Maryland reduces cesarean delivery rates

A statewide educational initiative in Maryland was associated with a significant reduction in cesarean delivery rates over 30 months, although program implementation was widely variable across participating hospitals, according to investigators.

Cesarean deliveries dropped 1.6% among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births, falling short of the 3.2% reduction recently achieved by a similar program in California, reported lead author Jennifer A. Callaghan-Koru, PhD, of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and colleagues.

“Although cesarean delivery can be lifesaving, evidence suggests that there is no benefit to maternal health when national cesarean delivery rates are higher than 20 per 100 live births,” the investigators wrote in Obstetrics & Gynecology.

They noted that cesarean delivery rates in the United States rose dramatically between 1996 and 2006, from 20.7% to 32.9%, before falling back to 31.7% in 2019.

According to the investigators, high cesarean delivery rates have drawn action from a roster of stakeholders, including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), the Department of Health and Human Services, the Joint Commission, and the Council on Patient Safety in Women’s Health Care.

The latter group created an evidence-based obstetric patient safety bundle that was used in the present study. The investigators recruited 31 out of 32 birthing hospitals in Maryland, and over the course of 30 months, educated the participating hospitals on the practices recommended by the bundle, via in-person and remote training.

To measure implementation and associated outcomes, the investigators used a data portal provided by the ACOG Alliance for Innovation in Maternal Health (AIM) program, which supports adoption of the council’s safety bundle nationwide. Data included number of births; number of cesarean births; overall cesarean delivery rates; cesarean rates among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births; cesarean rates among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex inductions; as well as severe maternal morbidity rates.

Among the 26 safety practices in the bundle, hospitals reported current use of 7 (median) before the program began, with a range from 0 to 23. During the 30-month collaboration, hospitals added a median of 4 practices, ranging from 0 to 17.

Concurrently, cesarean delivery rates for nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births dropped from 26.9% to 28.5% (P = .011), while rates for inductions dropped to a greater degree, from 36.1% to 31.3% (P less than .001). Further analysis showed that greater reductions in rates of cesarean delivery were associated with adoption of practices in the “Response” domain.

“The Response domain has the largest number of practices that standardize clinical care, including induction scheduling, diagnosis and treatment of labor dystocia and failed induction, and interpretation of fetal heart rate patterns,” the investigators wrote. “The important role of standardizing care is consistent with a Cochrane review that found moderately strong evidence that the implementation of clinical practice guidelines, alongside feedback to clinicians (e.g., second opinions, audit and feedback of rates), can reduce cesarean delivery.”

Dr. Callaghan-Koru and colleagues noted the high variability of implementation among hospitals, which could explain why statewide reductions weren’t more dramatic.

“Other evaluations of perinatal quality improvement collaboratives have also found that some hospitals get left behind in these efforts, without making considerable progress and improving outcomes,” they wrote. “Given that work by state perinatal quality improvement collaboratives represents a primary national strategy for reducing maternal morbidity and mortality, it is critically important to conduct further implementation research to identify determinants of success and strategies to support all participating hospitals to make improvements.”

According to Iris Krishna, MD, of Emory University, Atlanta, each state’s starting point may predict how successful similar programs will be.

“The safe reduction in the cesarean delivery rate will vary by state,” Dr. Krishna said in a written comment. “States that have a well-established perinatal quality collaborative that have the support on the provider, hospital, and statewide level are more likely to successfully implement strategies and see a statistically significant decrease.”

She went on to emphasize the importance of collaboration across multiple levels of organization, and across a variety of health care providers and administrators.

“Successful implementation requires a multidisciplinary team (physicians, nurses, quality improvement officers) and a multifaceted approach (statewide policies),” Dr. Krishna said. “Key stakeholders will need to ‘buy in’ or be willing to support the policy and practice change to ensure its success. To address obstacles, initiatives to support vaginal birth are important, such as provider training on labor and support techniques, criteria for diagnosis of and management of labor dystocia and arrest disorders, standard responses to abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, and availability of expertise to lessen the need for cesarean delivery, such as breech version, instrumented delivery, and twin delivery protocols. It is also important for hospitals to a have a mentor model of quality improvement and shared learning strategies that work.”

Dr. Krishna agreed with the investigators that more work is necessary to determine best strategies for future intervention.

“Research is needed in identifying determinants of success and sustainment,” she said.

Dr. Burke received funding from her employer, Trinity Health, to conduct a pilot study concerning blood loss.

A statewide educational initiative in Maryland was associated with a significant reduction in cesarean delivery rates over 30 months, although program implementation was widely variable across participating hospitals, according to investigators.

Cesarean deliveries dropped 1.6% among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births, falling short of the 3.2% reduction recently achieved by a similar program in California, reported lead author Jennifer A. Callaghan-Koru, PhD, of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and colleagues.

“Although cesarean delivery can be lifesaving, evidence suggests that there is no benefit to maternal health when national cesarean delivery rates are higher than 20 per 100 live births,” the investigators wrote in Obstetrics & Gynecology.

They noted that cesarean delivery rates in the United States rose dramatically between 1996 and 2006, from 20.7% to 32.9%, before falling back to 31.7% in 2019.

According to the investigators, high cesarean delivery rates have drawn action from a roster of stakeholders, including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), the Department of Health and Human Services, the Joint Commission, and the Council on Patient Safety in Women’s Health Care.

The latter group created an evidence-based obstetric patient safety bundle that was used in the present study. The investigators recruited 31 out of 32 birthing hospitals in Maryland, and over the course of 30 months, educated the participating hospitals on the practices recommended by the bundle, via in-person and remote training.

To measure implementation and associated outcomes, the investigators used a data portal provided by the ACOG Alliance for Innovation in Maternal Health (AIM) program, which supports adoption of the council’s safety bundle nationwide. Data included number of births; number of cesarean births; overall cesarean delivery rates; cesarean rates among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births; cesarean rates among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex inductions; as well as severe maternal morbidity rates.

Among the 26 safety practices in the bundle, hospitals reported current use of 7 (median) before the program began, with a range from 0 to 23. During the 30-month collaboration, hospitals added a median of 4 practices, ranging from 0 to 17.

Concurrently, cesarean delivery rates for nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births dropped from 26.9% to 28.5% (P = .011), while rates for inductions dropped to a greater degree, from 36.1% to 31.3% (P less than .001). Further analysis showed that greater reductions in rates of cesarean delivery were associated with adoption of practices in the “Response” domain.

“The Response domain has the largest number of practices that standardize clinical care, including induction scheduling, diagnosis and treatment of labor dystocia and failed induction, and interpretation of fetal heart rate patterns,” the investigators wrote. “The important role of standardizing care is consistent with a Cochrane review that found moderately strong evidence that the implementation of clinical practice guidelines, alongside feedback to clinicians (e.g., second opinions, audit and feedback of rates), can reduce cesarean delivery.”

Dr. Callaghan-Koru and colleagues noted the high variability of implementation among hospitals, which could explain why statewide reductions weren’t more dramatic.

“Other evaluations of perinatal quality improvement collaboratives have also found that some hospitals get left behind in these efforts, without making considerable progress and improving outcomes,” they wrote. “Given that work by state perinatal quality improvement collaboratives represents a primary national strategy for reducing maternal morbidity and mortality, it is critically important to conduct further implementation research to identify determinants of success and strategies to support all participating hospitals to make improvements.”

According to Iris Krishna, MD, of Emory University, Atlanta, each state’s starting point may predict how successful similar programs will be.

“The safe reduction in the cesarean delivery rate will vary by state,” Dr. Krishna said in a written comment. “States that have a well-established perinatal quality collaborative that have the support on the provider, hospital, and statewide level are more likely to successfully implement strategies and see a statistically significant decrease.”

She went on to emphasize the importance of collaboration across multiple levels of organization, and across a variety of health care providers and administrators.

“Successful implementation requires a multidisciplinary team (physicians, nurses, quality improvement officers) and a multifaceted approach (statewide policies),” Dr. Krishna said. “Key stakeholders will need to ‘buy in’ or be willing to support the policy and practice change to ensure its success. To address obstacles, initiatives to support vaginal birth are important, such as provider training on labor and support techniques, criteria for diagnosis of and management of labor dystocia and arrest disorders, standard responses to abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, and availability of expertise to lessen the need for cesarean delivery, such as breech version, instrumented delivery, and twin delivery protocols. It is also important for hospitals to a have a mentor model of quality improvement and shared learning strategies that work.”

Dr. Krishna agreed with the investigators that more work is necessary to determine best strategies for future intervention.

“Research is needed in identifying determinants of success and sustainment,” she said.

Dr. Burke received funding from her employer, Trinity Health, to conduct a pilot study concerning blood loss.

A statewide educational initiative in Maryland was associated with a significant reduction in cesarean delivery rates over 30 months, although program implementation was widely variable across participating hospitals, according to investigators.

Cesarean deliveries dropped 1.6% among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births, falling short of the 3.2% reduction recently achieved by a similar program in California, reported lead author Jennifer A. Callaghan-Koru, PhD, of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and colleagues.

“Although cesarean delivery can be lifesaving, evidence suggests that there is no benefit to maternal health when national cesarean delivery rates are higher than 20 per 100 live births,” the investigators wrote in Obstetrics & Gynecology.

They noted that cesarean delivery rates in the United States rose dramatically between 1996 and 2006, from 20.7% to 32.9%, before falling back to 31.7% in 2019.

According to the investigators, high cesarean delivery rates have drawn action from a roster of stakeholders, including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), the Department of Health and Human Services, the Joint Commission, and the Council on Patient Safety in Women’s Health Care.

The latter group created an evidence-based obstetric patient safety bundle that was used in the present study. The investigators recruited 31 out of 32 birthing hospitals in Maryland, and over the course of 30 months, educated the participating hospitals on the practices recommended by the bundle, via in-person and remote training.

To measure implementation and associated outcomes, the investigators used a data portal provided by the ACOG Alliance for Innovation in Maternal Health (AIM) program, which supports adoption of the council’s safety bundle nationwide. Data included number of births; number of cesarean births; overall cesarean delivery rates; cesarean rates among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births; cesarean rates among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex inductions; as well as severe maternal morbidity rates.

Among the 26 safety practices in the bundle, hospitals reported current use of 7 (median) before the program began, with a range from 0 to 23. During the 30-month collaboration, hospitals added a median of 4 practices, ranging from 0 to 17.

Concurrently, cesarean delivery rates for nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births dropped from 26.9% to 28.5% (P = .011), while rates for inductions dropped to a greater degree, from 36.1% to 31.3% (P less than .001). Further analysis showed that greater reductions in rates of cesarean delivery were associated with adoption of practices in the “Response” domain.

“The Response domain has the largest number of practices that standardize clinical care, including induction scheduling, diagnosis and treatment of labor dystocia and failed induction, and interpretation of fetal heart rate patterns,” the investigators wrote. “The important role of standardizing care is consistent with a Cochrane review that found moderately strong evidence that the implementation of clinical practice guidelines, alongside feedback to clinicians (e.g., second opinions, audit and feedback of rates), can reduce cesarean delivery.”

Dr. Callaghan-Koru and colleagues noted the high variability of implementation among hospitals, which could explain why statewide reductions weren’t more dramatic.

“Other evaluations of perinatal quality improvement collaboratives have also found that some hospitals get left behind in these efforts, without making considerable progress and improving outcomes,” they wrote. “Given that work by state perinatal quality improvement collaboratives represents a primary national strategy for reducing maternal morbidity and mortality, it is critically important to conduct further implementation research to identify determinants of success and strategies to support all participating hospitals to make improvements.”

According to Iris Krishna, MD, of Emory University, Atlanta, each state’s starting point may predict how successful similar programs will be.

“The safe reduction in the cesarean delivery rate will vary by state,” Dr. Krishna said in a written comment. “States that have a well-established perinatal quality collaborative that have the support on the provider, hospital, and statewide level are more likely to successfully implement strategies and see a statistically significant decrease.”

She went on to emphasize the importance of collaboration across multiple levels of organization, and across a variety of health care providers and administrators.

“Successful implementation requires a multidisciplinary team (physicians, nurses, quality improvement officers) and a multifaceted approach (statewide policies),” Dr. Krishna said. “Key stakeholders will need to ‘buy in’ or be willing to support the policy and practice change to ensure its success. To address obstacles, initiatives to support vaginal birth are important, such as provider training on labor and support techniques, criteria for diagnosis of and management of labor dystocia and arrest disorders, standard responses to abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, and availability of expertise to lessen the need for cesarean delivery, such as breech version, instrumented delivery, and twin delivery protocols. It is also important for hospitals to a have a mentor model of quality improvement and shared learning strategies that work.”

Dr. Krishna agreed with the investigators that more work is necessary to determine best strategies for future intervention.

“Research is needed in identifying determinants of success and sustainment,” she said.

Dr. Burke received funding from her employer, Trinity Health, to conduct a pilot study concerning blood loss.