User login
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE
A 70-year-old White woman with a history of type 2 diabetes and a normal
As many as 1 in 2 postmenopausal women are at risk for an osteoporosis-related fracture.2 Each year, about 2 million fragility fractures occur in the United States.2,3 The
Two prospective cohort studies determined that repeat BMD testing 4 to 8 years after baseline screening did not improve fracture risk prediction.5,6 Limitations of these studies included no analysis of high-risk subgroups, as well as failure to include many younger postmenopausal women in the studies.5,6 An additional longitudinal study that followed postmenopausal women for up to 15 years estimated that the interval for at least 10% of women to develop osteoporosis after initial screening was more than 15 years for women with normal BMD and about 5 years for those with moderate osteopenia.7
STUDY SUMMARY
The current study examined data from the
Study participants averaged 66 years of age, with a mean BMI of 29, and 23% were non-White. In addition, 97% had either normal BMD or osteopenia (T score ≥ −2.4). Participants were excluded from the study if they had been treated with bone-active medications other than vitamin D and calcium, reported a history of MOF (fracture of the hip, spine, radius, ulna, wrist, upper arm, or shoulder) at baseline or between BMD tests, missed follow-up visits after the Year 3 BMD scan, or had missing covariate data. Participants self-reported fractures on annual patient questionnaires, and hip fractures were confirmed through medical records.
During the mean follow-up period of 9 years after the second BMD test, 139 women (1.9%) had 1 or more hip fractures, and 732 women (9.9%) had 1 or more MOFs.
Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AU-ROC) values for baseline BMD screening and baseline plus 3-year BMD measurement were similar in their ability to discriminate between women who had a hip fracture or MOF and women who did not. AU-ROC values communicate the usefulness of a diagnostic or screening test. An AU-ROC value of 1 would be considered perfect (100% sensitive and 100% specific), whereas an AU-ROC of 0.5 suggests a test with no ability to discriminate at all. Values between 0.7 and 0.8 would be considered acceptable, and those between 0.8 and 0.9, excellent.
Continue to: The AU-ROCs in this study...
The AU-ROCs in this study were 0.71 (95% CI, 0.67-0.75) for baseline total hip BMD, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.56-0.65) for change in total hip BMD between baseline and 3-year BMD scan, and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.69-0.77) for the combined baseline total hip BMD and change in total hip BMD. For femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD, AU-ROC values demonstrated comparable discrimination of hip fracture and MOF as those for total hip BMD. The AU-ROC values among age subgroups (< 65 years, 65-74 years, and ≥ 75 years) were also similar. Associations between change in bone density and fracture risk did not change when adjusted for factors such as BMI, race/ethnicity, diabetes, or baseline BMD.
WHAT’S NEW
Results can be applied to a wider range of patients
This study found that for postmenopausal women, a repeat BMD measurement obtained 3 years after the initial assessment did not improve risk discrimination for hip fracture or MOF beyond the baseline BMD value and should not be routinely performed. Additionally, evidence from this study allows this recommendation to apply to younger postmenopausal women and a variety of high-risk subgroups.
CAVEATS
Possible bias due to self-reporting of fractures
This study suggests that for women without a diagnosis of osteoporosis at initial screening, repeat testing is unlikely to affect future risk stratification. Repeat BMD testing should still be considered when the results are likely to influence clinical management.
However, an important consideration is that fractures were self-reported in this study, introducing a possible source of bias. Additionally, although this study supports foregoing repeat screening at a 3-year interval, there is still no agreed-upon determination of when (or if) to repeat BMD screening in women without osteoporosis.
A large subset of the study population was younger than 65 (44%), the age when family physicians typically recommend screening for osteoporosis. However, the age-adjusted AU-ROC values for fracture risk prediction were the same, and this should not invalidate the conclusions for the study population at large.
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION
No challenges seen
We see no challenges in implementing this recommendation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The PURLs Surveillance System was supported in part by Grant Number UL1RR024999 from the National Center for Research Resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.
1. Crandall CJ, Larson J, Wright NC, et al. Serial bone density measurement and incident fracture risk discrimination in postmenopausal women. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:1232-1240. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2986
2. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:356-364. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-5-201103010-00307
3. Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, et al. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:465-475. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.061113
4. US Preventive Services Task Force; Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al. Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;319:2521-2531. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.7498
5. Hillier TA, Stone KL, Bauer DC, et al. Evaluating the value of repeat bone mineral density measurement and prediction of fractures in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:155-160. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.2.155
6. Berry SD, Samelson EJ, Pencina MJ, et al. Repeat bone mineral density screening and prediction of hip and major osteoporotic fracture. JAMA. 2013;310:1256-1262. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.277817
7. Gourlay ML, Fine JP, Preisser JS, et al; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Bone-density testing interval and transition to osteoporosis in older women. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:225-233. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107142
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE
A 70-year-old White woman with a history of type 2 diabetes and a normal
As many as 1 in 2 postmenopausal women are at risk for an osteoporosis-related fracture.2 Each year, about 2 million fragility fractures occur in the United States.2,3 The
Two prospective cohort studies determined that repeat BMD testing 4 to 8 years after baseline screening did not improve fracture risk prediction.5,6 Limitations of these studies included no analysis of high-risk subgroups, as well as failure to include many younger postmenopausal women in the studies.5,6 An additional longitudinal study that followed postmenopausal women for up to 15 years estimated that the interval for at least 10% of women to develop osteoporosis after initial screening was more than 15 years for women with normal BMD and about 5 years for those with moderate osteopenia.7
STUDY SUMMARY
The current study examined data from the
Study participants averaged 66 years of age, with a mean BMI of 29, and 23% were non-White. In addition, 97% had either normal BMD or osteopenia (T score ≥ −2.4). Participants were excluded from the study if they had been treated with bone-active medications other than vitamin D and calcium, reported a history of MOF (fracture of the hip, spine, radius, ulna, wrist, upper arm, or shoulder) at baseline or between BMD tests, missed follow-up visits after the Year 3 BMD scan, or had missing covariate data. Participants self-reported fractures on annual patient questionnaires, and hip fractures were confirmed through medical records.
During the mean follow-up period of 9 years after the second BMD test, 139 women (1.9%) had 1 or more hip fractures, and 732 women (9.9%) had 1 or more MOFs.
Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AU-ROC) values for baseline BMD screening and baseline plus 3-year BMD measurement were similar in their ability to discriminate between women who had a hip fracture or MOF and women who did not. AU-ROC values communicate the usefulness of a diagnostic or screening test. An AU-ROC value of 1 would be considered perfect (100% sensitive and 100% specific), whereas an AU-ROC of 0.5 suggests a test with no ability to discriminate at all. Values between 0.7 and 0.8 would be considered acceptable, and those between 0.8 and 0.9, excellent.
Continue to: The AU-ROCs in this study...
The AU-ROCs in this study were 0.71 (95% CI, 0.67-0.75) for baseline total hip BMD, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.56-0.65) for change in total hip BMD between baseline and 3-year BMD scan, and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.69-0.77) for the combined baseline total hip BMD and change in total hip BMD. For femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD, AU-ROC values demonstrated comparable discrimination of hip fracture and MOF as those for total hip BMD. The AU-ROC values among age subgroups (< 65 years, 65-74 years, and ≥ 75 years) were also similar. Associations between change in bone density and fracture risk did not change when adjusted for factors such as BMI, race/ethnicity, diabetes, or baseline BMD.
WHAT’S NEW
Results can be applied to a wider range of patients
This study found that for postmenopausal women, a repeat BMD measurement obtained 3 years after the initial assessment did not improve risk discrimination for hip fracture or MOF beyond the baseline BMD value and should not be routinely performed. Additionally, evidence from this study allows this recommendation to apply to younger postmenopausal women and a variety of high-risk subgroups.
CAVEATS
Possible bias due to self-reporting of fractures
This study suggests that for women without a diagnosis of osteoporosis at initial screening, repeat testing is unlikely to affect future risk stratification. Repeat BMD testing should still be considered when the results are likely to influence clinical management.
However, an important consideration is that fractures were self-reported in this study, introducing a possible source of bias. Additionally, although this study supports foregoing repeat screening at a 3-year interval, there is still no agreed-upon determination of when (or if) to repeat BMD screening in women without osteoporosis.
A large subset of the study population was younger than 65 (44%), the age when family physicians typically recommend screening for osteoporosis. However, the age-adjusted AU-ROC values for fracture risk prediction were the same, and this should not invalidate the conclusions for the study population at large.
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION
No challenges seen
We see no challenges in implementing this recommendation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The PURLs Surveillance System was supported in part by Grant Number UL1RR024999 from the National Center for Research Resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE
A 70-year-old White woman with a history of type 2 diabetes and a normal
As many as 1 in 2 postmenopausal women are at risk for an osteoporosis-related fracture.2 Each year, about 2 million fragility fractures occur in the United States.2,3 The
Two prospective cohort studies determined that repeat BMD testing 4 to 8 years after baseline screening did not improve fracture risk prediction.5,6 Limitations of these studies included no analysis of high-risk subgroups, as well as failure to include many younger postmenopausal women in the studies.5,6 An additional longitudinal study that followed postmenopausal women for up to 15 years estimated that the interval for at least 10% of women to develop osteoporosis after initial screening was more than 15 years for women with normal BMD and about 5 years for those with moderate osteopenia.7
STUDY SUMMARY
The current study examined data from the
Study participants averaged 66 years of age, with a mean BMI of 29, and 23% were non-White. In addition, 97% had either normal BMD or osteopenia (T score ≥ −2.4). Participants were excluded from the study if they had been treated with bone-active medications other than vitamin D and calcium, reported a history of MOF (fracture of the hip, spine, radius, ulna, wrist, upper arm, or shoulder) at baseline or between BMD tests, missed follow-up visits after the Year 3 BMD scan, or had missing covariate data. Participants self-reported fractures on annual patient questionnaires, and hip fractures were confirmed through medical records.
During the mean follow-up period of 9 years after the second BMD test, 139 women (1.9%) had 1 or more hip fractures, and 732 women (9.9%) had 1 or more MOFs.
Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AU-ROC) values for baseline BMD screening and baseline plus 3-year BMD measurement were similar in their ability to discriminate between women who had a hip fracture or MOF and women who did not. AU-ROC values communicate the usefulness of a diagnostic or screening test. An AU-ROC value of 1 would be considered perfect (100% sensitive and 100% specific), whereas an AU-ROC of 0.5 suggests a test with no ability to discriminate at all. Values between 0.7 and 0.8 would be considered acceptable, and those between 0.8 and 0.9, excellent.
Continue to: The AU-ROCs in this study...
The AU-ROCs in this study were 0.71 (95% CI, 0.67-0.75) for baseline total hip BMD, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.56-0.65) for change in total hip BMD between baseline and 3-year BMD scan, and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.69-0.77) for the combined baseline total hip BMD and change in total hip BMD. For femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD, AU-ROC values demonstrated comparable discrimination of hip fracture and MOF as those for total hip BMD. The AU-ROC values among age subgroups (< 65 years, 65-74 years, and ≥ 75 years) were also similar. Associations between change in bone density and fracture risk did not change when adjusted for factors such as BMI, race/ethnicity, diabetes, or baseline BMD.
WHAT’S NEW
Results can be applied to a wider range of patients
This study found that for postmenopausal women, a repeat BMD measurement obtained 3 years after the initial assessment did not improve risk discrimination for hip fracture or MOF beyond the baseline BMD value and should not be routinely performed. Additionally, evidence from this study allows this recommendation to apply to younger postmenopausal women and a variety of high-risk subgroups.
CAVEATS
Possible bias due to self-reporting of fractures
This study suggests that for women without a diagnosis of osteoporosis at initial screening, repeat testing is unlikely to affect future risk stratification. Repeat BMD testing should still be considered when the results are likely to influence clinical management.
However, an important consideration is that fractures were self-reported in this study, introducing a possible source of bias. Additionally, although this study supports foregoing repeat screening at a 3-year interval, there is still no agreed-upon determination of when (or if) to repeat BMD screening in women without osteoporosis.
A large subset of the study population was younger than 65 (44%), the age when family physicians typically recommend screening for osteoporosis. However, the age-adjusted AU-ROC values for fracture risk prediction were the same, and this should not invalidate the conclusions for the study population at large.
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTATION
No challenges seen
We see no challenges in implementing this recommendation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The PURLs Surveillance System was supported in part by Grant Number UL1RR024999 from the National Center for Research Resources, a Clinical Translational Science Award to the University of Chicago. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center for Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.
1. Crandall CJ, Larson J, Wright NC, et al. Serial bone density measurement and incident fracture risk discrimination in postmenopausal women. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:1232-1240. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2986
2. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:356-364. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-5-201103010-00307
3. Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, et al. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:465-475. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.061113
4. US Preventive Services Task Force; Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al. Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;319:2521-2531. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.7498
5. Hillier TA, Stone KL, Bauer DC, et al. Evaluating the value of repeat bone mineral density measurement and prediction of fractures in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:155-160. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.2.155
6. Berry SD, Samelson EJ, Pencina MJ, et al. Repeat bone mineral density screening and prediction of hip and major osteoporotic fracture. JAMA. 2013;310:1256-1262. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.277817
7. Gourlay ML, Fine JP, Preisser JS, et al; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Bone-density testing interval and transition to osteoporosis in older women. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:225-233. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107142
1. Crandall CJ, Larson J, Wright NC, et al. Serial bone density measurement and incident fracture risk discrimination in postmenopausal women. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:1232-1240. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2986
2. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:356-364. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-5-201103010-00307
3. Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, et al. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:465-475. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.061113
4. US Preventive Services Task Force; Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, et al. Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;319:2521-2531. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.7498
5. Hillier TA, Stone KL, Bauer DC, et al. Evaluating the value of repeat bone mineral density measurement and prediction of fractures in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:155-160. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.2.155
6. Berry SD, Samelson EJ, Pencina MJ, et al. Repeat bone mineral density screening and prediction of hip and major osteoporotic fracture. JAMA. 2013;310:1256-1262. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.277817
7. Gourlay ML, Fine JP, Preisser JS, et al; Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Bone-density testing interval and transition to osteoporosis in older women. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:225-233. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107142
PRACTICE CHANGER
Do not routinely repeat bone density testing 3 years after initial screening in postmenopausal patients who do not have osteoporosis.
STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION
A: Based on several large, good-quality prospective cohort studies1
Crandall CJ, Larson J, Wright NC, et al. Serial bone density measurement and incident fracture risk discrimination in postmenopausal women. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:1232-1240. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2986
