National and state diabetes trends 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed September 26, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/reports/reportcard/national-state-diabetes-trends.html
National diabetes statistics report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed September 26, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html
National diabetes statistics report. Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed September 26, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf
RISE Consortium. Metabolic contrasts between youth and adults with impaired glucose tolerance or recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes: I. Observations using the hyperglycemic clamp. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(8):1696-1706. doi:10.2337/dc18-0244
Andes LJ, Cheng YJ, Rolka DB, Gregg EW, Imperatore G. Prevalence of prediabetes among adolescents and young adults in the United States, 2005-2016. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174:e194498. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4498
RISE Consortium. Metabolic contrasts between youth and adults with impaired glucose tolerance or recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes: II. Observations using the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(8):1707-1716. doi:10.2337/dc18-0243.
Cree-Green M, Triolo TM, Nadeau KJ. Etiology of insulin resistance in youth with type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(1):81-88. doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0341-0
Goran MI, Gower BA. Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2001;50(11):2444-2450. doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2444
Childhood obesity facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed October 3, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, et al. Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):159-167. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1642
Arslanian S, Bacha F, Grey M, Marcus MD, White NH, Zeitler P. Evaluation and management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(12):2648-2668. doi:10.2337/dci18-0052
Anderson BJ, Edelstein S, Abramson NW, et al. Depressive symptoms and quality of life in adolescents with type 2 diabetes: baseline data from the TODAY study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(10):2205-2207. doi:10.2337/dc11-0431
TODAY Study Group. Treatment options for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth: a study of the comparative efficacy of metformin alone or in combination with rosiglitazone or lifestyle intervention in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8(2):74-87. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00237.x
Dart AB, Martens PJ, Rigatto C, Brownell MD, Dean HJ, Sellers EA. Earlier onset of complications in youth with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(2):436-443. doi:10.2337/dc13-0954
Arslanian SA, Hannon T, Zeitler P et al. Once-weekly dulaglutide for the treatment of youths with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(5):433-443. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2204601
Tamborlane WV, Barrientos-Pérez M, Fainberg U, et al. Liraglutide in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(7):637-646. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1903822
Tamborlane WV, Bishai R, Geller D, et al. Once-weekly exenatide in youth with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(8):1833-1840. doi:10.2337/dc21-2275
Inge TH, Laffel LM, Jenkins TM, et al. Comparison of surgical and medical therapy for type 2 diabetes in severely obese adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(5):452-460. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5763
Molinari AM, Shubrook JH. Treatment options and current guidelines of care for pediatric type 2 diabetes patients: a narrative review. J Osteopath Med. 2021;121(4):431-440. doi:10.1515/jom-2020-0172
