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Perhaps. Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives may raise the risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraine, particularly migraine with aura (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, small case-control studies with methodological flaws and conflicting results).
EVIDENCE SUMMARY
Women with probable migraine with visual aura (PMVA) have an increased risk for ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR]=2.1) but not hemorrhagic stroke.1 Women with >12 PMVA episodes per year are at greatest risk (OR=2.2, compared with <12 PMVA episodes per year, OR=1.1).2 Women taking oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) also have an increased risk for stroke, depending on the estrogen dose (OR=4.8 for 50 mcg; OR=2.7 for 30-40 mcg; OR=1.7 for 20 mcg; and OR=1.0 for progestin-only pills).3
Women with migraines who smoke and take OCPs have the highest risk
Four case-control studies evaluated the risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraines who take OCPs. The first study compared the OR among 135 women 15 to 49 years of age with PMVA and a first ischemic stroke with 614 controls (no history of stroke, matched for age and ethnicity).2 Although women with PMVA overall had an increased risk of ischemic stroke (OR=1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.0), a subgroup of women with PMVA who also were taking OCPs didn’t have a significantly greater stroke risk than women with PMVA who were not taking OCPs (OR=1.6; 95% CI, not given but reported as not significant; P=.87). Investigators didn’t specify the type of OCPs.
Women with PMVA who smoked had a greater risk of ischemic stroke (OR=1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3), and women with PMVA who both smoked and took OCPs had the highest risk of ischemic stroke (OR =7.0; 95% CI, 1.4-22.8).
In women younger than 45 years, OCPs are associated with higher stroke risk
The second study compared the odds ratio for ischemic stroke among 47 women younger than 45 years with PMVA who were taking combined OCPs with 63 controls.3 Most OCPs contained 30 to 40 mcg estrogen. Women with PMVA taking a combined OCP had a higher risk of ischemic stroke (OR=13.9; 95% CI, 5.5-35.1) than women with PMVA who didn’t take OCPs (OR=3.7; 95% CI, 1.5-9.1). Investigators didn’t report the number of PMVA episodes per year among the women.
The third study compared the odds ratio for ischemic stroke among 10 women 20 to 44 years of age with migraines who were taking combined OCPs with 23 controls.4 Investigators didn’t specify the type of migraine, although classic migraine was approximately twice as common as simple migraine among the women in the larger study population. Women with migraine taking OCPs were more likely to have an ischemic stroke overall (OR=16.9; 95% CI, 2.7-106), with the exception of those taking OCPs with <50 mcg estrogen (4 patients) (OR=0.59; 95 % CI, 0.79-54.8).
The fourth study compared the OR for ischemic stroke among 4 women 18 to 44 years old who had a history of migraine (type not specified) and used low-dose OCPs with 14 controls. Women with migraines taking OCPs had a higher risk of ischemic stroke (OR=2.08; 95% CI, 1.19-3.65).5
RECOMMENDATIONS
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists says that combined OCPs are contraindicated for women with migraine with focal neurologic symptoms such as aura.6 Although strokes are rare in women with migraine taking OCPs, the impact of a stroke is so devastating that clinicians should consider progestin-only, intrauterine, or barrier contraceptives for these women. However, physicians may consider combined OCPs for women younger than 35 years with migraine if they don’t have focal neurologic signs, don’t smoke, and are otherwise healthy.
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state that women with a history of migraine who use combined OCPs are 2 to 4 times more likely to have an ischemic stroke than nonusers and conclude that combined OCP use in women older than 35 years with migraine, or migraine with aura at any age, represents an unacceptable health risk. However, the advantages of using combined OCPs in women younger than 35 years with migraine generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks.7,8
1. Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, et al. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systemic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3914.
2. MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, et al. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke. 2007;38:2438-2445.
3. Tzourio C, Tehindrazanarivelo A, Iglésias S, et al. Case-control study of migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke in young women. BMJ. 1995;310:830-833.
4. Chang C, Donaghy M, Poulter N, et al. Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study. The World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. BMJ. 1999;318:13-18.
5. Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Siscovick DS, et al. Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women: a pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke. 1998;29:2277-2284.
6. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 73. Use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:1453-1472.
7. US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010. Adapted from the World Health Organization Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 4th edition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5904a1.htm. Accessed July 15, 2012.
8. Appendix B: Classifications for combined hormonal contraceptives. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5904a3.htm. Accessed July 15, 2012.
Perhaps. Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives may raise the risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraine, particularly migraine with aura (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, small case-control studies with methodological flaws and conflicting results).
EVIDENCE SUMMARY
Women with probable migraine with visual aura (PMVA) have an increased risk for ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR]=2.1) but not hemorrhagic stroke.1 Women with >12 PMVA episodes per year are at greatest risk (OR=2.2, compared with <12 PMVA episodes per year, OR=1.1).2 Women taking oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) also have an increased risk for stroke, depending on the estrogen dose (OR=4.8 for 50 mcg; OR=2.7 for 30-40 mcg; OR=1.7 for 20 mcg; and OR=1.0 for progestin-only pills).3
Women with migraines who smoke and take OCPs have the highest risk
Four case-control studies evaluated the risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraines who take OCPs. The first study compared the OR among 135 women 15 to 49 years of age with PMVA and a first ischemic stroke with 614 controls (no history of stroke, matched for age and ethnicity).2 Although women with PMVA overall had an increased risk of ischemic stroke (OR=1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.0), a subgroup of women with PMVA who also were taking OCPs didn’t have a significantly greater stroke risk than women with PMVA who were not taking OCPs (OR=1.6; 95% CI, not given but reported as not significant; P=.87). Investigators didn’t specify the type of OCPs.
Women with PMVA who smoked had a greater risk of ischemic stroke (OR=1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3), and women with PMVA who both smoked and took OCPs had the highest risk of ischemic stroke (OR =7.0; 95% CI, 1.4-22.8).
In women younger than 45 years, OCPs are associated with higher stroke risk
The second study compared the odds ratio for ischemic stroke among 47 women younger than 45 years with PMVA who were taking combined OCPs with 63 controls.3 Most OCPs contained 30 to 40 mcg estrogen. Women with PMVA taking a combined OCP had a higher risk of ischemic stroke (OR=13.9; 95% CI, 5.5-35.1) than women with PMVA who didn’t take OCPs (OR=3.7; 95% CI, 1.5-9.1). Investigators didn’t report the number of PMVA episodes per year among the women.
The third study compared the odds ratio for ischemic stroke among 10 women 20 to 44 years of age with migraines who were taking combined OCPs with 23 controls.4 Investigators didn’t specify the type of migraine, although classic migraine was approximately twice as common as simple migraine among the women in the larger study population. Women with migraine taking OCPs were more likely to have an ischemic stroke overall (OR=16.9; 95% CI, 2.7-106), with the exception of those taking OCPs with <50 mcg estrogen (4 patients) (OR=0.59; 95 % CI, 0.79-54.8).
The fourth study compared the OR for ischemic stroke among 4 women 18 to 44 years old who had a history of migraine (type not specified) and used low-dose OCPs with 14 controls. Women with migraines taking OCPs had a higher risk of ischemic stroke (OR=2.08; 95% CI, 1.19-3.65).5
RECOMMENDATIONS
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists says that combined OCPs are contraindicated for women with migraine with focal neurologic symptoms such as aura.6 Although strokes are rare in women with migraine taking OCPs, the impact of a stroke is so devastating that clinicians should consider progestin-only, intrauterine, or barrier contraceptives for these women. However, physicians may consider combined OCPs for women younger than 35 years with migraine if they don’t have focal neurologic signs, don’t smoke, and are otherwise healthy.
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state that women with a history of migraine who use combined OCPs are 2 to 4 times more likely to have an ischemic stroke than nonusers and conclude that combined OCP use in women older than 35 years with migraine, or migraine with aura at any age, represents an unacceptable health risk. However, the advantages of using combined OCPs in women younger than 35 years with migraine generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks.7,8
Perhaps. Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives may raise the risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraine, particularly migraine with aura (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, small case-control studies with methodological flaws and conflicting results).
EVIDENCE SUMMARY
Women with probable migraine with visual aura (PMVA) have an increased risk for ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR]=2.1) but not hemorrhagic stroke.1 Women with >12 PMVA episodes per year are at greatest risk (OR=2.2, compared with <12 PMVA episodes per year, OR=1.1).2 Women taking oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) also have an increased risk for stroke, depending on the estrogen dose (OR=4.8 for 50 mcg; OR=2.7 for 30-40 mcg; OR=1.7 for 20 mcg; and OR=1.0 for progestin-only pills).3
Women with migraines who smoke and take OCPs have the highest risk
Four case-control studies evaluated the risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraines who take OCPs. The first study compared the OR among 135 women 15 to 49 years of age with PMVA and a first ischemic stroke with 614 controls (no history of stroke, matched for age and ethnicity).2 Although women with PMVA overall had an increased risk of ischemic stroke (OR=1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.0), a subgroup of women with PMVA who also were taking OCPs didn’t have a significantly greater stroke risk than women with PMVA who were not taking OCPs (OR=1.6; 95% CI, not given but reported as not significant; P=.87). Investigators didn’t specify the type of OCPs.
Women with PMVA who smoked had a greater risk of ischemic stroke (OR=1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3), and women with PMVA who both smoked and took OCPs had the highest risk of ischemic stroke (OR =7.0; 95% CI, 1.4-22.8).
In women younger than 45 years, OCPs are associated with higher stroke risk
The second study compared the odds ratio for ischemic stroke among 47 women younger than 45 years with PMVA who were taking combined OCPs with 63 controls.3 Most OCPs contained 30 to 40 mcg estrogen. Women with PMVA taking a combined OCP had a higher risk of ischemic stroke (OR=13.9; 95% CI, 5.5-35.1) than women with PMVA who didn’t take OCPs (OR=3.7; 95% CI, 1.5-9.1). Investigators didn’t report the number of PMVA episodes per year among the women.
The third study compared the odds ratio for ischemic stroke among 10 women 20 to 44 years of age with migraines who were taking combined OCPs with 23 controls.4 Investigators didn’t specify the type of migraine, although classic migraine was approximately twice as common as simple migraine among the women in the larger study population. Women with migraine taking OCPs were more likely to have an ischemic stroke overall (OR=16.9; 95% CI, 2.7-106), with the exception of those taking OCPs with <50 mcg estrogen (4 patients) (OR=0.59; 95 % CI, 0.79-54.8).
The fourth study compared the OR for ischemic stroke among 4 women 18 to 44 years old who had a history of migraine (type not specified) and used low-dose OCPs with 14 controls. Women with migraines taking OCPs had a higher risk of ischemic stroke (OR=2.08; 95% CI, 1.19-3.65).5
RECOMMENDATIONS
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists says that combined OCPs are contraindicated for women with migraine with focal neurologic symptoms such as aura.6 Although strokes are rare in women with migraine taking OCPs, the impact of a stroke is so devastating that clinicians should consider progestin-only, intrauterine, or barrier contraceptives for these women. However, physicians may consider combined OCPs for women younger than 35 years with migraine if they don’t have focal neurologic signs, don’t smoke, and are otherwise healthy.
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state that women with a history of migraine who use combined OCPs are 2 to 4 times more likely to have an ischemic stroke than nonusers and conclude that combined OCP use in women older than 35 years with migraine, or migraine with aura at any age, represents an unacceptable health risk. However, the advantages of using combined OCPs in women younger than 35 years with migraine generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks.7,8
1. Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, et al. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systemic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3914.
2. MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, et al. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke. 2007;38:2438-2445.
3. Tzourio C, Tehindrazanarivelo A, Iglésias S, et al. Case-control study of migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke in young women. BMJ. 1995;310:830-833.
4. Chang C, Donaghy M, Poulter N, et al. Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study. The World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. BMJ. 1999;318:13-18.
5. Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Siscovick DS, et al. Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women: a pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke. 1998;29:2277-2284.
6. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 73. Use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:1453-1472.
7. US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010. Adapted from the World Health Organization Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 4th edition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5904a1.htm. Accessed July 15, 2012.
8. Appendix B: Classifications for combined hormonal contraceptives. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5904a3.htm. Accessed July 15, 2012.
1. Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, et al. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systemic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3914.
2. MacClellan LR, Giles W, Cole J, et al. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke. 2007;38:2438-2445.
3. Tzourio C, Tehindrazanarivelo A, Iglésias S, et al. Case-control study of migraine and risk of ischaemic stroke in young women. BMJ. 1995;310:830-833.
4. Chang C, Donaghy M, Poulter N, et al. Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study. The World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. BMJ. 1999;318:13-18.
5. Schwartz SM, Petitti DB, Siscovick DS, et al. Stroke and use of low-dose oral contraceptives in young women: a pooled analysis of two US studies. Stroke. 1998;29:2277-2284.
6. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 73. Use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:1453-1472.
7. US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010. Adapted from the World Health Organization Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 4th edition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5904a1.htm. Accessed July 15, 2012.
8. Appendix B: Classifications for combined hormonal contraceptives. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5904a3.htm. Accessed July 15, 2012.
Evidence-based answers from the Family Physicians Inquiries Network