Use of cigar, pipes, and cigarettes each confers significant mortality risks, a recent study concluded. The National Longitudinal Mortality Study includes 357,420 participants who reportedly exclusively using cigar, pipes, or cigarettes or reported never using any type of tobacco product. Main outcome measures included all-cause and cause-specific mortality as identified as the primary cause of death. Researchers found:

• There were 51,150 recorded deaths during follow-up.
• Exclusive current cigarette smokers (HR, 1.98) and exclusive current cigar smokers (HR, 1.20) had higher all-cause mortality risks than never tobacco users.
• Exclusive current cigarette smokers (HR, 4.06), exclusive current cigar smokers (HR, 1.61), and exclusive current pipe smokers (HR, 1.58) had an elevated risk of dying from a tobacco-related cancer.
• There was also a statistically significantly elevated risk of mortality from most examined causes of death among both current daily and nondaily cigarette smokers.