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Should you use steroids to treat infectious mononucleosis?
Generally, no. Studies of steroids to treat infectious mononucleosis have found no significant effect on the clinical course of the illness at 1 to 3 months (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, 1 randomized controlled trial [RCT] and 1 nonrandomized double-blind trial). Although steroids have been shown to improve resolution of hematologic abnormalities, fever, and white blood cell count, and may shorten length of infirmary stay (SOR: B, 1 nonrandomized double-blind trial and 1 RCT), no significant difference was found in resolution of symptoms with or without steroids (SOR: A, 2 RCTs).
Do benefits sometimes outweigh risks?
Jon O. Neher, MD
Valley Medical Center Renton, Wash
Systematic reviews are good for answering broad clinical questions. In this case, the evidence clearly states that steroids have no role as routine therapy for acute mononucleosis.
But steroids do have effects (abrupt reduction in inflammation) as well as side effects. If a patient has an acute airway obstruction or a looming hospitalization for dehydration, the known therapeutic effects of steroids may suddenly appear to outweigh the potential downsides. In such specific clinical scenarios, physician and patient decision making remains guided more by extrapolations of the evidence than outcomes data.
Evidence summary
A Cochrane review of 6 relatively small (N=24-94) RCTs found insufficient evidence to support using steroids to manage infectious mononucleosis.1-7 We found no other studies.
Steroids don’t significantly reduce throat pain, weight loss
In an RCT of 40 patients, 1 dose of dexamethasone reduced throat pain at 12 hours in 60% of the treatment group, compared with placebo.2 However, no significant differences were noted at 1 and 7 days.
A trial of combined therapy with acyclovir and prednisolone in 94 patients found no differences in resolution of sore throat, weight loss, and absence from school or work in the treatment group.3 Likewise, a study of a 6-day prednisone taper found no difference in resolution of symptoms in the prednisone group (N=47).4
Conflicting findings on steroids and fever—and adverse effects
One small, double-blind study of prednisone (N=26 hospitalized college students) showed a significant difference in duration of fever and antibody titers compared with aspirin.5 Two other studies of the duration of fever didn’t find convincing evidence of benefit, however.2,7 One of these studies did find that patients’ infirmary stays were shortened an average of 3 days, although the data to support this finding were not reported.7
Two studies also reported that 3 patients experienced adverse events, including dehydration and severe pharyngitis,2 acute onset of diabetes mellitus,5 and peritonsillar cellulitis.5 Other potential adverse reactions include transient hyperglycemia, sodium retention, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.8
Recommendations
We found no recommendations concerning the use of steroids to treat infectious mononucleosis. A review article from American Family Physician recommends avoiding corticosteroids to treat the condition unless the patient is experiencing severe complications.9
1. Candy B, Hotopf M. Steroids for symptom control in infectious mononucleosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD004402.
2. Roy M, Bailey B, Amre DK, et al. Dexamethasone for the treatment of sore throat in children with suspected infectious mononucleosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:250-254.
3. Tynell E, Aurelius E, Brandell A, et al. Acyclovir and prednisolone treatment of acute infectious mononucleosis: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:324-331.
4. Collins M, Fleisher G, Kreisberg J, Fager S. Role of steroids in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis in the ambulatory college student. J Am Coll Health. 1984;33:101-105.
5. Bolden KJ. Corticosteroids in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis. An assessment using a double blind trial. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1972;22:87-95.
6. Klein EM, Cochran JF, Buck RL. The effects of short-term corticosteroid therapy on the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis pharyngotonsillitis: a double-blind study. J Am Coll Health Assoc. 1969;17:446-452.
7. Prout C, Dalrymple W. A double-blind study of eighty-two cases of infectious mononucleosis treated with corticosteroids. J Am Coll Health Assoc. 1966;15:62-66.
8. Adrenals: Corticosteroids general statement: Cautions. In: McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, Md: American Society of Health Systems Pharmacists; 2008.
9. Bailey RE. Diagnosis and treatment of infectious mononucleosis. Am Fam Physician. 1994;49:879-885.
Generally, no. Studies of steroids to treat infectious mononucleosis have found no significant effect on the clinical course of the illness at 1 to 3 months (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, 1 randomized controlled trial [RCT] and 1 nonrandomized double-blind trial). Although steroids have been shown to improve resolution of hematologic abnormalities, fever, and white blood cell count, and may shorten length of infirmary stay (SOR: B, 1 nonrandomized double-blind trial and 1 RCT), no significant difference was found in resolution of symptoms with or without steroids (SOR: A, 2 RCTs).
Do benefits sometimes outweigh risks?
Jon O. Neher, MD
Valley Medical Center Renton, Wash
Systematic reviews are good for answering broad clinical questions. In this case, the evidence clearly states that steroids have no role as routine therapy for acute mononucleosis.
But steroids do have effects (abrupt reduction in inflammation) as well as side effects. If a patient has an acute airway obstruction or a looming hospitalization for dehydration, the known therapeutic effects of steroids may suddenly appear to outweigh the potential downsides. In such specific clinical scenarios, physician and patient decision making remains guided more by extrapolations of the evidence than outcomes data.
Evidence summary
A Cochrane review of 6 relatively small (N=24-94) RCTs found insufficient evidence to support using steroids to manage infectious mononucleosis.1-7 We found no other studies.
Steroids don’t significantly reduce throat pain, weight loss
In an RCT of 40 patients, 1 dose of dexamethasone reduced throat pain at 12 hours in 60% of the treatment group, compared with placebo.2 However, no significant differences were noted at 1 and 7 days.
A trial of combined therapy with acyclovir and prednisolone in 94 patients found no differences in resolution of sore throat, weight loss, and absence from school or work in the treatment group.3 Likewise, a study of a 6-day prednisone taper found no difference in resolution of symptoms in the prednisone group (N=47).4
Conflicting findings on steroids and fever—and adverse effects
One small, double-blind study of prednisone (N=26 hospitalized college students) showed a significant difference in duration of fever and antibody titers compared with aspirin.5 Two other studies of the duration of fever didn’t find convincing evidence of benefit, however.2,7 One of these studies did find that patients’ infirmary stays were shortened an average of 3 days, although the data to support this finding were not reported.7
Two studies also reported that 3 patients experienced adverse events, including dehydration and severe pharyngitis,2 acute onset of diabetes mellitus,5 and peritonsillar cellulitis.5 Other potential adverse reactions include transient hyperglycemia, sodium retention, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.8
Recommendations
We found no recommendations concerning the use of steroids to treat infectious mononucleosis. A review article from American Family Physician recommends avoiding corticosteroids to treat the condition unless the patient is experiencing severe complications.9
Generally, no. Studies of steroids to treat infectious mononucleosis have found no significant effect on the clinical course of the illness at 1 to 3 months (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, 1 randomized controlled trial [RCT] and 1 nonrandomized double-blind trial). Although steroids have been shown to improve resolution of hematologic abnormalities, fever, and white blood cell count, and may shorten length of infirmary stay (SOR: B, 1 nonrandomized double-blind trial and 1 RCT), no significant difference was found in resolution of symptoms with or without steroids (SOR: A, 2 RCTs).
Do benefits sometimes outweigh risks?
Jon O. Neher, MD
Valley Medical Center Renton, Wash
Systematic reviews are good for answering broad clinical questions. In this case, the evidence clearly states that steroids have no role as routine therapy for acute mononucleosis.
But steroids do have effects (abrupt reduction in inflammation) as well as side effects. If a patient has an acute airway obstruction or a looming hospitalization for dehydration, the known therapeutic effects of steroids may suddenly appear to outweigh the potential downsides. In such specific clinical scenarios, physician and patient decision making remains guided more by extrapolations of the evidence than outcomes data.
Evidence summary
A Cochrane review of 6 relatively small (N=24-94) RCTs found insufficient evidence to support using steroids to manage infectious mononucleosis.1-7 We found no other studies.
Steroids don’t significantly reduce throat pain, weight loss
In an RCT of 40 patients, 1 dose of dexamethasone reduced throat pain at 12 hours in 60% of the treatment group, compared with placebo.2 However, no significant differences were noted at 1 and 7 days.
A trial of combined therapy with acyclovir and prednisolone in 94 patients found no differences in resolution of sore throat, weight loss, and absence from school or work in the treatment group.3 Likewise, a study of a 6-day prednisone taper found no difference in resolution of symptoms in the prednisone group (N=47).4
Conflicting findings on steroids and fever—and adverse effects
One small, double-blind study of prednisone (N=26 hospitalized college students) showed a significant difference in duration of fever and antibody titers compared with aspirin.5 Two other studies of the duration of fever didn’t find convincing evidence of benefit, however.2,7 One of these studies did find that patients’ infirmary stays were shortened an average of 3 days, although the data to support this finding were not reported.7
Two studies also reported that 3 patients experienced adverse events, including dehydration and severe pharyngitis,2 acute onset of diabetes mellitus,5 and peritonsillar cellulitis.5 Other potential adverse reactions include transient hyperglycemia, sodium retention, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia.8
Recommendations
We found no recommendations concerning the use of steroids to treat infectious mononucleosis. A review article from American Family Physician recommends avoiding corticosteroids to treat the condition unless the patient is experiencing severe complications.9
1. Candy B, Hotopf M. Steroids for symptom control in infectious mononucleosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD004402.
2. Roy M, Bailey B, Amre DK, et al. Dexamethasone for the treatment of sore throat in children with suspected infectious mononucleosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:250-254.
3. Tynell E, Aurelius E, Brandell A, et al. Acyclovir and prednisolone treatment of acute infectious mononucleosis: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:324-331.
4. Collins M, Fleisher G, Kreisberg J, Fager S. Role of steroids in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis in the ambulatory college student. J Am Coll Health. 1984;33:101-105.
5. Bolden KJ. Corticosteroids in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis. An assessment using a double blind trial. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1972;22:87-95.
6. Klein EM, Cochran JF, Buck RL. The effects of short-term corticosteroid therapy on the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis pharyngotonsillitis: a double-blind study. J Am Coll Health Assoc. 1969;17:446-452.
7. Prout C, Dalrymple W. A double-blind study of eighty-two cases of infectious mononucleosis treated with corticosteroids. J Am Coll Health Assoc. 1966;15:62-66.
8. Adrenals: Corticosteroids general statement: Cautions. In: McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, Md: American Society of Health Systems Pharmacists; 2008.
9. Bailey RE. Diagnosis and treatment of infectious mononucleosis. Am Fam Physician. 1994;49:879-885.
1. Candy B, Hotopf M. Steroids for symptom control in infectious mononucleosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD004402.
2. Roy M, Bailey B, Amre DK, et al. Dexamethasone for the treatment of sore throat in children with suspected infectious mononucleosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:250-254.
3. Tynell E, Aurelius E, Brandell A, et al. Acyclovir and prednisolone treatment of acute infectious mononucleosis: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:324-331.
4. Collins M, Fleisher G, Kreisberg J, Fager S. Role of steroids in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis in the ambulatory college student. J Am Coll Health. 1984;33:101-105.
5. Bolden KJ. Corticosteroids in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis. An assessment using a double blind trial. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1972;22:87-95.
6. Klein EM, Cochran JF, Buck RL. The effects of short-term corticosteroid therapy on the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis pharyngotonsillitis: a double-blind study. J Am Coll Health Assoc. 1969;17:446-452.
7. Prout C, Dalrymple W. A double-blind study of eighty-two cases of infectious mononucleosis treated with corticosteroids. J Am Coll Health Assoc. 1966;15:62-66.
8. Adrenals: Corticosteroids general statement: Cautions. In: McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, Md: American Society of Health Systems Pharmacists; 2008.
9. Bailey RE. Diagnosis and treatment of infectious mononucleosis. Am Fam Physician. 1994;49:879-885.
Evidence-based answers from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network