America was already facing a critical health care workforce shortage before the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the problem. The American Medical Association (AMA) projects that there will be a national shortage of up to 48,000 primary care physicians and 77,100 non-primary care physicians by 2034.
The dearth is particularly striking among physicians who practice in rural areas and those who are Native American. As of 2021, fewer than 3000 physicians—of 841,322—identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, according to the latest statistics from the Physician Specialty Data Report , published by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC).
The lack of Native American physicians is “nothing new, it’s been going on for decades,” says Mary Owen (Tlingit), MD, director of the Center of American Indian and Minority Health and associate dean of Native American Health at the University of Minnesota Medical School, speaking in a Native America Calling podcast in October.
“These numbers are… actually lessening—and we had paltry numbers to begin with,” said Owen. “It doesn’t take a genius to look back and figure out where it’s from. We don’t have enough students coming through the pathways in the first place. For instance, our high school graduation rate in this country is easily 10 points below that of non-Natives. In Duluth, Minnesota, the high school graduation rate is only 43%… We have to recognize that this is an area we have to work on.”
Senators Tim Kaine (D-VA) and Alex Padilla (D-CA) have introduced the Expanding Medical Education Act , legislation to get more students from underrepresented groups into the physician pipeline. The bill would provide grants through the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) for colleges and universities to establish or expand allopathic (MD-granting) or osteopathic (DO-granting) medical schools in underserved areas or at institutions for underrepresented populations, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs).
Addressing Rural Needs
However, projections on the growth of health care professions show that supply will not meet demand over the next 10 years. The shortage is more dire in rural areas . According to the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), since 2010, more than 150 rural hospitals have either closed their doors entirely or stopped providing inpatient hospital services. Often, rural communities have fewer local HCPs available.
More than half (54%) of American Indian or Alaska Native people live in rural and small-town areas, and 68% live on or near their tribal homelands, according to the nonprofit First Nations Development Institute. Many live far—even hours—away from the nearest health care facility. But according to Population Health in Rural America in 2020: Proceedings of a Workshop , only 10% of primary care practitioners and < 7% of specialty care practitioners live in rural areas. About 5% of rural counties do not have any family physicians. What’s more, language and culture differ among the nearly 600 tribes across the country. The Indian Health Council, for instance, counts 9 individual reservations and tribes within a 5-mile radius in San Diego County, “all of which have their own unique customs,” which contribute to the “level of care they deem appropriate.”