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Alzheimer disease (AD) and other forms of dementia are pressing public health issues. They diminish quality of life for older adults and their families and impose significant financial costs on individuals and society. Dementia prevention and the development of treatments for dementia are important goals, and as a consequence, the VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECCs) have been conducting innovative research for the treatment and prevention of AD and related dementias.
Research conducted at the VISN 20 GRECC at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System (PSHCS) has helped increase clinicians’ understanding of the role of insulin in the development of AD and has evaluated the potential of treatment approaches based on the insulin-related research. More recently, this research has provided the basis for a pilot study aimed at dementia prevention for high-risk patients and for educational outreach about prevention within the VA.
Dementia Studies
The hormone insulin is required for efficient use of glucose throughout the body, including the brain. Insulin may also play a role in regulating cerebral amyloid, which is directly involved in the development of AD neuropathology and in maintaining healthy vascular function and lipid metabolism, both of which are required for brain health.1 Research over the past decade has shown that patients with AD have reduced levels of brain insulin, and individuals with insulin resistance have an increased risk of developing AD. Insulin resistance also has been shown to be related to reduced cerebral glucose metabolism, even in individuals who did not have a memory disorder.2
One recent study, led by Suzanne Craft, PhD, and colleagues at PSHCS, tested the potential of intranasal insulin to treat cognitive impairment.3 Participants with either AD or milder memory deficits used a specially designed device to deliver insulin or a placebo to the nose twice a day. Insulin provided in this way reaches the brain quickly without entering the lungs or affecting glucose metabolism elsewhere in the body. Participants who received the insulin experienced improvements in delayed memory and functional abilities compared with those who received the placebo.
Studies at the same laboratory investigated the role of diet and exercise in insulin metabolism and cognitive function. In a diet-related study, older adults with normal memory and those with mild memory impairment received either a high saturated fat, high glycemic index (GI) diet or a low saturated fat, low GI diet for 4 weeks.4 Plasma insulin levels decreased and delayed visual memory improved for participants who received the low-fat, low-GI diet. AD-related markers in cerebrospinal fluid, however, improved only among participants with mild memory impairment, not among healthy individuals.
In an exercise-related study, older adults with glucose intolerance participated in a 6-month aerobic exercise program.5 Although memory did not improve, cardiorespiratory fitness, executive function, and insulin sensitivity improved for participants in the aerobic exercise program compared with those in a stretching program. The relationship of diet and exercise and cognitive function is complex and likely involves insulin regulation, vascular function, and lipid metabolism, among other factors. More research is needed to fully understand the relationships among diet, exercise, and dementia, but these results suggest that lifestyle modifications may play a role in prevention of dementia.
When patients have problems with memory, attention, or executive function, they may have difficulty managing their medications, making good nutritional choices, and monitoring blood pressure and blood glucose.6 Given the importance of controlling vascular risk factors, helping patients manage their medical conditions may help them prevent or delay the onset of AD.
Pilot Study
A VA-funded pilot study with the goal of dementia prevention among high-risk patients was recently conducted at the PSHCS. This study focused on veterans at significantly elevated risk of dementia: those with both diabetes and hypertension, with poor control of either or both conditions, and who had some degree of memory or attentional impairment. Participants were randomly assigned to continue their usual care or to add a 6-month care management intervention to their usual care.
A registered nurse who helped the veterans overcome the barriers to controlling their medical conditions led the intervention. Barriers ranged from relatively simple problems, such as appropriate use of insulin, to more complex issues, such as learning about healthy nutrition and exercise for people with diabetes. The intervention was adapted to meet each participant’s cognitive level, and family involvement was encouraged, with the veteran’s permission. Preliminary results of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America in 2011 and the Alzheimer’s Association International conference in July 2013.7,8
The VISN 20 GRECC also developed a “Dementia Roadshow” in which GRECC clinicians present educational, research-based lectures on dementia-related topics at VAMCs in VISN 20. One lecture in this series incorporates this recent research about prevention of dementia through control of diabetes and hypertension, as well as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other risk factors; the lecture is presented to frontline clinicians who can then use this information to guide their work with high-risk patients.
The GRECCs are at the forefront of understanding the causes of dementia and how to prevent it. This work will help the VA to develop more effective ways of reducing the public health burden of this disease.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Debby Tsuang, MD, Stephen Thielke, MD, and Julie Moorer, RN, for helpful feedback on the initial draft of this manuscript. The pilot project described was funded by VA VISN 20.
Author disclosures
The author reports no actual or potential conflicts of interest with regard to this article.
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Federal Practitioner, Frontline Medical Communications Inc., the Department of Veterans Affairs, the U.S. Government, or any of its agencies. This article may discuss unlabeled or investigational use of certain drugs. Please review the complete prescribing information for specific drugs or drug combinations—including indications, contraindications, warnings, and adverse effects—before administering pharmacologic therapy to patients.
1. Craft S, Cholerton B, Baker LD. Insulin and Alzheimer’s disease: Untangling the web. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;33(suppl 1):S263-S275.
2. Baker LD, Cross DJ, Minoshima S, Belongia D, Watson GS, Craft S. Insulin resistance and Alzheimer-like reductions in regional cerebral glucose metabolism for cognitively normal adults with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(1):51-57.
3. Craft S, Baker LD, Montine TJ, et al. Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A pilot clinical trial. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(1):29-38.
4. Bayer-Carter JL, Green PS, Montine TJ, et al. Diet intervention and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(6):743-752.
5. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22(2):569-579.
6. Bonner LM, Craft S. Uncontrolled diabetes plus hypertension: A recipe for dementia? Fed Pract. 2009;26(2):33-35.
7. Bonner LM, Craft S, Robinson G. Screening and care management for dementia prevention and management in VA primary care patients with vascular risk. Poster presented at: Gerontological Society of America Annual Meeting; November 18, 2011; Boston, MA.
8. Bonner LM, Robinson G, Craft S. Care management for VA patients with vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment: A randomized trial. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference. July 2013, Boston, MA.
Laura Bonner, PhD
Dr. Bonner is a clinical psychologist at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System and an acting assistant professor at the University of Washington Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, both in Seattle, Washington.
Laura Bonner, PhD
Dr. Bonner is a clinical psychologist at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System and an acting assistant professor at the University of Washington Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, both in Seattle, Washington.
Laura Bonner, PhD
Dr. Bonner is a clinical psychologist at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System and an acting assistant professor at the University of Washington Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, both in Seattle, Washington.
Alzheimer disease (AD) and other forms of dementia are pressing public health issues. They diminish quality of life for older adults and their families and impose significant financial costs on individuals and society. Dementia prevention and the development of treatments for dementia are important goals, and as a consequence, the VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECCs) have been conducting innovative research for the treatment and prevention of AD and related dementias.
Research conducted at the VISN 20 GRECC at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System (PSHCS) has helped increase clinicians’ understanding of the role of insulin in the development of AD and has evaluated the potential of treatment approaches based on the insulin-related research. More recently, this research has provided the basis for a pilot study aimed at dementia prevention for high-risk patients and for educational outreach about prevention within the VA.
Dementia Studies
The hormone insulin is required for efficient use of glucose throughout the body, including the brain. Insulin may also play a role in regulating cerebral amyloid, which is directly involved in the development of AD neuropathology and in maintaining healthy vascular function and lipid metabolism, both of which are required for brain health.1 Research over the past decade has shown that patients with AD have reduced levels of brain insulin, and individuals with insulin resistance have an increased risk of developing AD. Insulin resistance also has been shown to be related to reduced cerebral glucose metabolism, even in individuals who did not have a memory disorder.2
One recent study, led by Suzanne Craft, PhD, and colleagues at PSHCS, tested the potential of intranasal insulin to treat cognitive impairment.3 Participants with either AD or milder memory deficits used a specially designed device to deliver insulin or a placebo to the nose twice a day. Insulin provided in this way reaches the brain quickly without entering the lungs or affecting glucose metabolism elsewhere in the body. Participants who received the insulin experienced improvements in delayed memory and functional abilities compared with those who received the placebo.
Studies at the same laboratory investigated the role of diet and exercise in insulin metabolism and cognitive function. In a diet-related study, older adults with normal memory and those with mild memory impairment received either a high saturated fat, high glycemic index (GI) diet or a low saturated fat, low GI diet for 4 weeks.4 Plasma insulin levels decreased and delayed visual memory improved for participants who received the low-fat, low-GI diet. AD-related markers in cerebrospinal fluid, however, improved only among participants with mild memory impairment, not among healthy individuals.
In an exercise-related study, older adults with glucose intolerance participated in a 6-month aerobic exercise program.5 Although memory did not improve, cardiorespiratory fitness, executive function, and insulin sensitivity improved for participants in the aerobic exercise program compared with those in a stretching program. The relationship of diet and exercise and cognitive function is complex and likely involves insulin regulation, vascular function, and lipid metabolism, among other factors. More research is needed to fully understand the relationships among diet, exercise, and dementia, but these results suggest that lifestyle modifications may play a role in prevention of dementia.
When patients have problems with memory, attention, or executive function, they may have difficulty managing their medications, making good nutritional choices, and monitoring blood pressure and blood glucose.6 Given the importance of controlling vascular risk factors, helping patients manage their medical conditions may help them prevent or delay the onset of AD.
Pilot Study
A VA-funded pilot study with the goal of dementia prevention among high-risk patients was recently conducted at the PSHCS. This study focused on veterans at significantly elevated risk of dementia: those with both diabetes and hypertension, with poor control of either or both conditions, and who had some degree of memory or attentional impairment. Participants were randomly assigned to continue their usual care or to add a 6-month care management intervention to their usual care.
A registered nurse who helped the veterans overcome the barriers to controlling their medical conditions led the intervention. Barriers ranged from relatively simple problems, such as appropriate use of insulin, to more complex issues, such as learning about healthy nutrition and exercise for people with diabetes. The intervention was adapted to meet each participant’s cognitive level, and family involvement was encouraged, with the veteran’s permission. Preliminary results of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America in 2011 and the Alzheimer’s Association International conference in July 2013.7,8
The VISN 20 GRECC also developed a “Dementia Roadshow” in which GRECC clinicians present educational, research-based lectures on dementia-related topics at VAMCs in VISN 20. One lecture in this series incorporates this recent research about prevention of dementia through control of diabetes and hypertension, as well as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other risk factors; the lecture is presented to frontline clinicians who can then use this information to guide their work with high-risk patients.
The GRECCs are at the forefront of understanding the causes of dementia and how to prevent it. This work will help the VA to develop more effective ways of reducing the public health burden of this disease.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Debby Tsuang, MD, Stephen Thielke, MD, and Julie Moorer, RN, for helpful feedback on the initial draft of this manuscript. The pilot project described was funded by VA VISN 20.
Author disclosures
The author reports no actual or potential conflicts of interest with regard to this article.
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Federal Practitioner, Frontline Medical Communications Inc., the Department of Veterans Affairs, the U.S. Government, or any of its agencies. This article may discuss unlabeled or investigational use of certain drugs. Please review the complete prescribing information for specific drugs or drug combinations—including indications, contraindications, warnings, and adverse effects—before administering pharmacologic therapy to patients.
Alzheimer disease (AD) and other forms of dementia are pressing public health issues. They diminish quality of life for older adults and their families and impose significant financial costs on individuals and society. Dementia prevention and the development of treatments for dementia are important goals, and as a consequence, the VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECCs) have been conducting innovative research for the treatment and prevention of AD and related dementias.
Research conducted at the VISN 20 GRECC at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System (PSHCS) has helped increase clinicians’ understanding of the role of insulin in the development of AD and has evaluated the potential of treatment approaches based on the insulin-related research. More recently, this research has provided the basis for a pilot study aimed at dementia prevention for high-risk patients and for educational outreach about prevention within the VA.
Dementia Studies
The hormone insulin is required for efficient use of glucose throughout the body, including the brain. Insulin may also play a role in regulating cerebral amyloid, which is directly involved in the development of AD neuropathology and in maintaining healthy vascular function and lipid metabolism, both of which are required for brain health.1 Research over the past decade has shown that patients with AD have reduced levels of brain insulin, and individuals with insulin resistance have an increased risk of developing AD. Insulin resistance also has been shown to be related to reduced cerebral glucose metabolism, even in individuals who did not have a memory disorder.2
One recent study, led by Suzanne Craft, PhD, and colleagues at PSHCS, tested the potential of intranasal insulin to treat cognitive impairment.3 Participants with either AD or milder memory deficits used a specially designed device to deliver insulin or a placebo to the nose twice a day. Insulin provided in this way reaches the brain quickly without entering the lungs or affecting glucose metabolism elsewhere in the body. Participants who received the insulin experienced improvements in delayed memory and functional abilities compared with those who received the placebo.
Studies at the same laboratory investigated the role of diet and exercise in insulin metabolism and cognitive function. In a diet-related study, older adults with normal memory and those with mild memory impairment received either a high saturated fat, high glycemic index (GI) diet or a low saturated fat, low GI diet for 4 weeks.4 Plasma insulin levels decreased and delayed visual memory improved for participants who received the low-fat, low-GI diet. AD-related markers in cerebrospinal fluid, however, improved only among participants with mild memory impairment, not among healthy individuals.
In an exercise-related study, older adults with glucose intolerance participated in a 6-month aerobic exercise program.5 Although memory did not improve, cardiorespiratory fitness, executive function, and insulin sensitivity improved for participants in the aerobic exercise program compared with those in a stretching program. The relationship of diet and exercise and cognitive function is complex and likely involves insulin regulation, vascular function, and lipid metabolism, among other factors. More research is needed to fully understand the relationships among diet, exercise, and dementia, but these results suggest that lifestyle modifications may play a role in prevention of dementia.
When patients have problems with memory, attention, or executive function, they may have difficulty managing their medications, making good nutritional choices, and monitoring blood pressure and blood glucose.6 Given the importance of controlling vascular risk factors, helping patients manage their medical conditions may help them prevent or delay the onset of AD.
Pilot Study
A VA-funded pilot study with the goal of dementia prevention among high-risk patients was recently conducted at the PSHCS. This study focused on veterans at significantly elevated risk of dementia: those with both diabetes and hypertension, with poor control of either or both conditions, and who had some degree of memory or attentional impairment. Participants were randomly assigned to continue their usual care or to add a 6-month care management intervention to their usual care.
A registered nurse who helped the veterans overcome the barriers to controlling their medical conditions led the intervention. Barriers ranged from relatively simple problems, such as appropriate use of insulin, to more complex issues, such as learning about healthy nutrition and exercise for people with diabetes. The intervention was adapted to meet each participant’s cognitive level, and family involvement was encouraged, with the veteran’s permission. Preliminary results of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America in 2011 and the Alzheimer’s Association International conference in July 2013.7,8
The VISN 20 GRECC also developed a “Dementia Roadshow” in which GRECC clinicians present educational, research-based lectures on dementia-related topics at VAMCs in VISN 20. One lecture in this series incorporates this recent research about prevention of dementia through control of diabetes and hypertension, as well as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other risk factors; the lecture is presented to frontline clinicians who can then use this information to guide their work with high-risk patients.
The GRECCs are at the forefront of understanding the causes of dementia and how to prevent it. This work will help the VA to develop more effective ways of reducing the public health burden of this disease.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Debby Tsuang, MD, Stephen Thielke, MD, and Julie Moorer, RN, for helpful feedback on the initial draft of this manuscript. The pilot project described was funded by VA VISN 20.
Author disclosures
The author reports no actual or potential conflicts of interest with regard to this article.
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Federal Practitioner, Frontline Medical Communications Inc., the Department of Veterans Affairs, the U.S. Government, or any of its agencies. This article may discuss unlabeled or investigational use of certain drugs. Please review the complete prescribing information for specific drugs or drug combinations—including indications, contraindications, warnings, and adverse effects—before administering pharmacologic therapy to patients.
1. Craft S, Cholerton B, Baker LD. Insulin and Alzheimer’s disease: Untangling the web. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;33(suppl 1):S263-S275.
2. Baker LD, Cross DJ, Minoshima S, Belongia D, Watson GS, Craft S. Insulin resistance and Alzheimer-like reductions in regional cerebral glucose metabolism for cognitively normal adults with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(1):51-57.
3. Craft S, Baker LD, Montine TJ, et al. Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A pilot clinical trial. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(1):29-38.
4. Bayer-Carter JL, Green PS, Montine TJ, et al. Diet intervention and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(6):743-752.
5. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22(2):569-579.
6. Bonner LM, Craft S. Uncontrolled diabetes plus hypertension: A recipe for dementia? Fed Pract. 2009;26(2):33-35.
7. Bonner LM, Craft S, Robinson G. Screening and care management for dementia prevention and management in VA primary care patients with vascular risk. Poster presented at: Gerontological Society of America Annual Meeting; November 18, 2011; Boston, MA.
8. Bonner LM, Robinson G, Craft S. Care management for VA patients with vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment: A randomized trial. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference. July 2013, Boston, MA.
1. Craft S, Cholerton B, Baker LD. Insulin and Alzheimer’s disease: Untangling the web. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;33(suppl 1):S263-S275.
2. Baker LD, Cross DJ, Minoshima S, Belongia D, Watson GS, Craft S. Insulin resistance and Alzheimer-like reductions in regional cerebral glucose metabolism for cognitively normal adults with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(1):51-57.
3. Craft S, Baker LD, Montine TJ, et al. Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A pilot clinical trial. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(1):29-38.
4. Bayer-Carter JL, Green PS, Montine TJ, et al. Diet intervention and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(6):743-752.
5. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;22(2):569-579.
6. Bonner LM, Craft S. Uncontrolled diabetes plus hypertension: A recipe for dementia? Fed Pract. 2009;26(2):33-35.
7. Bonner LM, Craft S, Robinson G. Screening and care management for dementia prevention and management in VA primary care patients with vascular risk. Poster presented at: Gerontological Society of America Annual Meeting; November 18, 2011; Boston, MA.
8. Bonner LM, Robinson G, Craft S. Care management for VA patients with vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment: A randomized trial. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference. July 2013, Boston, MA.