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Dr. Roesch scans the journals, so you don't have to!
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Erin Roesch, MD

Erin Roesch, MD
 The impact of aspirin on tumorigenesis may be related to its antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory properties. Observational studies have demonstrated reduced risk for metastatic cancer and possibly breast cancer mortality risk among aspirin users.1 The Alliance AO11502 randomized phase 3 trial prospectively evaluated the role of aspirin on survival outcomes among patients aged 18 to <70 years with high-risk nonmetastatic breast cancer (Chen et al). A total of 3020 patients were randomized to receive 300 mg aspirin or placebo daily, along with standard therapy. The study was suspended at the first interim analysis because the hazard ratio had crossed the prespecified futility boundary. At a median follow-up of 33.8 months, there was no difference between the aspirin group and placebo group in the primary outcome, invasive disease–free survival (IDFS) (141 and 112 IDFS events, respectively; hazard ratio 1.27; 95% CI 0.99-1.63; P = .06). Furthermore, there was no difference in overall survival (hazard ratio 1.19; P = .36), and the aspirin group had numerically higher IDFS events including death, invasive disease progression, and new primary events, although the differences were not statistically significant. On the basis of the Alliance trial, routine aspirin use should not be recommended for patients with a history of early breast cancer to improve breast cancer–related survival outcomes. Other studies have shown potential differences in the effect of aspirin based on age and tumor type,2,3 suggesting that the host environment and tumor biology may play an integral role; future research in this area will be valuable.

The postpartum period represents a possibly vulnerable time window for development of new cancers with metastatic potential. Studies in young-onset breast cancer have shown a postpartum diagnosis up to 10 years after childbirth associated with adverse breast cancer survival outcomes.4 Women with germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants have a higher risk of developing breast cancer at a younger age compared to the general population.5 A prospective cohort study that included 903 women with germline BRCA1/2 mutations diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer at age ≤ 45 years investigated whether time since childbirth and time since breast cancer diagnosis were associated with mortality in this population (). A total of 419 women were diagnosed with breast cancer 0-10 years after childbirth (228 at <5 years and 191 at 5-10 years) and 224 women were nulliparous. Breast cancer diagnosis 5 to <10 years postpartum was associated with higher mortality risk vs nulliparous women (adjusted hazard ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.05-2.03; P = .03), with a more pronounced effect seen among those with estrogen receptor–negative disease (hazard ratio 3.12; 95% CI 1.22-7.97; P = .02) and BRCA1 carriers (hazard ratio 2.03; 95% CI 1.15-3.58; P = .02). This study highlights the importance of appropriate counseling for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, with efforts aimed at optimizing prevention and treatment strategies in young-onset breast cancer.

The mechanisms involved in development of endocrine therapy (ET) resistance are complex and may include changes in hormone signaling, alterations in growth factor signaling pathway components, and appearance of resistant clonal populations.6 Prior studies have shown efficacy with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus in combination with various ET backbones. However, the sequencing of these combinations in current clinical practice has shifted in light of significant therapeutic advancements in this space.7 A retrospective observational study including 161 patients with advanced hormone receptor–positive (HR+)/ human epidermal growth factor receptor–2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer treated with everolimus plus ET (exemestane, fulvestrant, tamoxifen) reported outcomes on the real-world use of these regimens after progression on cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor therapy (Sánchez-Bayona et al). At a median follow-up of 15 months, the estimated median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.0 months (95% CI 5.3-7.8 months); PFS was longer among those with previous CDK4/6 inhibitor use lasting >18 months (8.7 months; 95% CI 6.6-11.3 months), patients without visceral disease (8.0 months; 95% CI 5.8-10.5 months), and those who were chemotherapy-naive in the advanced setting (7.2 months; 95% CI 5.9-8.4 months). These data support a role for everolimus plus ET as a treatment option post–CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment for selected patient populations, including those whose tumors lack targetable somatic mutations (such as PIK3CA and ESR1 mutations), and may provide meaningful clinical benefit in this setting.

Additional References

  1. Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Price JF,  et al. Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: A study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2012;379:1591-601. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60209-8 Source
  2. Okada S, Morimoto T, Ogawa H, et al, and the JPAD Trial Investigators. Effect of aspirin on cancer chemoprevention in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year observational follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:1757-1764. doi: 10.2337/dc18-0368 Source
  3. Burn J, Sheth H, Elliott F, et al, on behalf of the CAPP2 Investigators. Cancer prevention with aspirin in hereditary colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), 10-year follow-up and registry-based 20-year data in the CAPP2 study: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395:1855-1863. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30366-4 Source
  4. Shao C, Yu Z, Xiao J, et al. Prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: A meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2020;20:746. doi: 10.1186/s12885-020-07248-8 Source
  5. Kuchenbaecker KB, Hopper JL, Barnes DR, et al. Risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. JAMA. 2017;317:2402-2416. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.7112 Source
  6. Hanker AB, Sudhan DR, Arteaga CL. Overcoming endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2020;37:496-513. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.009 Source
  7. Kornblum N, Zhao F, Manola J, et al. Randomized phase II trial of fulvestrant plus everolimus or placebo in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer resistant to aromatase inhibitor therapy: Results of PrE0102. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:1556-1563. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.9331 Source
Author and Disclosure Information

Erin E. Roesch, MD, Associate Staff, Department of Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Erin E. Roesch, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Puma Biotechnology

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Clinical Edge Journal Scan
Clinical Edge Journal Scan Commentary
Author(s)
Erin Roesch, MD
Author(s)
Erin Roesch, MD
Author and Disclosure Information

Erin E. Roesch, MD, Associate Staff, Department of Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Erin E. Roesch, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Puma Biotechnology

Author and Disclosure Information

Erin E. Roesch, MD, Associate Staff, Department of Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Erin E. Roesch, MD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:
Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Puma Biotechnology

Dr. Roesch scans the journals, so you don't have to!
Dr. Roesch scans the journals, so you don't have to!

Erin Roesch, MD
 The impact of aspirin on tumorigenesis may be related to its antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory properties. Observational studies have demonstrated reduced risk for metastatic cancer and possibly breast cancer mortality risk among aspirin users.1 The Alliance AO11502 randomized phase 3 trial prospectively evaluated the role of aspirin on survival outcomes among patients aged 18 to <70 years with high-risk nonmetastatic breast cancer (Chen et al). A total of 3020 patients were randomized to receive 300 mg aspirin or placebo daily, along with standard therapy. The study was suspended at the first interim analysis because the hazard ratio had crossed the prespecified futility boundary. At a median follow-up of 33.8 months, there was no difference between the aspirin group and placebo group in the primary outcome, invasive disease–free survival (IDFS) (141 and 112 IDFS events, respectively; hazard ratio 1.27; 95% CI 0.99-1.63; P = .06). Furthermore, there was no difference in overall survival (hazard ratio 1.19; P = .36), and the aspirin group had numerically higher IDFS events including death, invasive disease progression, and new primary events, although the differences were not statistically significant. On the basis of the Alliance trial, routine aspirin use should not be recommended for patients with a history of early breast cancer to improve breast cancer–related survival outcomes. Other studies have shown potential differences in the effect of aspirin based on age and tumor type,2,3 suggesting that the host environment and tumor biology may play an integral role; future research in this area will be valuable.

The postpartum period represents a possibly vulnerable time window for development of new cancers with metastatic potential. Studies in young-onset breast cancer have shown a postpartum diagnosis up to 10 years after childbirth associated with adverse breast cancer survival outcomes.4 Women with germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants have a higher risk of developing breast cancer at a younger age compared to the general population.5 A prospective cohort study that included 903 women with germline BRCA1/2 mutations diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer at age ≤ 45 years investigated whether time since childbirth and time since breast cancer diagnosis were associated with mortality in this population (). A total of 419 women were diagnosed with breast cancer 0-10 years after childbirth (228 at <5 years and 191 at 5-10 years) and 224 women were nulliparous. Breast cancer diagnosis 5 to <10 years postpartum was associated with higher mortality risk vs nulliparous women (adjusted hazard ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.05-2.03; P = .03), with a more pronounced effect seen among those with estrogen receptor–negative disease (hazard ratio 3.12; 95% CI 1.22-7.97; P = .02) and BRCA1 carriers (hazard ratio 2.03; 95% CI 1.15-3.58; P = .02). This study highlights the importance of appropriate counseling for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, with efforts aimed at optimizing prevention and treatment strategies in young-onset breast cancer.

The mechanisms involved in development of endocrine therapy (ET) resistance are complex and may include changes in hormone signaling, alterations in growth factor signaling pathway components, and appearance of resistant clonal populations.6 Prior studies have shown efficacy with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus in combination with various ET backbones. However, the sequencing of these combinations in current clinical practice has shifted in light of significant therapeutic advancements in this space.7 A retrospective observational study including 161 patients with advanced hormone receptor–positive (HR+)/ human epidermal growth factor receptor–2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer treated with everolimus plus ET (exemestane, fulvestrant, tamoxifen) reported outcomes on the real-world use of these regimens after progression on cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor therapy (Sánchez-Bayona et al). At a median follow-up of 15 months, the estimated median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.0 months (95% CI 5.3-7.8 months); PFS was longer among those with previous CDK4/6 inhibitor use lasting >18 months (8.7 months; 95% CI 6.6-11.3 months), patients without visceral disease (8.0 months; 95% CI 5.8-10.5 months), and those who were chemotherapy-naive in the advanced setting (7.2 months; 95% CI 5.9-8.4 months). These data support a role for everolimus plus ET as a treatment option post–CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment for selected patient populations, including those whose tumors lack targetable somatic mutations (such as PIK3CA and ESR1 mutations), and may provide meaningful clinical benefit in this setting.

Additional References

  1. Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Price JF,  et al. Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: A study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2012;379:1591-601. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60209-8 Source
  2. Okada S, Morimoto T, Ogawa H, et al, and the JPAD Trial Investigators. Effect of aspirin on cancer chemoprevention in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year observational follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:1757-1764. doi: 10.2337/dc18-0368 Source
  3. Burn J, Sheth H, Elliott F, et al, on behalf of the CAPP2 Investigators. Cancer prevention with aspirin in hereditary colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), 10-year follow-up and registry-based 20-year data in the CAPP2 study: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395:1855-1863. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30366-4 Source
  4. Shao C, Yu Z, Xiao J, et al. Prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: A meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2020;20:746. doi: 10.1186/s12885-020-07248-8 Source
  5. Kuchenbaecker KB, Hopper JL, Barnes DR, et al. Risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. JAMA. 2017;317:2402-2416. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.7112 Source
  6. Hanker AB, Sudhan DR, Arteaga CL. Overcoming endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2020;37:496-513. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.009 Source
  7. Kornblum N, Zhao F, Manola J, et al. Randomized phase II trial of fulvestrant plus everolimus or placebo in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer resistant to aromatase inhibitor therapy: Results of PrE0102. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:1556-1563. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.9331 Source

Erin Roesch, MD
 The impact of aspirin on tumorigenesis may be related to its antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory properties. Observational studies have demonstrated reduced risk for metastatic cancer and possibly breast cancer mortality risk among aspirin users.1 The Alliance AO11502 randomized phase 3 trial prospectively evaluated the role of aspirin on survival outcomes among patients aged 18 to <70 years with high-risk nonmetastatic breast cancer (Chen et al). A total of 3020 patients were randomized to receive 300 mg aspirin or placebo daily, along with standard therapy. The study was suspended at the first interim analysis because the hazard ratio had crossed the prespecified futility boundary. At a median follow-up of 33.8 months, there was no difference between the aspirin group and placebo group in the primary outcome, invasive disease–free survival (IDFS) (141 and 112 IDFS events, respectively; hazard ratio 1.27; 95% CI 0.99-1.63; P = .06). Furthermore, there was no difference in overall survival (hazard ratio 1.19; P = .36), and the aspirin group had numerically higher IDFS events including death, invasive disease progression, and new primary events, although the differences were not statistically significant. On the basis of the Alliance trial, routine aspirin use should not be recommended for patients with a history of early breast cancer to improve breast cancer–related survival outcomes. Other studies have shown potential differences in the effect of aspirin based on age and tumor type,2,3 suggesting that the host environment and tumor biology may play an integral role; future research in this area will be valuable.

The postpartum period represents a possibly vulnerable time window for development of new cancers with metastatic potential. Studies in young-onset breast cancer have shown a postpartum diagnosis up to 10 years after childbirth associated with adverse breast cancer survival outcomes.4 Women with germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants have a higher risk of developing breast cancer at a younger age compared to the general population.5 A prospective cohort study that included 903 women with germline BRCA1/2 mutations diagnosed with stage I-III breast cancer at age ≤ 45 years investigated whether time since childbirth and time since breast cancer diagnosis were associated with mortality in this population (). A total of 419 women were diagnosed with breast cancer 0-10 years after childbirth (228 at <5 years and 191 at 5-10 years) and 224 women were nulliparous. Breast cancer diagnosis 5 to <10 years postpartum was associated with higher mortality risk vs nulliparous women (adjusted hazard ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.05-2.03; P = .03), with a more pronounced effect seen among those with estrogen receptor–negative disease (hazard ratio 3.12; 95% CI 1.22-7.97; P = .02) and BRCA1 carriers (hazard ratio 2.03; 95% CI 1.15-3.58; P = .02). This study highlights the importance of appropriate counseling for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, with efforts aimed at optimizing prevention and treatment strategies in young-onset breast cancer.

The mechanisms involved in development of endocrine therapy (ET) resistance are complex and may include changes in hormone signaling, alterations in growth factor signaling pathway components, and appearance of resistant clonal populations.6 Prior studies have shown efficacy with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus in combination with various ET backbones. However, the sequencing of these combinations in current clinical practice has shifted in light of significant therapeutic advancements in this space.7 A retrospective observational study including 161 patients with advanced hormone receptor–positive (HR+)/ human epidermal growth factor receptor–2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer treated with everolimus plus ET (exemestane, fulvestrant, tamoxifen) reported outcomes on the real-world use of these regimens after progression on cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor therapy (Sánchez-Bayona et al). At a median follow-up of 15 months, the estimated median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.0 months (95% CI 5.3-7.8 months); PFS was longer among those with previous CDK4/6 inhibitor use lasting >18 months (8.7 months; 95% CI 6.6-11.3 months), patients without visceral disease (8.0 months; 95% CI 5.8-10.5 months), and those who were chemotherapy-naive in the advanced setting (7.2 months; 95% CI 5.9-8.4 months). These data support a role for everolimus plus ET as a treatment option post–CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment for selected patient populations, including those whose tumors lack targetable somatic mutations (such as PIK3CA and ESR1 mutations), and may provide meaningful clinical benefit in this setting.

Additional References

  1. Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Price JF,  et al. Effect of daily aspirin on risk of cancer metastasis: A study of incident cancers during randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2012;379:1591-601. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60209-8 Source
  2. Okada S, Morimoto T, Ogawa H, et al, and the JPAD Trial Investigators. Effect of aspirin on cancer chemoprevention in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year observational follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:1757-1764. doi: 10.2337/dc18-0368 Source
  3. Burn J, Sheth H, Elliott F, et al, on behalf of the CAPP2 Investigators. Cancer prevention with aspirin in hereditary colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), 10-year follow-up and registry-based 20-year data in the CAPP2 study: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395:1855-1863. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30366-4 Source
  4. Shao C, Yu Z, Xiao J, et al. Prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: A meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2020;20:746. doi: 10.1186/s12885-020-07248-8 Source
  5. Kuchenbaecker KB, Hopper JL, Barnes DR, et al. Risks of breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. JAMA. 2017;317:2402-2416. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.7112 Source
  6. Hanker AB, Sudhan DR, Arteaga CL. Overcoming endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2020;37:496-513. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.009 Source
  7. Kornblum N, Zhao F, Manola J, et al. Randomized phase II trial of fulvestrant plus everolimus or placebo in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer resistant to aromatase inhibitor therapy: Results of PrE0102. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:1556-1563. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.9331 Source
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