Sleep Apnea May Be Risk Factor for Type 2

SEATTLE — The risk of type 2 diabetes increased with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea, even after obesity was taken into account, researchers reported at the annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies.

“Few studies have shown a relationship between OSA and type 2 diabetes,” said Dr. Sonia Togeiro, the study's lead author. Moreover, the role of obesity in this association is not yet clear, she noted.

Dr. Togeiro and her colleagues conducted a population-based study of OSA and diabetes among 1,042 men and women aged 20-80 years living in São Paulo, Brazil.

All study participants underwent full-night polysomnography and were classified according to their apnea-hypopnea index as having no OSA (index less than 5), mild OSA (index 5-15), or moderate or severe OSA (index greater than 15).

Participants were defined as having type 2 diabetes if they had a fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher, took antidiabetic medication, or reported a previous diagnosis of the disease.

Study results indicated that 62% of participants did not have OSA, whereas 21% had mild OSA, and 17% had moderate or severe OSA, reported Dr. Togeiro, an endocrinologist at Federal University of São Paulo. A total of 7% overall had diabetes. In addition, 38% were overweight, and 21% were obese.

Compared with their counterparts who did not have OSA, participants with mild OSA and participants with moderate or severe OSA alike were older (mean age 37 years vs. 48 years and 53 years, respectively), had a higher body mass index (25 kg/m

The presence and severity of OSA were also associated with a more unfavorable metabolic profile, Dr. Togeiro noted. Both OSA groups had higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin, and a higher homeostasis model assessment index, compared with the unaffected group.

In a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, participants with mild OSA had a nonsignificant increase in the risk of diabetes relative to their counterparts who did not have OSA (odds ratio 1.07), and participants with moderate or severe OSA had a significant near doubling of risk (odds ratio 1.97).

Conversely, OSA was much more prevalent in participants with diabetes, she said. A total of 73% of individuals with diabetes had the condition, compared with 36% of those without diabetes.

“The severity of OSA was a highly significant predictor of type 2 diabetes in this population-based survey of São Paulo residents, independent of obesity, age, and gender,” Dr. Togeiro said. Furthermore, nearly three-fourths of participants with type 2 diabetes had comorbid OSA.

Discussing the findings and possible explanations for them, Dr. Togeiro noted that laboratory research suggests that the severity of hypoxemia (as opposed to the frequency of arousals) appears to be the component of the apnea-hypopnea index linking OSA to type 2 diabetes.

“Our data suggest that clinicians should be attentive for OSA among diabetic patients and vice versa,” she concluded.

Dr. Togeiro reported that she had no conflicts of interest in association with the study.

SEATTLE — The risk of type 2 diabetes increased with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea, even after obesity was taken into account, researchers reported at the annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies.

“Few studies have shown a relationship between OSA and type 2 diabetes,” said Dr. Sonia Togeiro, the study's lead author. Moreover, the role of obesity in this association is not yet clear, she noted.

Dr. Togeiro and her colleagues conducted a population-based study of OSA and diabetes among 1,042 men and women aged 20-80 years living in São Paulo, Brazil.

All study participants underwent full-night polysomnography and were classified according to their apnea-hypopnea index as having no OSA (index less than 5), mild OSA (index 5-15), or moderate or severe OSA (index greater than 15).

Participants were defined as having type 2 diabetes if they had a fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher, took antidiabetic medication, or reported a previous diagnosis of the disease.

Study results indicated that 62% of participants did not have OSA, whereas 21% had mild OSA, and 17% had moderate or severe OSA, reported Dr. Togeiro, an endocrinologist at Federal University of São Paulo. A total of 7% overall had diabetes. In addition, 38% were overweight, and 21% were obese.

Compared with their counterparts who did not have OSA, participants with mild OSA and participants with moderate or severe OSA alike were older (mean age 37 years vs. 48 years and 53 years, respectively), had a higher body mass index (25 kg/m

The presence and severity of OSA were also associated with a more unfavorable metabolic profile, Dr. Togeiro noted. Both OSA groups had higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin, and a higher homeostasis model assessment index, compared with the unaffected group.

In a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, participants with mild OSA had a nonsignificant increase in the risk of diabetes relative to their counterparts who did not have OSA (odds ratio 1.07), and participants with moderate or severe OSA had a significant near doubling of risk (odds ratio 1.97).

Conversely, OSA was much more prevalent in participants with diabetes, she said. A total of 73% of individuals with diabetes had the condition, compared with 36% of those without diabetes.

“The severity of OSA was a highly significant predictor of type 2 diabetes in this population-based survey of São Paulo residents, independent of obesity, age, and gender,” Dr. Togeiro said. Furthermore, nearly three-fourths of participants with type 2 diabetes had comorbid OSA.

Discussing the findings and possible explanations for them, Dr. Togeiro noted that laboratory research suggests that the severity of hypoxemia (as opposed to the frequency of arousals) appears to be the component of the apnea-hypopnea index linking OSA to type 2 diabetes.

“Our data suggest that clinicians should be attentive for OSA among diabetic patients and vice versa,” she concluded.

Dr. Togeiro reported that she had no conflicts of interest in association with the study.

SEATTLE — The risk of type 2 diabetes increased with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea, even after obesity was taken into account, researchers reported at the annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies.

“Few studies have shown a relationship between OSA and type 2 diabetes,” said Dr. Sonia Togeiro, the study's lead author. Moreover, the role of obesity in this association is not yet clear, she noted.

Dr. Togeiro and her colleagues conducted a population-based study of OSA and diabetes among 1,042 men and women aged 20-80 years living in São Paulo, Brazil.

All study participants underwent full-night polysomnography and were classified according to their apnea-hypopnea index as having no OSA (index less than 5), mild OSA (index 5-15), or moderate or severe OSA (index greater than 15).

Participants were defined as having type 2 diabetes if they had a fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher, took antidiabetic medication, or reported a previous diagnosis of the disease.

Study results indicated that 62% of participants did not have OSA, whereas 21% had mild OSA, and 17% had moderate or severe OSA, reported Dr. Togeiro, an endocrinologist at Federal University of São Paulo. A total of 7% overall had diabetes. In addition, 38% were overweight, and 21% were obese.

Compared with their counterparts who did not have OSA, participants with mild OSA and participants with moderate or severe OSA alike were older (mean age 37 years vs. 48 years and 53 years, respectively), had a higher body mass index (25 kg/m

The presence and severity of OSA were also associated with a more unfavorable metabolic profile, Dr. Togeiro noted. Both OSA groups had higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin, and a higher homeostasis model assessment index, compared with the unaffected group.

In a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, participants with mild OSA had a nonsignificant increase in the risk of diabetes relative to their counterparts who did not have OSA (odds ratio 1.07), and participants with moderate or severe OSA had a significant near doubling of risk (odds ratio 1.97).

Conversely, OSA was much more prevalent in participants with diabetes, she said. A total of 73% of individuals with diabetes had the condition, compared with 36% of those without diabetes.

“The severity of OSA was a highly significant predictor of type 2 diabetes in this population-based survey of São Paulo residents, independent of obesity, age, and gender,” Dr. Togeiro said. Furthermore, nearly three-fourths of participants with type 2 diabetes had comorbid OSA.

Discussing the findings and possible explanations for them, Dr. Togeiro noted that laboratory research suggests that the severity of hypoxemia (as opposed to the frequency of arousals) appears to be the component of the apnea-hypopnea index linking OSA to type 2 diabetes.

“Our data suggest that clinicians should be attentive for OSA among diabetic patients and vice versa,” she concluded.

Dr. Togeiro reported that she had no conflicts of interest in association with the study.