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Case series show that hypokalemia following initiation of diuretic therapy occurs in most patients within 2 to 8 weeks. However, no studies are available that adequately predict the risk of this complex and multifactorial condition. Patients taking diuretics should have a potassium level checked in the first 2 to 8 weeks after initiating therapy. Mild hypokalemia (3.1 to 3.4 mmol/L) may be transient, so a repeat measurement may be considered before initiating potassium replacement. Dietary sodium restriction may also help to conserve potassium, because this will decrease urinary flow rate and potassium loss. The frequency with which to check potassium levels should be guided by the patients’ underlying clinical conditions and dietary potassium and sodium intake. (Grade of Recommendation: C, based on case series)
Recommendations from others
The National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice issued a set of guidelines for potassium replacement in September 2000.1 The authors recommend using thiazide diuretics at a low dose only (eg, 12.5-25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily) and adding a potassium-sparing diuretic drug when higher diuretic doses are needed. For patients with asymptomatic hypertension they recommend trying to maintain a serum potassium level of at least 4.0 mmol/L. The University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook2 states: “Maximal decrease in serum K+ concentration is usually seen after 7 days of treatment. Serum K+ concentration should be measured before initiation of a diuretic and 1 week after initiation of increase in dose of the diuretic.”
Evidence summary
Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level less than 3.5 mmol/L (3.5 mEq/L); hypokalemia at levels between 3.1 and 3.4 mmol/L is considered mild. The incidence of hypokalemia reported for patients on diuretic therapy is broad (7.2% to 56%),3-6 and the time period required to develop hypokalemia varies (1 week6 to >1 year7). Factors including the type of diuretic used, dosage, duration of use, dietary potassium, and so forth, make predicting an individual patient’s progression nearly impossible. Widmer and coworkers5 found that the risk of hypokalemia was greatest with concomitant glucocorticoid use, polypharmacy (greater than 12 medications administered), and female sex. The latter risk factor may be related to a higher dose-to-weight relationship.
Lemieux and colleagues8 followed 50 patients receiving a variety of diuretic regimens (hydrochlorothiazide 50 to 100 mg daily or every other day with or without reserpine 0.25 mg daily). Only 3 patients in this group had potassium levels below 3.5 mmol/L, and all decreases were only transient. Peters and coworkers6 documented potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L in 6 of 19 patients taking hydrochlorothiazide 25 or 50 mg for 20 weeks. Three of these patients normalized without therapy. One of these transiently hypokalemic patients was also taking triamterene, a potassium-sparing diuretic.
Potassium-sparing diuretics may not free the clinician from checking a potassium level, however. Penhall and coworkers9 found hypokalemia in 24 of 54 patients receiving a fixed-combination diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg and potassium-sparing amiloride 5 mg). Note that the dose of hydrochlorothiazide was higher in this study than is generally used today. Most recent studies have found that hydrochlorothiazide in doses above 12.5 to 25 mg do not result in significantly lower blood pressure and only lead to more electrolyte abnormalities.10
Morgan and Davidson11 performed an analysis of the published data available in 1980. They found that the average fall in potassium is less for patients taking furosemide (0.3mmol/L) than on thiazide diuretics (0.6mmol/L) and that this fall was only slightly influenced by dose or duration of treatment.
Allen F. Shaughnessy, PharmD
Harrisburg Family Practice Residency Pennsylvania
Few hypertensive patients started on low-dose diuretics will become hypokalemic, and most of those who do will have serum levels greater than or equal to 3.0 mEq/L. In patients with heart failure or renal disease, potassium should be monitored shortly after the initiation of a diuretic because of potentially more rapid electrolyte and fluid shifts. However, many of these patients will also be taking an ACE inhibitor or spironolactone: 2 drugs that may increase serum potassium levels. In the absence of heart failure or renal disease checking a potassium level a month or so following initiation, as recommended by this review, seems reasonable.
1. Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant M. New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2429-36.
2. Schlichtman J, Graber MA. University of Iowa family practice handbook. 3rd ed. Chapter 5 Hematologic, electrolyte, and metabolic disorders: potassium.
3. Franse LV, Pahor M, Di Bari M, Somes GW, Cushman WC, Applegate WB. Hypokalemia associated with diuretic use and cardiovascular events in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Hypertension 2000;35:1025-30.
4. Schnaper HW, Freis ED, Friedman RG, et al. Potassium restoration in hypertensive patients made hypokalemic by hydrochlorothiazide. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2677-81.
5. Widmer P, Maibach R, Kunzi UP, et al. Diuretic-related hypokalaemia: the role of diuretics, potassium supplements, glucocorticoids and -adrenoceptor agonists. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995;49:31-36.
6. Peters RW, Hamilton J, Hamilton BP. Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias associated with mild hypokalemia induced by low-dose diuretic therapy for hypertension. South Med J 1989;82:966-69.
7. Penhall RK, Frewin DB. Plasma potassium levels in hypertensive patients receiving fixed-combination diuretic therapy. Med J Aust 1980;1:376-78.
8. Lemieux G, Beauchemin M, Vinay P, Gougoux A. Hypokalemia during the treatment of arterial hypertension with diuretics. CMAJ 1980;122:905-07.
9. Penhall RK, Frewin DB. Plasma potassium levels in hypertensive patients receiving fixed-combination diuretic therapy. Med J Aust 1980;1:376-78.
10. Lumme JAJ, Jounela AJ. Left ventricular mass, serum electrolyte levels and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with mild hypertension treated with cilazapril or hydrochlorothiazide. Int J Cardiol 1993;42:71-78.
11. Morgan DB, Davidson C. Hypokalemia and diuretics: an analysis of publications. BMJ 1980;280:905-08.
Case series show that hypokalemia following initiation of diuretic therapy occurs in most patients within 2 to 8 weeks. However, no studies are available that adequately predict the risk of this complex and multifactorial condition. Patients taking diuretics should have a potassium level checked in the first 2 to 8 weeks after initiating therapy. Mild hypokalemia (3.1 to 3.4 mmol/L) may be transient, so a repeat measurement may be considered before initiating potassium replacement. Dietary sodium restriction may also help to conserve potassium, because this will decrease urinary flow rate and potassium loss. The frequency with which to check potassium levels should be guided by the patients’ underlying clinical conditions and dietary potassium and sodium intake. (Grade of Recommendation: C, based on case series)
Recommendations from others
The National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice issued a set of guidelines for potassium replacement in September 2000.1 The authors recommend using thiazide diuretics at a low dose only (eg, 12.5-25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily) and adding a potassium-sparing diuretic drug when higher diuretic doses are needed. For patients with asymptomatic hypertension they recommend trying to maintain a serum potassium level of at least 4.0 mmol/L. The University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook2 states: “Maximal decrease in serum K+ concentration is usually seen after 7 days of treatment. Serum K+ concentration should be measured before initiation of a diuretic and 1 week after initiation of increase in dose of the diuretic.”
Evidence summary
Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level less than 3.5 mmol/L (3.5 mEq/L); hypokalemia at levels between 3.1 and 3.4 mmol/L is considered mild. The incidence of hypokalemia reported for patients on diuretic therapy is broad (7.2% to 56%),3-6 and the time period required to develop hypokalemia varies (1 week6 to >1 year7). Factors including the type of diuretic used, dosage, duration of use, dietary potassium, and so forth, make predicting an individual patient’s progression nearly impossible. Widmer and coworkers5 found that the risk of hypokalemia was greatest with concomitant glucocorticoid use, polypharmacy (greater than 12 medications administered), and female sex. The latter risk factor may be related to a higher dose-to-weight relationship.
Lemieux and colleagues8 followed 50 patients receiving a variety of diuretic regimens (hydrochlorothiazide 50 to 100 mg daily or every other day with or without reserpine 0.25 mg daily). Only 3 patients in this group had potassium levels below 3.5 mmol/L, and all decreases were only transient. Peters and coworkers6 documented potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L in 6 of 19 patients taking hydrochlorothiazide 25 or 50 mg for 20 weeks. Three of these patients normalized without therapy. One of these transiently hypokalemic patients was also taking triamterene, a potassium-sparing diuretic.
Potassium-sparing diuretics may not free the clinician from checking a potassium level, however. Penhall and coworkers9 found hypokalemia in 24 of 54 patients receiving a fixed-combination diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg and potassium-sparing amiloride 5 mg). Note that the dose of hydrochlorothiazide was higher in this study than is generally used today. Most recent studies have found that hydrochlorothiazide in doses above 12.5 to 25 mg do not result in significantly lower blood pressure and only lead to more electrolyte abnormalities.10
Morgan and Davidson11 performed an analysis of the published data available in 1980. They found that the average fall in potassium is less for patients taking furosemide (0.3mmol/L) than on thiazide diuretics (0.6mmol/L) and that this fall was only slightly influenced by dose or duration of treatment.
Allen F. Shaughnessy, PharmD
Harrisburg Family Practice Residency Pennsylvania
Few hypertensive patients started on low-dose diuretics will become hypokalemic, and most of those who do will have serum levels greater than or equal to 3.0 mEq/L. In patients with heart failure or renal disease, potassium should be monitored shortly after the initiation of a diuretic because of potentially more rapid electrolyte and fluid shifts. However, many of these patients will also be taking an ACE inhibitor or spironolactone: 2 drugs that may increase serum potassium levels. In the absence of heart failure or renal disease checking a potassium level a month or so following initiation, as recommended by this review, seems reasonable.
Case series show that hypokalemia following initiation of diuretic therapy occurs in most patients within 2 to 8 weeks. However, no studies are available that adequately predict the risk of this complex and multifactorial condition. Patients taking diuretics should have a potassium level checked in the first 2 to 8 weeks after initiating therapy. Mild hypokalemia (3.1 to 3.4 mmol/L) may be transient, so a repeat measurement may be considered before initiating potassium replacement. Dietary sodium restriction may also help to conserve potassium, because this will decrease urinary flow rate and potassium loss. The frequency with which to check potassium levels should be guided by the patients’ underlying clinical conditions and dietary potassium and sodium intake. (Grade of Recommendation: C, based on case series)
Recommendations from others
The National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice issued a set of guidelines for potassium replacement in September 2000.1 The authors recommend using thiazide diuretics at a low dose only (eg, 12.5-25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily) and adding a potassium-sparing diuretic drug when higher diuretic doses are needed. For patients with asymptomatic hypertension they recommend trying to maintain a serum potassium level of at least 4.0 mmol/L. The University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook2 states: “Maximal decrease in serum K+ concentration is usually seen after 7 days of treatment. Serum K+ concentration should be measured before initiation of a diuretic and 1 week after initiation of increase in dose of the diuretic.”
Evidence summary
Hypokalemia is defined as a serum potassium level less than 3.5 mmol/L (3.5 mEq/L); hypokalemia at levels between 3.1 and 3.4 mmol/L is considered mild. The incidence of hypokalemia reported for patients on diuretic therapy is broad (7.2% to 56%),3-6 and the time period required to develop hypokalemia varies (1 week6 to >1 year7). Factors including the type of diuretic used, dosage, duration of use, dietary potassium, and so forth, make predicting an individual patient’s progression nearly impossible. Widmer and coworkers5 found that the risk of hypokalemia was greatest with concomitant glucocorticoid use, polypharmacy (greater than 12 medications administered), and female sex. The latter risk factor may be related to a higher dose-to-weight relationship.
Lemieux and colleagues8 followed 50 patients receiving a variety of diuretic regimens (hydrochlorothiazide 50 to 100 mg daily or every other day with or without reserpine 0.25 mg daily). Only 3 patients in this group had potassium levels below 3.5 mmol/L, and all decreases were only transient. Peters and coworkers6 documented potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L in 6 of 19 patients taking hydrochlorothiazide 25 or 50 mg for 20 weeks. Three of these patients normalized without therapy. One of these transiently hypokalemic patients was also taking triamterene, a potassium-sparing diuretic.
Potassium-sparing diuretics may not free the clinician from checking a potassium level, however. Penhall and coworkers9 found hypokalemia in 24 of 54 patients receiving a fixed-combination diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg and potassium-sparing amiloride 5 mg). Note that the dose of hydrochlorothiazide was higher in this study than is generally used today. Most recent studies have found that hydrochlorothiazide in doses above 12.5 to 25 mg do not result in significantly lower blood pressure and only lead to more electrolyte abnormalities.10
Morgan and Davidson11 performed an analysis of the published data available in 1980. They found that the average fall in potassium is less for patients taking furosemide (0.3mmol/L) than on thiazide diuretics (0.6mmol/L) and that this fall was only slightly influenced by dose or duration of treatment.
Allen F. Shaughnessy, PharmD
Harrisburg Family Practice Residency Pennsylvania
Few hypertensive patients started on low-dose diuretics will become hypokalemic, and most of those who do will have serum levels greater than or equal to 3.0 mEq/L. In patients with heart failure or renal disease, potassium should be monitored shortly after the initiation of a diuretic because of potentially more rapid electrolyte and fluid shifts. However, many of these patients will also be taking an ACE inhibitor or spironolactone: 2 drugs that may increase serum potassium levels. In the absence of heart failure or renal disease checking a potassium level a month or so following initiation, as recommended by this review, seems reasonable.
1. Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant M. New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2429-36.
2. Schlichtman J, Graber MA. University of Iowa family practice handbook. 3rd ed. Chapter 5 Hematologic, electrolyte, and metabolic disorders: potassium.
3. Franse LV, Pahor M, Di Bari M, Somes GW, Cushman WC, Applegate WB. Hypokalemia associated with diuretic use and cardiovascular events in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Hypertension 2000;35:1025-30.
4. Schnaper HW, Freis ED, Friedman RG, et al. Potassium restoration in hypertensive patients made hypokalemic by hydrochlorothiazide. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2677-81.
5. Widmer P, Maibach R, Kunzi UP, et al. Diuretic-related hypokalaemia: the role of diuretics, potassium supplements, glucocorticoids and -adrenoceptor agonists. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995;49:31-36.
6. Peters RW, Hamilton J, Hamilton BP. Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias associated with mild hypokalemia induced by low-dose diuretic therapy for hypertension. South Med J 1989;82:966-69.
7. Penhall RK, Frewin DB. Plasma potassium levels in hypertensive patients receiving fixed-combination diuretic therapy. Med J Aust 1980;1:376-78.
8. Lemieux G, Beauchemin M, Vinay P, Gougoux A. Hypokalemia during the treatment of arterial hypertension with diuretics. CMAJ 1980;122:905-07.
9. Penhall RK, Frewin DB. Plasma potassium levels in hypertensive patients receiving fixed-combination diuretic therapy. Med J Aust 1980;1:376-78.
10. Lumme JAJ, Jounela AJ. Left ventricular mass, serum electrolyte levels and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with mild hypertension treated with cilazapril or hydrochlorothiazide. Int J Cardiol 1993;42:71-78.
11. Morgan DB, Davidson C. Hypokalemia and diuretics: an analysis of publications. BMJ 1980;280:905-08.
1. Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant M. New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2429-36.
2. Schlichtman J, Graber MA. University of Iowa family practice handbook. 3rd ed. Chapter 5 Hematologic, electrolyte, and metabolic disorders: potassium.
3. Franse LV, Pahor M, Di Bari M, Somes GW, Cushman WC, Applegate WB. Hypokalemia associated with diuretic use and cardiovascular events in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Hypertension 2000;35:1025-30.
4. Schnaper HW, Freis ED, Friedman RG, et al. Potassium restoration in hypertensive patients made hypokalemic by hydrochlorothiazide. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2677-81.
5. Widmer P, Maibach R, Kunzi UP, et al. Diuretic-related hypokalaemia: the role of diuretics, potassium supplements, glucocorticoids and -adrenoceptor agonists. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995;49:31-36.
6. Peters RW, Hamilton J, Hamilton BP. Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias associated with mild hypokalemia induced by low-dose diuretic therapy for hypertension. South Med J 1989;82:966-69.
7. Penhall RK, Frewin DB. Plasma potassium levels in hypertensive patients receiving fixed-combination diuretic therapy. Med J Aust 1980;1:376-78.
8. Lemieux G, Beauchemin M, Vinay P, Gougoux A. Hypokalemia during the treatment of arterial hypertension with diuretics. CMAJ 1980;122:905-07.
9. Penhall RK, Frewin DB. Plasma potassium levels in hypertensive patients receiving fixed-combination diuretic therapy. Med J Aust 1980;1:376-78.
10. Lumme JAJ, Jounela AJ. Left ventricular mass, serum electrolyte levels and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with mild hypertension treated with cilazapril or hydrochlorothiazide. Int J Cardiol 1993;42:71-78.
11. Morgan DB, Davidson C. Hypokalemia and diuretics: an analysis of publications. BMJ 1980;280:905-08.
Evidence-based answers from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network