that lovastatin had a lower documented percentage of ADRs while atorvastatin had a higher documented percentage of ADRs, which can be clinically meaningful when prescribing these medications; however, these similar adherence rates are not influencing the primary outcome of the rate of intracranial hemorrhage due to LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL. Mean duration of therapy lasted between 1 year and > 4 years with 1.1 years for alirocumab and 4.2 for simvastatin. The duration of therapy could be influenced by formulary restrictions during the study time. Nonetheless, patients, regardless of formulary restrictions, have taken these medications for a duration long enough to affect LDL-C levels.
Eight patients of the total sample analyzed had an intracranial hemorrhage within 1 year of having a recorded LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL. Secondarily, 32 patients had clinicians address an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL through documentation or modifying the medication therapy. The most common ADRs among all medications analyzed were leg and joint pain, rash, and cramps. Of all medications included in this study, the mean duration of therapy was > 1 year, which would allow them to affect LDL-C levels and have those levels monitored and recorded in patients’ charts.
Discussion
When comparing our primary outcome of risk of intracranial hemorrhage with previous literature, the results are consistent with previous outcomes. Previous literature had a smaller sample size but analyzed LDL-C levels < 50 mg/dL and had an outcome of 48 patients experiencing an intracranial hemorrhage within 1 year of an LDL-C level < 50 mg/dL. Due to this study having stricter parameters of LDL-C levels < 40 mg/dL, there were fewer patients with documented intracranial hemorrhages. With there being a risk of intracranial hemorrhage with low LDL-C levels, the results demonstrate the need to monitor and address LDL-C levels.
Limitations
There were several notable limitations to this study. The retrospective, single-center nature coupled with the predominately male study population may affect the generalizability of the study results to patients outside of the facility in which the study was performed. Additionally, the study only included statin medications and PCSK9 inhibitors. With future studies, all lipid-lowering medications could be analyzed. The study was largely reliant on the proper documentation of International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes exclusive to the HWW VAMC, which may exclude patients who first present to outside facilities. Due to time restraints, the incidence of hemorrhage was only analyzed 1 year following an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL. For considerations for future investigation, the length of time to analyze incidence of hemorrhage could be expanded to be similar to previous studies, and the study could be expanded across the local Veterans Integrated Service Network or VA system. Additionally, the study could have analyzed the percentage of time a patient had an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL in their lifetime.
Conclusions
These results show there is a risk that patients with an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL may experience an intracranial hemorrhage. As seen by the results, there is a clinical need for practitioners to routinely monitor and address LDL-C levels. With various guidelines that recommend starting statin medication to reduce risk of ASCVD, it is necessary that practitioners routinely monitor cholesterol levels and adjust the medications according to laboratory results.11
Within 1 year of an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL, 0.3% of patients had an intracranial hemorrhage. There was no statistical significance between the rate of ADRs among the medications analyzed. High-intensity statin medications were statistically significant in resulting in an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL compared with moderate- and low-intensity statin medications. Of the 32 subsample of patients, LDL-C levels < 40 mg/mL are not routinely being addressed in the chart by the clinician.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stroke facts. Updated April 5, 2022. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High cholesterol facts. Updated July 12, 2022. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/facts.htm
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heart disease mortality by state. Updated February 25, 2022. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/heart_disease_mortality/heart_disease.htm
4. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1082-e1143. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625
5. US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Dyslipidemia for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. Version 4.0. US Department of Veterans Affairs. June 2020. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/lipids/VADoDDyslipidemiaCPG5087212020.pdf
6. Tomaszewski M, Ste¸pien´ KM, Tomaszewska J, Czuczwar SJ. Statin-induced myopathies. Pharmacol Rep. 2011;63(4):859-66. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70601-6
7. Rist PM, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Kase CS, Kurth T, Rexrode KM. Lipid levels and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke among women. Neurology. 2019;92(19):e2286-e2294. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007454
8. Ma C, Na M, Neumann S, Gao X. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2019;21(12):52. Published 2019 Nov 20. doi:10.1007/s11883-019-0815-5
9. Lui DT, Tan KC. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and stroke: How low should we go? J Diabetes Investig. 2020;11(6):1379-1381. doi:10.1111/jdi.13310
10. Ma C, Gurol ME, Huang Z, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective study. Neurology. 2019;93(5):e445-e457. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007853
11. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(suppl 1):S144–S174. doi:10.2337/dc22-S010
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 795,000 strokes occur in the United States yearly and are the fifth leading cause of death.1 The CDC also states that about 43 million Americans who could benefit from cholesterol medication are currently taking them.2 As of 2019, West Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky are 3 states with the highest rates of heart disease mortality.3
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) accumulates on the walls of blood vessels, which can lead to coronary heart disease. However, some LDL-C is necessary to maintain proper brain function. Guidelines from the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) recommend LDL-C goal levels < 70 mg/dL.4 Yet, there is no consensus on how low LDL-C levels should be. According to clinical practice guidelines for dyslipidemia, developed by the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and US Department of Defense, statin medications are first-line agents for lowering LDL-C. The intensity of the statin medication is based on primary or secondary prevention, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, and current LDL-C levels prior to treatment.5
Statin medications are used for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. In addition, statin medications decrease total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides while causing a mild increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although statin medications are first-line therapy for LDL-C lowering, other medications can be used to assist in decreasing LDL-C. Ezetimibe, fenofibrates, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors can also be used.5 Statin medications do pose a risk of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs), such as rhabdomyolysis and myopathy.6
One prospective cohort study looked at 27,937 women and analyzed total cholesterol, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and strokes. The study noted a mean 19.3-year follow-up and within that follow-up, 137 hemorrhagic strokes occurred. Based on the study’s results, LDL-C levels < 70 mg/dL had 2.17 times the risk of experiencing a hemorrhagic stroke.7 A meta-analysis of prospective studies analyzed 476,173 patients and 7487 hemorrhagic stroke cases. This review concluded that a 10 mg/dL increase in LDL-C was associated with a 3% lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke.8
An observational study conducted in Asia of Chinese adults found that 22% of all strokes were hemorrhagic. The incidence of the hemorrhagic strokes was higher for patients who had an LDL-C < 1.8 mmol/L than those who had an LDL-C between 1.8 and 2.6 mmol/L. This study also showed that if hypertension was inadequately treated, the risk of hemorrhagic stroke increased. This study concluded that the benefit of reducing ASCVD outweighs the small risk of hemorrhagic strokes.9
Another prospective cohort study included 96,043 stroke-free participants and analyzed LDL-C concentrations and incidence of intracranial hemorrhage. The average LDL-C concentrations were calculated from data collected in 4 separate reporting years, and incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was confirmed through review of medication records. Over a 9-year follow-up period, the study concluded that participants with an LDL-C level of < 70 mg/dL had a significantly higher risk of developing intracranial hemorrhage than participants with LDL-C levels 70 to 99 mg/dL.10
The safety and effects of prolonged very low LDL-C levels are currently unknown. The current study sought to gather information to determine the risks of very low LDL-C levels in a veteran population.
Methods
A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients aged 18 to 90 years receiving care at the Hershel “Woody” Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center (HWW VAMC) in Huntington, West Virginia, between January 1, 2010, and September 1, 2020. Approval of the current study was obtained through the Marshall University Institutional Review Board, HWW VAMC Research and Development Committee, and Veterans Health Administration (VHA) DATA Access Request Tracker (DART)/VA Informatic and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI). Data were obtained via the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) for the HWW VAMC using Microsoft Structured Query Language (SQL) server available in VINCI. Analysis of the data was conducted using STATA v. 15.
Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia, received treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or PCSK9 medications, and had an LDL-C level ≤ 40 mg/dL. The primary outcome was the rate of intracranial hemorrhage that could be caused by very low LDL-C levels. The secondary outcomes included actions taken by clinicians to address LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL, ADRs, duration of therapy, and medication adherence. Patients were excluded if they were aged < 18 or > 90 years, were pregnant during the study period, had hypothyroidism, received chronic anticoagulation medications, or had a triglyceride level > 300 mg/dL.
Results
The study included 3027 patients. Of those patients, 78 patients were female while 2949 were male, and the mean (SD) age was 68.3 (9.4) years. A subsample of 32 patients was analyzed to determine whether an ADR was noted or low LDL-C level was addressed in the chart. The subsample size was determined through chart review and included patients who had a documented intracranial hemorrhage. None of the 32 patients had an ADR documented, and 6 (19%) had the low LDL-C level addressed in the chart by monitoring levels, reducing statin doses, or discontinuing the medication. Of the total population analyzed, 8 patients (0.3%) had a documented intracranial hemorrhage within 1 year following the low LDL-C level.
We also analyzed the intensity of statin related to the low LDL-C level (Table 1).
The most common ADRs were muscle, joint, and leg pain, rash, and cramps (Table 2).
Adherence to the medications and duration of therapy was also analyzed and was found to be similar among the various medications. Lovastatin had the highest percent adherence with 91.2% while atorvastatin had the lowest with 85.5%. It can be noted that lovastatin had a lower documented percentage of ADRs while atorvastatin had a higher documented percentage of ADRs, which can be clinically meaningful when prescribing these medications; however, these similar adherence rates are not influencing the primary outcome of the rate of intracranial hemorrhage due to LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL. Mean duration of therapy lasted between 1 year and > 4 years with 1.1 years for alirocumab and 4.2 for simvastatin. The duration of therapy could be influenced by formulary restrictions during the study time. Nonetheless, patients, regardless of formulary restrictions, have taken these medications for a duration long enough to affect LDL-C levels.
Eight patients of the total sample analyzed had an intracranial hemorrhage within 1 year of having a recorded LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL. Secondarily, 32 patients had clinicians address an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL through documentation or modifying the medication therapy. The most common ADRs among all medications analyzed were leg and joint pain, rash, and cramps. Of all medications included in this study, the mean duration of therapy was > 1 year, which would allow them to affect LDL-C levels and have those levels monitored and recorded in patients’ charts.
Discussion
When comparing our primary outcome of risk of intracranial hemorrhage with previous literature, the results are consistent with previous outcomes. Previous literature had a smaller sample size but analyzed LDL-C levels < 50 mg/dL and had an outcome of 48 patients experiencing an intracranial hemorrhage within 1 year of an LDL-C level < 50 mg/dL. Due to this study having stricter parameters of LDL-C levels < 40 mg/dL, there were fewer patients with documented intracranial hemorrhages. With there being a risk of intracranial hemorrhage with low LDL-C levels, the results demonstrate the need to monitor and address LDL-C levels.
Limitations
There were several notable limitations to this study. The retrospective, single-center nature coupled with the predominately male study population may affect the generalizability of the study results to patients outside of the facility in which the study was performed. Additionally, the study only included statin medications and PCSK9 inhibitors. With future studies, all lipid-lowering medications could be analyzed. The study was largely reliant on the proper documentation of International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes exclusive to the HWW VAMC, which may exclude patients who first present to outside facilities. Due to time restraints, the incidence of hemorrhage was only analyzed 1 year following an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL. For considerations for future investigation, the length of time to analyze incidence of hemorrhage could be expanded to be similar to previous studies, and the study could be expanded across the local Veterans Integrated Service Network or VA system. Additionally, the study could have analyzed the percentage of time a patient had an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL in their lifetime.
Conclusions
These results show there is a risk that patients with an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL may experience an intracranial hemorrhage. As seen by the results, there is a clinical need for practitioners to routinely monitor and address LDL-C levels. With various guidelines that recommend starting statin medication to reduce risk of ASCVD, it is necessary that practitioners routinely monitor cholesterol levels and adjust the medications according to laboratory results.11
Within 1 year of an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL, 0.3% of patients had an intracranial hemorrhage. There was no statistical significance between the rate of ADRs among the medications analyzed. High-intensity statin medications were statistically significant in resulting in an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL compared with moderate- and low-intensity statin medications. Of the 32 subsample of patients, LDL-C levels < 40 mg/mL are not routinely being addressed in the chart by the clinician.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 795,000 strokes occur in the United States yearly and are the fifth leading cause of death.1 The CDC also states that about 43 million Americans who could benefit from cholesterol medication are currently taking them.2 As of 2019, West Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky are 3 states with the highest rates of heart disease mortality.3
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) accumulates on the walls of blood vessels, which can lead to coronary heart disease. However, some LDL-C is necessary to maintain proper brain function. Guidelines from the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) recommend LDL-C goal levels < 70 mg/dL.4 Yet, there is no consensus on how low LDL-C levels should be. According to clinical practice guidelines for dyslipidemia, developed by the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and US Department of Defense, statin medications are first-line agents for lowering LDL-C. The intensity of the statin medication is based on primary or secondary prevention, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, and current LDL-C levels prior to treatment.5
Statin medications are used for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. In addition, statin medications decrease total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides while causing a mild increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although statin medications are first-line therapy for LDL-C lowering, other medications can be used to assist in decreasing LDL-C. Ezetimibe, fenofibrates, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors can also be used.5 Statin medications do pose a risk of severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs), such as rhabdomyolysis and myopathy.6
One prospective cohort study looked at 27,937 women and analyzed total cholesterol, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and strokes. The study noted a mean 19.3-year follow-up and within that follow-up, 137 hemorrhagic strokes occurred. Based on the study’s results, LDL-C levels < 70 mg/dL had 2.17 times the risk of experiencing a hemorrhagic stroke.7 A meta-analysis of prospective studies analyzed 476,173 patients and 7487 hemorrhagic stroke cases. This review concluded that a 10 mg/dL increase in LDL-C was associated with a 3% lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke.8
An observational study conducted in Asia of Chinese adults found that 22% of all strokes were hemorrhagic. The incidence of the hemorrhagic strokes was higher for patients who had an LDL-C < 1.8 mmol/L than those who had an LDL-C between 1.8 and 2.6 mmol/L. This study also showed that if hypertension was inadequately treated, the risk of hemorrhagic stroke increased. This study concluded that the benefit of reducing ASCVD outweighs the small risk of hemorrhagic strokes.9
Another prospective cohort study included 96,043 stroke-free participants and analyzed LDL-C concentrations and incidence of intracranial hemorrhage. The average LDL-C concentrations were calculated from data collected in 4 separate reporting years, and incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was confirmed through review of medication records. Over a 9-year follow-up period, the study concluded that participants with an LDL-C level of < 70 mg/dL had a significantly higher risk of developing intracranial hemorrhage than participants with LDL-C levels 70 to 99 mg/dL.10
The safety and effects of prolonged very low LDL-C levels are currently unknown. The current study sought to gather information to determine the risks of very low LDL-C levels in a veteran population.
Methods
A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients aged 18 to 90 years receiving care at the Hershel “Woody” Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center (HWW VAMC) in Huntington, West Virginia, between January 1, 2010, and September 1, 2020. Approval of the current study was obtained through the Marshall University Institutional Review Board, HWW VAMC Research and Development Committee, and Veterans Health Administration (VHA) DATA Access Request Tracker (DART)/VA Informatic and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI). Data were obtained via the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) for the HWW VAMC using Microsoft Structured Query Language (SQL) server available in VINCI. Analysis of the data was conducted using STATA v. 15.
Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia, received treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or PCSK9 medications, and had an LDL-C level ≤ 40 mg/dL. The primary outcome was the rate of intracranial hemorrhage that could be caused by very low LDL-C levels. The secondary outcomes included actions taken by clinicians to address LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL, ADRs, duration of therapy, and medication adherence. Patients were excluded if they were aged < 18 or > 90 years, were pregnant during the study period, had hypothyroidism, received chronic anticoagulation medications, or had a triglyceride level > 300 mg/dL.
Results
The study included 3027 patients. Of those patients, 78 patients were female while 2949 were male, and the mean (SD) age was 68.3 (9.4) years. A subsample of 32 patients was analyzed to determine whether an ADR was noted or low LDL-C level was addressed in the chart. The subsample size was determined through chart review and included patients who had a documented intracranial hemorrhage. None of the 32 patients had an ADR documented, and 6 (19%) had the low LDL-C level addressed in the chart by monitoring levels, reducing statin doses, or discontinuing the medication. Of the total population analyzed, 8 patients (0.3%) had a documented intracranial hemorrhage within 1 year following the low LDL-C level.
We also analyzed the intensity of statin related to the low LDL-C level (Table 1).
The most common ADRs were muscle, joint, and leg pain, rash, and cramps (Table 2).
Adherence to the medications and duration of therapy was also analyzed and was found to be similar among the various medications. Lovastatin had the highest percent adherence with 91.2% while atorvastatin had the lowest with 85.5%. It can be noted that lovastatin had a lower documented percentage of ADRs while atorvastatin had a higher documented percentage of ADRs, which can be clinically meaningful when prescribing these medications; however, these similar adherence rates are not influencing the primary outcome of the rate of intracranial hemorrhage due to LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL. Mean duration of therapy lasted between 1 year and > 4 years with 1.1 years for alirocumab and 4.2 for simvastatin. The duration of therapy could be influenced by formulary restrictions during the study time. Nonetheless, patients, regardless of formulary restrictions, have taken these medications for a duration long enough to affect LDL-C levels.
Eight patients of the total sample analyzed had an intracranial hemorrhage within 1 year of having a recorded LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL. Secondarily, 32 patients had clinicians address an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL through documentation or modifying the medication therapy. The most common ADRs among all medications analyzed were leg and joint pain, rash, and cramps. Of all medications included in this study, the mean duration of therapy was > 1 year, which would allow them to affect LDL-C levels and have those levels monitored and recorded in patients’ charts.
Discussion
When comparing our primary outcome of risk of intracranial hemorrhage with previous literature, the results are consistent with previous outcomes. Previous literature had a smaller sample size but analyzed LDL-C levels < 50 mg/dL and had an outcome of 48 patients experiencing an intracranial hemorrhage within 1 year of an LDL-C level < 50 mg/dL. Due to this study having stricter parameters of LDL-C levels < 40 mg/dL, there were fewer patients with documented intracranial hemorrhages. With there being a risk of intracranial hemorrhage with low LDL-C levels, the results demonstrate the need to monitor and address LDL-C levels.
Limitations
There were several notable limitations to this study. The retrospective, single-center nature coupled with the predominately male study population may affect the generalizability of the study results to patients outside of the facility in which the study was performed. Additionally, the study only included statin medications and PCSK9 inhibitors. With future studies, all lipid-lowering medications could be analyzed. The study was largely reliant on the proper documentation of International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes exclusive to the HWW VAMC, which may exclude patients who first present to outside facilities. Due to time restraints, the incidence of hemorrhage was only analyzed 1 year following an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL. For considerations for future investigation, the length of time to analyze incidence of hemorrhage could be expanded to be similar to previous studies, and the study could be expanded across the local Veterans Integrated Service Network or VA system. Additionally, the study could have analyzed the percentage of time a patient had an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL in their lifetime.
Conclusions
These results show there is a risk that patients with an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL may experience an intracranial hemorrhage. As seen by the results, there is a clinical need for practitioners to routinely monitor and address LDL-C levels. With various guidelines that recommend starting statin medication to reduce risk of ASCVD, it is necessary that practitioners routinely monitor cholesterol levels and adjust the medications according to laboratory results.11
Within 1 year of an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL, 0.3% of patients had an intracranial hemorrhage. There was no statistical significance between the rate of ADRs among the medications analyzed. High-intensity statin medications were statistically significant in resulting in an LDL-C level < 40 mg/dL compared with moderate- and low-intensity statin medications. Of the 32 subsample of patients, LDL-C levels < 40 mg/mL are not routinely being addressed in the chart by the clinician.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stroke facts. Updated April 5, 2022. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High cholesterol facts. Updated July 12, 2022. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/facts.htm
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heart disease mortality by state. Updated February 25, 2022. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/heart_disease_mortality/heart_disease.htm
4. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1082-e1143. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625
5. US Department of Veterans Affairs, US Department of Defense. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Dyslipidemia for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction. Version 4.0. US Department of Veterans Affairs. June 2020. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/lipids/VADoDDyslipidemiaCPG5087212020.pdf
6. Tomaszewski M, Ste¸pien´ KM, Tomaszewska J, Czuczwar SJ. Statin-induced myopathies. Pharmacol Rep. 2011;63(4):859-66. doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70601-6
7. Rist PM, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Kase CS, Kurth T, Rexrode KM. Lipid levels and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke among women. Neurology. 2019;92(19):e2286-e2294. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007454
8. Ma C, Na M, Neumann S, Gao X. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2019;21(12):52. Published 2019 Nov 20. doi:10.1007/s11883-019-0815-5
9. Lui DT, Tan KC. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and stroke: How low should we go? J Diabetes Investig. 2020;11(6):1379-1381. doi:10.1111/jdi.13310
10. Ma C, Gurol ME, Huang Z, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective study. Neurology. 2019;93(5):e445-e457. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007853
11. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(suppl 1):S144–S174. doi:10.2337/dc22-S010
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stroke facts. Updated April 5, 2022. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High cholesterol facts. Updated July 12, 2022. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/facts.htm
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heart disease mortality by state. Updated February 25, 2022. Accessed September 21, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/heart_disease_mortality/heart_disease.htm
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