Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine (SAHM): Annual Meeting

SEATTLE – Efforts to promote vaccination of boys against human papillomavirus may be more successful if they de-emphasize infection-related outcomes that make parents uncomfortable because of their sexual associations, according to a study of 158 parents of boys.

Surveyed parents were less likely to intend to vaccinate their son if they ranked anal cancer or oropharyngeal cancer as the most severe possible outcome of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, investigators reported at the annual meeting of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine.

Comments made in focus groups suggested that these cancers elicited negative emotions: stigma in the case of anal cancer because it was associated with anal sex and homosexuality, and anxiety in the case of oropharyngeal cancer because it was associated with oral sex.

"Parents seemed to dwell on the sexual transmission of HPV," commented lead investigator Abigail C. Lees, a research assistant in the pediatrics department at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

"HPV awareness campaigns should decrease emphasis on outcomes that elicited either stigma associated with anal cancer or increased anxiety associated with oral cancer, and instead focus on prevalence," she recommended. "Furthermore, the parental preoccupation with the sexual transmission of HPV could be entirely avoided by vaccinating children at younger ages, when parents are less likely to associate stigmas or anxiety with their child’s behavior and the vaccine."

A quarter of the HPV-associated cancers that occurred in 2009 were in males, according to Ms. Lees. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is now licensed for prevention of genital warts and anal cancer in both males and females, as well as for prevention of cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancer in females.

To assess parental knowledge about male HPV outcomes and attitudes about vaccinating sons, the investigators recruited to their study parents of boys aged 11-17 years from a pediatric clinic, university listservs, craigslist, and other venues.

They completed surveys asking about perceived susceptibility (at least a 40% chance) of their son experiencing HPV infection and its outcomes, and perceived severity of the outcomes. They also participated in single-sex focus groups, conducted separately in English and Spanish.

The majority of the parents, 72%, were the boy’s mother. By race/ethnicity, 54% were white, 23% were black, 15% were Hispanic, and the rest were other. About a third had a high school diploma or less education. Slightly more than half were currently married. And 61% also had a daughter.

"Overall, parents believed their sons to have a low susceptibility to HPV infection and its outcomes," Ms. Lees reported. Just 22% thought their son was susceptible to infection. And smaller proportions thought he was susceptible to genital warts (18%), oropharyngeal cancer (11%), anal cancer (9%), and penile cancer (9%).

However, 82% of parents believed the consequence of HPV infection in their son would be severe; of these, 31% ranked penile cancer as the most severe possible outcome, 30% oropharyngeal cancer, 23% anal cancer, and 16% genital warts.

Eighty-three percent of parents indicated that they intended to vaccinate their sons against HPV. In a multivariate analysis, parents were more likely to intend to do so if they were older (odds ratio 1.14) and believed that the consequences of HPV infection could be severe (OR 9.94).

On the other hand, they were less likely to intend to vaccinate if they were more educated (OR 0.62). And there were trends whereby they were less likely to intend to do so if they ranked anal cancer or oropharyngeal cancer as the most severe possible outcome (OR 0.25 and 0.67, respectively).

"The most striking finding from our focus groups was that parents had very limited knowledge of HPV infection in males, despite an awareness of HPV in females," commented Ms. Lees. For example, parents were often unaware that HPV infection pertained to boys.

Their comments also provided some insight into why high rankings of certain HPV-related outcomes might have been associated with lower odds of intending to vaccinate. "Parents responded to the sexual nature of transmission, in particular, in focus groups, which revealed parental stigmatization of anal cancer by association with homosexuality among males," she noted.

In addition, "parents expressed an anxiety associated with oral sex practices they perceived youth to be engaging in," Ms. Lees elaborated. "Parents alluded to the frequency of oral sex among youth" and expressed "concerns that youth believe oral sex can be used to avoid infidelity, is safer than intercourse, and preserves their virginity."

Taken together, the study’s findings should help to inform provider and public health efforts to increase uptake of the HPV vaccine among boys, she concluded.

Ms. Lees reported that the investigators received grant support from Merck to conduct the study.

SEATTLE – Efforts to promote vaccination of boys against human papillomavirus may be more successful if they de-emphasize infection-related outcomes that make parents uncomfortable because of their sexual associations, according to a study of 158 parents of boys.

Surveyed parents were less likely to intend to vaccinate their son if they ranked anal cancer or oropharyngeal cancer as the most severe possible outcome of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, investigators reported at the annual meeting of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine.

Comments made in focus groups suggested that these cancers elicited negative emotions: stigma in the case of anal cancer because it was associated with anal sex and homosexuality, and anxiety in the case of oropharyngeal cancer because it was associated with oral sex.

"Parents seemed to dwell on the sexual transmission of HPV," commented lead investigator Abigail C. Lees, a research assistant in the pediatrics department at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

"HPV awareness campaigns should decrease emphasis on outcomes that elicited either stigma associated with anal cancer or increased anxiety associated with oral cancer, and instead focus on prevalence," she recommended. "Furthermore, the parental preoccupation with the sexual transmission of HPV could be entirely avoided by vaccinating children at younger ages, when parents are less likely to associate stigmas or anxiety with their child’s behavior and the vaccine."

A quarter of the HPV-associated cancers that occurred in 2009 were in males, according to Ms. Lees. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is now licensed for prevention of genital warts and anal cancer in both males and females, as well as for prevention of cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancer in females.

To assess parental knowledge about male HPV outcomes and attitudes about vaccinating sons, the investigators recruited to their study parents of boys aged 11-17 years from a pediatric clinic, university listservs, craigslist, and other venues.

They completed surveys asking about perceived susceptibility (at least a 40% chance) of their son experiencing HPV infection and its outcomes, and perceived severity of the outcomes. They also participated in single-sex focus groups, conducted separately in English and Spanish.

The majority of the parents, 72%, were the boy’s mother. By race/ethnicity, 54% were white, 23% were black, 15% were Hispanic, and the rest were other. About a third had a high school diploma or less education. Slightly more than half were currently married. And 61% also had a daughter.

"Overall, parents believed their sons to have a low susceptibility to HPV infection and its outcomes," Ms. Lees reported. Just 22% thought their son was susceptible to infection. And smaller proportions thought he was susceptible to genital warts (18%), oropharyngeal cancer (11%), anal cancer (9%), and penile cancer (9%).

However, 82% of parents believed the consequence of HPV infection in their son would be severe; of these, 31% ranked penile cancer as the most severe possible outcome, 30% oropharyngeal cancer, 23% anal cancer, and 16% genital warts.

Eighty-three percent of parents indicated that they intended to vaccinate their sons against HPV. In a multivariate analysis, parents were more likely to intend to do so if they were older (odds ratio 1.14) and believed that the consequences of HPV infection could be severe (OR 9.94).

On the other hand, they were less likely to intend to vaccinate if they were more educated (OR 0.62). And there were trends whereby they were less likely to intend to do so if they ranked anal cancer or oropharyngeal cancer as the most severe possible outcome (OR 0.25 and 0.67, respectively).

"The most striking finding from our focus groups was that parents had very limited knowledge of HPV infection in males, despite an awareness of HPV in females," commented Ms. Lees. For example, parents were often unaware that HPV infection pertained to boys.

Their comments also provided some insight into why high rankings of certain HPV-related outcomes might have been associated with lower odds of intending to vaccinate. "Parents responded to the sexual nature of transmission, in particular, in focus groups, which revealed parental stigmatization of anal cancer by association with homosexuality among males," she noted.

In addition, "parents expressed an anxiety associated with oral sex practices they perceived youth to be engaging in," Ms. Lees elaborated. "Parents alluded to the frequency of oral sex among youth" and expressed "concerns that youth believe oral sex can be used to avoid infidelity, is safer than intercourse, and preserves their virginity."

Taken together, the study’s findings should help to inform provider and public health efforts to increase uptake of the HPV vaccine among boys, she concluded.

Ms. Lees reported that the investigators received grant support from Merck to conduct the study.

SEATTLE – Efforts to promote vaccination of boys against human papillomavirus may be more successful if they de-emphasize infection-related outcomes that make parents uncomfortable because of their sexual associations, according to a study of 158 parents of boys.

Surveyed parents were less likely to intend to vaccinate their son if they ranked anal cancer or oropharyngeal cancer as the most severe possible outcome of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, investigators reported at the annual meeting of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine.

Comments made in focus groups suggested that these cancers elicited negative emotions: stigma in the case of anal cancer because it was associated with anal sex and homosexuality, and anxiety in the case of oropharyngeal cancer because it was associated with oral sex.

"Parents seemed to dwell on the sexual transmission of HPV," commented lead investigator Abigail C. Lees, a research assistant in the pediatrics department at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

"HPV awareness campaigns should decrease emphasis on outcomes that elicited either stigma associated with anal cancer or increased anxiety associated with oral cancer, and instead focus on prevalence," she recommended. "Furthermore, the parental preoccupation with the sexual transmission of HPV could be entirely avoided by vaccinating children at younger ages, when parents are less likely to associate stigmas or anxiety with their child’s behavior and the vaccine."

A quarter of the HPV-associated cancers that occurred in 2009 were in males, according to Ms. Lees. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is now licensed for prevention of genital warts and anal cancer in both males and females, as well as for prevention of cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancer in females.

To assess parental knowledge about male HPV outcomes and attitudes about vaccinating sons, the investigators recruited to their study parents of boys aged 11-17 years from a pediatric clinic, university listservs, craigslist, and other venues.

They completed surveys asking about perceived susceptibility (at least a 40% chance) of their son experiencing HPV infection and its outcomes, and perceived severity of the outcomes. They also participated in single-sex focus groups, conducted separately in English and Spanish.

The majority of the parents, 72%, were the boy’s mother. By race/ethnicity, 54% were white, 23% were black, 15% were Hispanic, and the rest were other. About a third had a high school diploma or less education. Slightly more than half were currently married. And 61% also had a daughter.

"Overall, parents believed their sons to have a low susceptibility to HPV infection and its outcomes," Ms. Lees reported. Just 22% thought their son was susceptible to infection. And smaller proportions thought he was susceptible to genital warts (18%), oropharyngeal cancer (11%), anal cancer (9%), and penile cancer (9%).

However, 82% of parents believed the consequence of HPV infection in their son would be severe; of these, 31% ranked penile cancer as the most severe possible outcome, 30% oropharyngeal cancer, 23% anal cancer, and 16% genital warts.

Eighty-three percent of parents indicated that they intended to vaccinate their sons against HPV. In a multivariate analysis, parents were more likely to intend to do so if they were older (odds ratio 1.14) and believed that the consequences of HPV infection could be severe (OR 9.94).

On the other hand, they were less likely to intend to vaccinate if they were more educated (OR 0.62). And there were trends whereby they were less likely to intend to do so if they ranked anal cancer or oropharyngeal cancer as the most severe possible outcome (OR 0.25 and 0.67, respectively).

"The most striking finding from our focus groups was that parents had very limited knowledge of HPV infection in males, despite an awareness of HPV in females," commented Ms. Lees. For example, parents were often unaware that HPV infection pertained to boys.

Their comments also provided some insight into why high rankings of certain HPV-related outcomes might have been associated with lower odds of intending to vaccinate. "Parents responded to the sexual nature of transmission, in particular, in focus groups, which revealed parental stigmatization of anal cancer by association with homosexuality among males," she noted.

In addition, "parents expressed an anxiety associated with oral sex practices they perceived youth to be engaging in," Ms. Lees elaborated. "Parents alluded to the frequency of oral sex among youth" and expressed "concerns that youth believe oral sex can be used to avoid infidelity, is safer than intercourse, and preserves their virginity."

Taken together, the study’s findings should help to inform provider and public health efforts to increase uptake of the HPV vaccine among boys, she concluded.

Ms. Lees reported that the investigators received grant support from Merck to conduct the study.

SEATTLE – Text message reminders improve timely receipt of the human papillomavirus vaccine, according to results of a study of more than 1,500 girls who had started the three-dose series.

In the study reported at the annual meeting of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine, about a third of parents offered the reminders signed up for them. Girls whose parents signed up were twice as likely to receive their next dose of vaccine within a month of when it was due, compared with their counterparts whose parents did not sign up.

"We found that text messaging can increase on-time vaccination," commented first author Dr. Elyse O. Kharbanda, a pediatrician who was with Columbia University Medical Center, New York, at the time of the study and is now with the Health Partners Research Foundation in Minneapolis.

"We recommend these findings should be replicated in a larger and more diverse sample," she added. "And future studies should really explore what our main issue was: How to get more parents to sign up for this type of service."

Although the Food and Drug Administration approved the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Gardasil, Merck) in 2006, the rate of receipt of all three doses among girls remains low, and receipt of doses on time is also problematic, according to Dr. Kharbanda. Several factors may explain this poor adherence.

"Unlike routine vaccines that we give to infants, this three-dose vaccine series is not aligned with routine adolescent health care visits," she said. Financial barriers and provider factors also may explain some of the adherence problem.

"But what actually I think is the most important barrier is the parents and teens themselves," Dr. Kharbanda commented. "It’s not that [the parents] explicitly oppose the vaccine, it’s just that they are busy – they have busy lives with competing priorities, and getting their child or their teen in for three visits to get a shot over a 6-month period is just not high on their To-Do list."

There is good reason to believe that use of text messaging to send reminders could help solve this problem. "We thought cellular technology may provide an advantage because of its penetrance: Over 96% of U.S. adults now own a cell phone," she explained. "And especially in low-income populations, cell phone numbers may be even more stable than land-line numbers."

Additionally, "these reminders serve as cues to action," she said. "So the idea is the parent would get a text message and it may sort of push getting that vaccine up on their priority list."

The study, part of the Text4Health study exploring use of this technology among underserved, low-income populations, was conducted in nine clinical sites in New York. It was open to English- or Spanish-speaking parents with a cell phone who brought daughters aged 10-18 years in for the first or second dose of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine between January and June 2009.

The parents were given a recruitment card with instructions in English and Spanish on how to sign up for text message reminders for the next dose of vaccine. Signing up required calling a dedicated number, selecting a language, confirming interest, and entering a personal identification number from the recruitment card, used to link the caller to the daughter’s medical record. The parent’s cell phone number was automatically captured.

Parents who signed up received up to three automated text messages reminding them that their daughter had an upcoming due date for her next HPV vaccine dose, Dr. Kharbanda said. The messages included the name and phone number of the clinic where their daughter received care, and an option to cancel future reminders (although none used this option).

In all, recruitment cards were given to the parents of 434 girls, 29% of whom signed up. The 124 who entered a valid personal identification number were sent text message reminders.

The comparison groups consisted of 308 girls whose parents did not sign up for the reminders and 1,080 girls who had received a first or second dose of HPV vaccine in the same clinics in the 6 months before the intervention and served as historic controls.

The girls were 14 years old on average, and nearly three-quarters had Medicaid or SCHIP health insurance. Most (84%) received their care in an academic clinic, and a sizable minority (40%) spoke Spanish.

Study results showed that the percentage of girls who received their next HPV vaccine dose within 1 month of the due date, the primary end point, was 52% among those whose parents signed up for reminders, 35% among those whose parents did not sign up, and 38% among those who served as historic controls (P = .003).

The percentages were better in all three groups when it came to receipt of the vaccine dose within 4 months of the due date. But the value was still higher among girls whose parents signed up for reminders, at 65%, than among those whose parents did not sign up, at 51%, and the historic controls, at 53% (P = .01).

In logistic regression analyses that controlled for type of insurance and type of clinic used for care (which differed across groups), girls whose parents signed up for text reminders were 2.03 times more likely than were the girls whose parents didn’t sign up and 1.83 times more likely than the historic control girls were to receive their next HPV vaccine dose within 1 month of the due date (P = .003 and .002, respectively).

Dr. Kharbanda said that the program could potentially be sustained without any additional funding, but there are ongoing costs associated with the personnel needed for monitoring. "Any time you are sending out text messages, you want to have somebody available to respond if the parent writes back ‘Help!’ or something else," she explained.

The infrastructure developed for the study also can be adapted for other purposes, she noted. For example, the research team has since used the platform to promote uptake of the flu vaccine and to recall parents whose child had to temporarily skip a Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine because of the shortage.

Results of the HPV study have recently been published in Vaccine (2011;29:2537-41).

Dr. Kharbanda reported that Vaughn I. Rickert, Psy.D., one of the study’s coinvestigators, is a consultant to Sanofi Pasteur and receives research funding from and sits on the advisory board of Merck.

SEATTLE – Text message reminders improve timely receipt of the human papillomavirus vaccine, according to results of a study of more than 1,500 girls who had started the three-dose series.

In the study reported at the annual meeting of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine, about a third of parents offered the reminders signed up for them. Girls whose parents signed up were twice as likely to receive their next dose of vaccine within a month of when it was due, compared with their counterparts whose parents did not sign up.

"We found that text messaging can increase on-time vaccination," commented first author Dr. Elyse O. Kharbanda, a pediatrician who was with Columbia University Medical Center, New York, at the time of the study and is now with the Health Partners Research Foundation in Minneapolis.

"We recommend these findings should be replicated in a larger and more diverse sample," she added. "And future studies should really explore what our main issue was: How to get more parents to sign up for this type of service."

Although the Food and Drug Administration approved the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Gardasil, Merck) in 2006, the rate of receipt of all three doses among girls remains low, and receipt of doses on time is also problematic, according to Dr. Kharbanda. Several factors may explain this poor adherence.

"Unlike routine vaccines that we give to infants, this three-dose vaccine series is not aligned with routine adolescent health care visits," she said. Financial barriers and provider factors also may explain some of the adherence problem.

"But what actually I think is the most important barrier is the parents and teens themselves," Dr. Kharbanda commented. "It’s not that [the parents] explicitly oppose the vaccine, it’s just that they are busy – they have busy lives with competing priorities, and getting their child or their teen in for three visits to get a shot over a 6-month period is just not high on their To-Do list."

There is good reason to believe that use of text messaging to send reminders could help solve this problem. "We thought cellular technology may provide an advantage because of its penetrance: Over 96% of U.S. adults now own a cell phone," she explained. "And especially in low-income populations, cell phone numbers may be even more stable than land-line numbers."

Additionally, "these reminders serve as cues to action," she said. "So the idea is the parent would get a text message and it may sort of push getting that vaccine up on their priority list."

The study, part of the Text4Health study exploring use of this technology among underserved, low-income populations, was conducted in nine clinical sites in New York. It was open to English- or Spanish-speaking parents with a cell phone who brought daughters aged 10-18 years in for the first or second dose of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine between January and June 2009.

The parents were given a recruitment card with instructions in English and Spanish on how to sign up for text message reminders for the next dose of vaccine. Signing up required calling a dedicated number, selecting a language, confirming interest, and entering a personal identification number from the recruitment card, used to link the caller to the daughter’s medical record. The parent’s cell phone number was automatically captured.

Parents who signed up received up to three automated text messages reminding them that their daughter had an upcoming due date for her next HPV vaccine dose, Dr. Kharbanda said. The messages included the name and phone number of the clinic where their daughter received care, and an option to cancel future reminders (although none used this option).

In all, recruitment cards were given to the parents of 434 girls, 29% of whom signed up. The 124 who entered a valid personal identification number were sent text message reminders.

The comparison groups consisted of 308 girls whose parents did not sign up for the reminders and 1,080 girls who had received a first or second dose of HPV vaccine in the same clinics in the 6 months before the intervention and served as historic controls.

The girls were 14 years old on average, and nearly three-quarters had Medicaid or SCHIP health insurance. Most (84%) received their care in an academic clinic, and a sizable minority (40%) spoke Spanish.

Study results showed that the percentage of girls who received their next HPV vaccine dose within 1 month of the due date, the primary end point, was 52% among those whose parents signed up for reminders, 35% among those whose parents did not sign up, and 38% among those who served as historic controls (P = .003).

The percentages were better in all three groups when it came to receipt of the vaccine dose within 4 months of the due date. But the value was still higher among girls whose parents signed up for reminders, at 65%, than among those whose parents did not sign up, at 51%, and the historic controls, at 53% (P = .01).

In logistic regression analyses that controlled for type of insurance and type of clinic used for care (which differed across groups), girls whose parents signed up for text reminders were 2.03 times more likely than were the girls whose parents didn’t sign up and 1.83 times more likely than the historic control girls were to receive their next HPV vaccine dose within 1 month of the due date (P = .003 and .002, respectively).

Dr. Kharbanda said that the program could potentially be sustained without any additional funding, but there are ongoing costs associated with the personnel needed for monitoring. "Any time you are sending out text messages, you want to have somebody available to respond if the parent writes back ‘Help!’ or something else," she explained.

The infrastructure developed for the study also can be adapted for other purposes, she noted. For example, the research team has since used the platform to promote uptake of the flu vaccine and to recall parents whose child had to temporarily skip a Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine because of the shortage.

Results of the HPV study have recently been published in Vaccine (2011;29:2537-41).

Dr. Kharbanda reported that Vaughn I. Rickert, Psy.D., one of the study’s coinvestigators, is a consultant to Sanofi Pasteur and receives research funding from and sits on the advisory board of Merck.

SEATTLE – Text message reminders improve timely receipt of the human papillomavirus vaccine, according to results of a study of more than 1,500 girls who had started the three-dose series.

In the study reported at the annual meeting of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine, about a third of parents offered the reminders signed up for them. Girls whose parents signed up were twice as likely to receive their next dose of vaccine within a month of when it was due, compared with their counterparts whose parents did not sign up.

"We found that text messaging can increase on-time vaccination," commented first author Dr. Elyse O. Kharbanda, a pediatrician who was with Columbia University Medical Center, New York, at the time of the study and is now with the Health Partners Research Foundation in Minneapolis.

"We recommend these findings should be replicated in a larger and more diverse sample," she added. "And future studies should really explore what our main issue was: How to get more parents to sign up for this type of service."

Although the Food and Drug Administration approved the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Gardasil, Merck) in 2006, the rate of receipt of all three doses among girls remains low, and receipt of doses on time is also problematic, according to Dr. Kharbanda. Several factors may explain this poor adherence.

"Unlike routine vaccines that we give to infants, this three-dose vaccine series is not aligned with routine adolescent health care visits," she said. Financial barriers and provider factors also may explain some of the adherence problem.

"But what actually I think is the most important barrier is the parents and teens themselves," Dr. Kharbanda commented. "It’s not that [the parents] explicitly oppose the vaccine, it’s just that they are busy – they have busy lives with competing priorities, and getting their child or their teen in for three visits to get a shot over a 6-month period is just not high on their To-Do list."

There is good reason to believe that use of text messaging to send reminders could help solve this problem. "We thought cellular technology may provide an advantage because of its penetrance: Over 96% of U.S. adults now own a cell phone," she explained. "And especially in low-income populations, cell phone numbers may be even more stable than land-line numbers."

Additionally, "these reminders serve as cues to action," she said. "So the idea is the parent would get a text message and it may sort of push getting that vaccine up on their priority list."

The study, part of the Text4Health study exploring use of this technology among underserved, low-income populations, was conducted in nine clinical sites in New York. It was open to English- or Spanish-speaking parents with a cell phone who brought daughters aged 10-18 years in for the first or second dose of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine between January and June 2009.

The parents were given a recruitment card with instructions in English and Spanish on how to sign up for text message reminders for the next dose of vaccine. Signing up required calling a dedicated number, selecting a language, confirming interest, and entering a personal identification number from the recruitment card, used to link the caller to the daughter’s medical record. The parent’s cell phone number was automatically captured.

Parents who signed up received up to three automated text messages reminding them that their daughter had an upcoming due date for her next HPV vaccine dose, Dr. Kharbanda said. The messages included the name and phone number of the clinic where their daughter received care, and an option to cancel future reminders (although none used this option).

In all, recruitment cards were given to the parents of 434 girls, 29% of whom signed up. The 124 who entered a valid personal identification number were sent text message reminders.

The comparison groups consisted of 308 girls whose parents did not sign up for the reminders and 1,080 girls who had received a first or second dose of HPV vaccine in the same clinics in the 6 months before the intervention and served as historic controls.

The girls were 14 years old on average, and nearly three-quarters had Medicaid or SCHIP health insurance. Most (84%) received their care in an academic clinic, and a sizable minority (40%) spoke Spanish.

Study results showed that the percentage of girls who received their next HPV vaccine dose within 1 month of the due date, the primary end point, was 52% among those whose parents signed up for reminders, 35% among those whose parents did not sign up, and 38% among those who served as historic controls (P = .003).

The percentages were better in all three groups when it came to receipt of the vaccine dose within 4 months of the due date. But the value was still higher among girls whose parents signed up for reminders, at 65%, than among those whose parents did not sign up, at 51%, and the historic controls, at 53% (P = .01).

In logistic regression analyses that controlled for type of insurance and type of clinic used for care (which differed across groups), girls whose parents signed up for text reminders were 2.03 times more likely than were the girls whose parents didn’t sign up and 1.83 times more likely than the historic control girls were to receive their next HPV vaccine dose within 1 month of the due date (P = .003 and .002, respectively).

Dr. Kharbanda said that the program could potentially be sustained without any additional funding, but there are ongoing costs associated with the personnel needed for monitoring. "Any time you are sending out text messages, you want to have somebody available to respond if the parent writes back ‘Help!’ or something else," she explained.

The infrastructure developed for the study also can be adapted for other purposes, she noted. For example, the research team has since used the platform to promote uptake of the flu vaccine and to recall parents whose child had to temporarily skip a Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine because of the shortage.

Results of the HPV study have recently been published in Vaccine (2011;29:2537-41).

Dr. Kharbanda reported that Vaughn I. Rickert, Psy.D., one of the study’s coinvestigators, is a consultant to Sanofi Pasteur and receives research funding from and sits on the advisory board of Merck.