And Cindy Henke-Sarmento

It’s a movement that shows no signs of abating. Women in 24 states, encompassing 67% of American women, now receive some level of notification after their mammogram about breast density. Individual patient advocates continue to push for notification, and states are likely to continue to draft bills. On the national level, a federal standard is being pursued through both federal legislation and federal regulation. Clinicians practicing in states with an “inform” law, either already in effect or imminent, will be tasked with engaging in new patient conversations arising from density notification. Are you ready to answer your patients’ questions?

Navigating inconsistent data and expert comments about density and discerning which patients may benefit from additional screening can create challenges in addressing a patient’s questions about the implications of her dense tissue. If you feel less than equipped to address these issues, you are not alone. A recent survey of clinicians, con-
ducted after California’s breast density notification law went into effect, showed that only 6% were comfortable answering patients’ questions relating to breast density. Seventy-five percent of respondents indicated they wanted more education on the topic.¹

For women having mammography, dense breast tissue is most important because it can mask detection of cancers, and women may want to have additional screening beyond mammography. Women with dense breasts are also at increased risk for developing breast cancer. For clinicians who are on the front lines of care for women undergoing screening, the most important action items are:

To assist you in informing patient discussions, in this article we answer some of the most frequently asked questions of 
ObGyns.

Which breasts are 
considered dense?

The American College of Radiology recommends that density be reported in 1 of 4 categories depending on the relative amounts of fat and fibroglandular tissue²:

Breasts that are either heterogeneously dense or extremely dense are considered “dense.” About 40% of women older than 
age 40 have dense breasts.³

Case study: Imaging of a cancerous breast mass in a 48-year-old woman with dense breasts

This patient has heterogeneously dense breast tissue. Standard 2D mediolateral oblique (MLO) digital mammogram (A) and MLO tomosynthesis 1-mm slice (B) reveal subtle possible distortion (arrow) in the upper right breast. On tomosynthesis, the distortion is better seen, as is the underlying irregular mass (red circle). 

Ultrasound (US) directed to the mass (C) shows an irregular hypoechoic (dark gray) mass (marked by calipers), compatible with cancer. US-guided core needle biopsy revealed grade 2 invasive ductal cancer with associated ductal carcinoma in situ. 

Axial magnetic resonance imaging of the right breast obtained after contrast injection, and after computer subtraction of nonenhanced image (D), shows irregular spiculated 
enhancing (white) mass (arrow) due to the known carcinoma.

^{Images: Courtesy Wendie Berg, MD, PhD}

Who needs more screening?

The FIGURE is a screening decision support tool representing the consensus opinion of several medical experts based on the best available scientific evidence to optimize breast cancer detection.

Do dense breasts affect 
the risk of developing 
breast cancer?

Yes. Dense breasts are a risk factor for breast cancer. According to the American Cancer 
Society’s Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2013−2014, “The risk of breast cancer in-creases with increasing breast density; women with very high breast density have a 4- to 6-fold increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with the least dense breasts.”^4,5

There are several reasons that dense tissue increases risk. First, the glands tend to be made up of relatively actively dividing cells that can mutate and become cancerous (the more glandular tissue present, the greater the risk). Second, the local environment around the glands may produce certain growth hormones that stimulate cells to divide, and this seems to occur more in fibrous tissue than in fatty tissue.

Most women have breast density somewhere in the middle range, with their risk for breast cancer falling in between those with extremely dense breasts and those with fatty breasts.⁶ The risk for developing breast cancer is influenced by a combination of many different factors, including age, family history of cancer (particularly breast or ovarian cancer), and prior atypical breast biopsies. There currently is no reliable way to fully account for the interplay of breast density, family history, prior biopsy results, and other factors in determining overall risk. Importantly, more than half of all women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors other than being female and aging.

Is your medical support staff “density ready?”

We’re all familiar with the adage that a picture is worth a thousand words. While the medical support personnel in your office are likely quite familiar with imaging reports and the terminology used in describing dense breasts, they may be quite unfamiliar with what a fatty versus dense breast actually looks like on a mammogram, and how cancer may display in each. Illustrated examples, as seen here, are useful for reference.

In the fatty breast (A), a small cancer (arrow) is seen easily. In a breast categorized as scattered fibroglandular density (B), a large cancer is easily seen (arrow) in the relatively fatty portion of the breast, though a small cancer could have been hidden in areas with normal glandular tissue.

In a breast categorized as heterogeneously dense (C), a 4-cm (about 1.5-inch) cancer (arrows) is hidden by the dense breast tissue. This cancer also has spread to a lymph node under the arm (curved arrow).

In an extremely dense breast (D), a cancer is seen because part of it is located in the back of the breast where there is a small amount of dark fat making it easier to see (arrow and triangle marker indicating lump). If this cancer had been located near the nipple and completely surrounded by white (dense) tissue, it probably would not have been seen on mammography.

^{Image: Courtesy of Dr. Regina Hooley and DenseBreast-info.org}

Are screening mammography outcomes different for 
women with dense versus 
fatty breasts?

Yes. Cancer is more likely to be clinically detected in the interval between mammography screens (defined as interval cancer) in women with dense breasts. Such interval cancers tend to be more aggressive and have worse outcomes. Compared with those in fatty breasts, cancers found in dense breasts more often⁷:

Does supplemental 
screening beyond mammography save lives?

Mammography is the only imaging screening modality that has been studied by multiple randomized controlled trials with mortality as an endpoint. Across those trials, mammography has been shown to reduce deaths due to breast cancer. The randomized trials that show a benefit from mammography are those in which mammography increased detection of invasive breast cancers before they spread to lymph nodes.⁸

No randomized controlled trial has yet been reported on any other imaging screening modality, but it is expected that other screening tests that increase detection of node-negative invasive breast cancers beyond mammography should further reduce breast cancer mortality.

Proving the mortality benefit of any supplemental screening modality would require a very large, very expensive randomized controlled trial with 15 to 20 years of follow-up. Given the speed of technologic developments, any results likely would be obsolete by the trial’s conclusion. What we do know is that women at high risk for breast cancer who undergo annual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening are less likely to have advanced breast cancer than their counterparts who were not screened with MRI.⁹

We also know that average-risk women who are screened with ultrasonography in addition to mammography are unlikely to have palpable cancer in the interval between screens,^10,11 with the rates of such interval cancers similar to women with fatty breasts screened only with mammography. The cancers found only on MRI or ultrasound are mostly small invasive cancers (average size, approximately 1 cm) that are mostly node negative.^12,13 MRI also finds some ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

These results suggest that there is a benefit to finding additional cancers with supplemental screening, though it is certainly possible that, as with mammography, some of the cancers found with supplemental screening are slow growing and may never have caused a woman harm even if left untreated.

What additional screening tests are available after a 2D mammogram for a woman with dense breasts?

Depending on the patient’s age, risk level, and breast density, additional screening tools—such as tomosynthesis (also known as 3D mammography), ultrasonography, or MRI—may be recommended in addition to mammography. Indeed, in some centers, tomosynthesis is performed alone and the radiologist also reviews computer-generated 2D mammograms.

The addition of another imaging tool after a mammogram will find more cancers than mammography alone (TABLE).¹⁴⁻¹⁷ Women at high risk for breast cancer, such as those with pathogenic BRCA mutations, and those who were treated with radiation therapy to their chest (typically for Hodgkin disease) before age 30 and at least 8 years earlier, should be referred for annual MRI in addition to mammography (see Screening Decision Support Tool FIGURE above). If tomosynthesis is performed, the added benefit of ultrasound will be lower; further study on the actual benefit of supplemental ultrasound screening after 3D mammography 
is needed.

Will insurance cover supplemental screening beyond mammography?

The answer depends on the type of screening, the patient’s insurance and risk factors, the state in which you practice, and whether or not a law is in effect requiring insurance coverage for additional screening. In Illinois, for example, a woman with dense breasts can receive a screening ultrasound without a copay or deductible if it is ordered by a physician. In Connecticut, an ultrasound copay for screening dense breasts cannot exceed $20. Generally, in other states, an ultrasound will be covered if ordered by a physician, but it is subject to the copay and deductible of an individual health plan. In New Jersey, insurance coverage is provided for additional testing if a woman has extremely dense breasts.

Regardless of state, an MRI generally will be covered by insurance (subject to copay and deductible) if the patient meets high-risk criteria. In Michigan, at least one insurance company will cover a screening MRI for normal-risk women with dense breasts at a cost that matches the copay and deductible of a screening mammogram. It is important for patients to check with their insurance carrier prior to having an MRI.

Should women with dense breasts still have mammography screening?

Yes. Mammography is the first step in screening for most women (except for those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, in which case ultrasound can be performed but is usually deferred until several months after the patient is no longer pregnant or breastfeeding). While additional screening may be recommended for women with dense breasts, and for women at high risk for developing breast cancer, there are still some cancers and precancerous changes that will show on a mammogram better than on ultrasound or MRI. Wherever possible, women with dense breasts should have digital mammography rather than film mammography, due to slightly improved cancer detection using digital mammography.¹⁸

Does tomosynthesis solve 
the problem of screening 
dense breasts?

Tomosynthesis (3D mammography) slightly improves detection of cancers compared with standard digital mammography, but some cancers will remain hidden by overlapping dense tissue. We do not yet know the benefit of annual screening tomosynthesis. Without question, women at high risk for breast cancer still should have MRI if they are able to tolerate it, even if they have had tomosynthesis.

If a patient with dense breasts undergoes screening tomosynthesis, will she also need a screening ultrasound?

Preliminary studies not yet published suggest that, for women with dense breasts, ultrasound does find another 2 to 3 invasive cancers per 1,000 women screened that are not found on tomosynthesis, but further study of this issue is needed.

If recommended for additional screening with ultrasound or MRI, will a patient need that screening every year?

Usually, yes, though age and other medical conditions will change a patient’s personal risk and benefit considerations. Therefore, screening recommendations may change from one year to the next. With technology advancements and evolving guidelines, additional screening recommendations will change in the future.

Prepare yourself and your patients will benefit

The foundation of a successful screening program involves buy-in from both patient and clinician. Patients confused as to what their density notification means may have little understanding as to what next steps should be considered. To allay confusion, your patient will be best served by being provided understandable and actionable information. Advanced preparation for these conversations about the implications of dense tissue will make for more effective patient engagement.

Acknowledgment

Much of the material within this article has been sourced from the educational Web site DenseBreast-info.org. For comprehensive lists of both patient and health care provider 
frequently asked questions, visit http://www.DenseBreast-info.org.

Share your thoughts! Send your Letter to the Editor to rbarbieri@frontlinemedcom.com. Please include your name and the city and state in which you practice.

It’s a movement that shows no signs of abating. Women in 24 states, encompassing 67% of American women, now receive some level of notification after their mammogram about breast density. Individual patient advocates continue to push for notification, and states are likely to continue to draft bills. On the national level, a federal standard is being pursued through both federal legislation and federal regulation. Clinicians practicing in states with an “inform” law, either already in effect or imminent, will be tasked with engaging in new patient conversations arising from density notification. Are you ready to answer your patients’ questions?

Navigating inconsistent data and expert comments about density and discerning which patients may benefit from additional screening can create challenges in addressing a patient’s questions about the implications of her dense tissue. If you feel less than equipped to address these issues, you are not alone. A recent survey of clinicians, con-
ducted after California’s breast density notification law went into effect, showed that only 6% were comfortable answering patients’ questions relating to breast density. Seventy-five percent of respondents indicated they wanted more education on the topic.¹

For women having mammography, dense breast tissue is most important because it can mask detection of cancers, and women may want to have additional screening beyond mammography. Women with dense breasts are also at increased risk for developing breast cancer. For clinicians who are on the front lines of care for women undergoing screening, the most important action items are:

To assist you in informing patient discussions, in this article we answer some of the most frequently asked questions of 
ObGyns.

Which breasts are 
considered dense?

The American College of Radiology recommends that density be reported in 1 of 4 categories depending on the relative amounts of fat and fibroglandular tissue²:

Breasts that are either heterogeneously dense or extremely dense are considered “dense.” About 40% of women older than 
age 40 have dense breasts.³

Case study: Imaging of a cancerous breast mass in a 48-year-old woman with dense breasts

This patient has heterogeneously dense breast tissue. Standard 2D mediolateral oblique (MLO) digital mammogram (A) and MLO tomosynthesis 1-mm slice (B) reveal subtle possible distortion (arrow) in the upper right breast. On tomosynthesis, the distortion is better seen, as is the underlying irregular mass (red circle). 

Ultrasound (US) directed to the mass (C) shows an irregular hypoechoic (dark gray) mass (marked by calipers), compatible with cancer. US-guided core needle biopsy revealed grade 2 invasive ductal cancer with associated ductal carcinoma in situ. 

Axial magnetic resonance imaging of the right breast obtained after contrast injection, and after computer subtraction of nonenhanced image (D), shows irregular spiculated 
enhancing (white) mass (arrow) due to the known carcinoma.

^{Images: Courtesy Wendie Berg, MD, PhD}

Who needs more screening?

The FIGURE is a screening decision support tool representing the consensus opinion of several medical experts based on the best available scientific evidence to optimize breast cancer detection.

Do dense breasts affect 
the risk of developing 
breast cancer?

Yes. Dense breasts are a risk factor for breast cancer. According to the American Cancer 
Society’s Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2013−2014, “The risk of breast cancer in-creases with increasing breast density; women with very high breast density have a 4- to 6-fold increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with the least dense breasts.”^4,5

There are several reasons that dense tissue increases risk. First, the glands tend to be made up of relatively actively dividing cells that can mutate and become cancerous (the more glandular tissue present, the greater the risk). Second, the local environment around the glands may produce certain growth hormones that stimulate cells to divide, and this seems to occur more in fibrous tissue than in fatty tissue.

Most women have breast density somewhere in the middle range, with their risk for breast cancer falling in between those with extremely dense breasts and those with fatty breasts.⁶ The risk for developing breast cancer is influenced by a combination of many different factors, including age, family history of cancer (particularly breast or ovarian cancer), and prior atypical breast biopsies. There currently is no reliable way to fully account for the interplay of breast density, family history, prior biopsy results, and other factors in determining overall risk. Importantly, more than half of all women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors other than being female and aging.

Is your medical support staff “density ready?”

We’re all familiar with the adage that a picture is worth a thousand words. While the medical support personnel in your office are likely quite familiar with imaging reports and the terminology used in describing dense breasts, they may be quite unfamiliar with what a fatty versus dense breast actually looks like on a mammogram, and how cancer may display in each. Illustrated examples, as seen here, are useful for reference.

In the fatty breast (A), a small cancer (arrow) is seen easily. In a breast categorized as scattered fibroglandular density (B), a large cancer is easily seen (arrow) in the relatively fatty portion of the breast, though a small cancer could have been hidden in areas with normal glandular tissue.

In a breast categorized as heterogeneously dense (C), a 4-cm (about 1.5-inch) cancer (arrows) is hidden by the dense breast tissue. This cancer also has spread to a lymph node under the arm (curved arrow).

In an extremely dense breast (D), a cancer is seen because part of it is located in the back of the breast where there is a small amount of dark fat making it easier to see (arrow and triangle marker indicating lump). If this cancer had been located near the nipple and completely surrounded by white (dense) tissue, it probably would not have been seen on mammography.

^{Image: Courtesy of Dr. Regina Hooley and DenseBreast-info.org}

Are screening mammography outcomes different for 
women with dense versus 
fatty breasts?

Yes. Cancer is more likely to be clinically detected in the interval between mammography screens (defined as interval cancer) in women with dense breasts. Such interval cancers tend to be more aggressive and have worse outcomes. Compared with those in fatty breasts, cancers found in dense breasts more often⁷:

Does supplemental 
screening beyond mammography save lives?

Mammography is the only imaging screening modality that has been studied by multiple randomized controlled trials with mortality as an endpoint. Across those trials, mammography has been shown to reduce deaths due to breast cancer. The randomized trials that show a benefit from mammography are those in which mammography increased detection of invasive breast cancers before they spread to lymph nodes.⁸

No randomized controlled trial has yet been reported on any other imaging screening modality, but it is expected that other screening tests that increase detection of node-negative invasive breast cancers beyond mammography should further reduce breast cancer mortality.

Proving the mortality benefit of any supplemental screening modality would require a very large, very expensive randomized controlled trial with 15 to 20 years of follow-up. Given the speed of technologic developments, any results likely would be obsolete by the trial’s conclusion. What we do know is that women at high risk for breast cancer who undergo annual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening are less likely to have advanced breast cancer than their counterparts who were not screened with MRI.⁹

We also know that average-risk women who are screened with ultrasonography in addition to mammography are unlikely to have palpable cancer in the interval between screens,^10,11 with the rates of such interval cancers similar to women with fatty breasts screened only with mammography. The cancers found only on MRI or ultrasound are mostly small invasive cancers (average size, approximately 1 cm) that are mostly node negative.^12,13 MRI also finds some ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

These results suggest that there is a benefit to finding additional cancers with supplemental screening, though it is certainly possible that, as with mammography, some of the cancers found with supplemental screening are slow growing and may never have caused a woman harm even if left untreated.

What additional screening tests are available after a 2D mammogram for a woman with dense breasts?

Depending on the patient’s age, risk level, and breast density, additional screening tools—such as tomosynthesis (also known as 3D mammography), ultrasonography, or MRI—may be recommended in addition to mammography. Indeed, in some centers, tomosynthesis is performed alone and the radiologist also reviews computer-generated 2D mammograms.

The addition of another imaging tool after a mammogram will find more cancers than mammography alone (TABLE).¹⁴⁻¹⁷ Women at high risk for breast cancer, such as those with pathogenic BRCA mutations, and those who were treated with radiation therapy to their chest (typically for Hodgkin disease) before age 30 and at least 8 years earlier, should be referred for annual MRI in addition to mammography (see Screening Decision Support Tool FIGURE above). If tomosynthesis is performed, the added benefit of ultrasound will be lower; further study on the actual benefit of supplemental ultrasound screening after 3D mammography 
is needed.

Will insurance cover supplemental screening beyond mammography?

The answer depends on the type of screening, the patient’s insurance and risk factors, the state in which you practice, and whether or not a law is in effect requiring insurance coverage for additional screening. In Illinois, for example, a woman with dense breasts can receive a screening ultrasound without a copay or deductible if it is ordered by a physician. In Connecticut, an ultrasound copay for screening dense breasts cannot exceed $20. Generally, in other states, an ultrasound will be covered if ordered by a physician, but it is subject to the copay and deductible of an individual health plan. In New Jersey, insurance coverage is provided for additional testing if a woman has extremely dense breasts.

Regardless of state, an MRI generally will be covered by insurance (subject to copay and deductible) if the patient meets high-risk criteria. In Michigan, at least one insurance company will cover a screening MRI for normal-risk women with dense breasts at a cost that matches the copay and deductible of a screening mammogram. It is important for patients to check with their insurance carrier prior to having an MRI.

Should women with dense breasts still have mammography screening?

Yes. Mammography is the first step in screening for most women (except for those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, in which case ultrasound can be performed but is usually deferred until several months after the patient is no longer pregnant or breastfeeding). While additional screening may be recommended for women with dense breasts, and for women at high risk for developing breast cancer, there are still some cancers and precancerous changes that will show on a mammogram better than on ultrasound or MRI. Wherever possible, women with dense breasts should have digital mammography rather than film mammography, due to slightly improved cancer detection using digital mammography.¹⁸

Does tomosynthesis solve 
the problem of screening 
dense breasts?

Tomosynthesis (3D mammography) slightly improves detection of cancers compared with standard digital mammography, but some cancers will remain hidden by overlapping dense tissue. We do not yet know the benefit of annual screening tomosynthesis. Without question, women at high risk for breast cancer still should have MRI if they are able to tolerate it, even if they have had tomosynthesis.

If a patient with dense breasts undergoes screening tomosynthesis, will she also need a screening ultrasound?

Preliminary studies not yet published suggest that, for women with dense breasts, ultrasound does find another 2 to 3 invasive cancers per 1,000 women screened that are not found on tomosynthesis, but further study of this issue is needed.

If recommended for additional screening with ultrasound or MRI, will a patient need that screening every year?

Usually, yes, though age and other medical conditions will change a patient’s personal risk and benefit considerations. Therefore, screening recommendations may change from one year to the next. With technology advancements and evolving guidelines, additional screening recommendations will change in the future.

Prepare yourself and your patients will benefit

The foundation of a successful screening program involves buy-in from both patient and clinician. Patients confused as to what their density notification means may have little understanding as to what next steps should be considered. To allay confusion, your patient will be best served by being provided understandable and actionable information. Advanced preparation for these conversations about the implications of dense tissue will make for more effective patient engagement.

Acknowledgment

Much of the material within this article has been sourced from the educational Web site DenseBreast-info.org. For comprehensive lists of both patient and health care provider 
frequently asked questions, visit http://www.DenseBreast-info.org.

Share your thoughts! Send your Letter to the Editor to rbarbieri@frontlinemedcom.com. Please include your name and the city and state in which you practice.

It’s a movement that shows no signs of abating. Women in 24 states, encompassing 67% of American women, now receive some level of notification after their mammogram about breast density. Individual patient advocates continue to push for notification, and states are likely to continue to draft bills. On the national level, a federal standard is being pursued through both federal legislation and federal regulation. Clinicians practicing in states with an “inform” law, either already in effect or imminent, will be tasked with engaging in new patient conversations arising from density notification. Are you ready to answer your patients’ questions?

Navigating inconsistent data and expert comments about density and discerning which patients may benefit from additional screening can create challenges in addressing a patient’s questions about the implications of her dense tissue. If you feel less than equipped to address these issues, you are not alone. A recent survey of clinicians, con-
ducted after California’s breast density notification law went into effect, showed that only 6% were comfortable answering patients’ questions relating to breast density. Seventy-five percent of respondents indicated they wanted more education on the topic.¹

For women having mammography, dense breast tissue is most important because it can mask detection of cancers, and women may want to have additional screening beyond mammography. Women with dense breasts are also at increased risk for developing breast cancer. For clinicians who are on the front lines of care for women undergoing screening, the most important action items are:

To assist you in informing patient discussions, in this article we answer some of the most frequently asked questions of 
ObGyns.

Which breasts are 
considered dense?

The American College of Radiology recommends that density be reported in 1 of 4 categories depending on the relative amounts of fat and fibroglandular tissue²:

Breasts that are either heterogeneously dense or extremely dense are considered “dense.” About 40% of women older than 
age 40 have dense breasts.³

Case study: Imaging of a cancerous breast mass in a 48-year-old woman with dense breasts

This patient has heterogeneously dense breast tissue. Standard 2D mediolateral oblique (MLO) digital mammogram (A) and MLO tomosynthesis 1-mm slice (B) reveal subtle possible distortion (arrow) in the upper right breast. On tomosynthesis, the distortion is better seen, as is the underlying irregular mass (red circle). 

Ultrasound (US) directed to the mass (C) shows an irregular hypoechoic (dark gray) mass (marked by calipers), compatible with cancer. US-guided core needle biopsy revealed grade 2 invasive ductal cancer with associated ductal carcinoma in situ. 

Axial magnetic resonance imaging of the right breast obtained after contrast injection, and after computer subtraction of nonenhanced image (D), shows irregular spiculated 
enhancing (white) mass (arrow) due to the known carcinoma.

^{Images: Courtesy Wendie Berg, MD, PhD}

Who needs more screening?

The FIGURE is a screening decision support tool representing the consensus opinion of several medical experts based on the best available scientific evidence to optimize breast cancer detection.

Do dense breasts affect 
the risk of developing 
breast cancer?

Yes. Dense breasts are a risk factor for breast cancer. According to the American Cancer 
Society’s Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2013−2014, “The risk of breast cancer in-creases with increasing breast density; women with very high breast density have a 4- to 6-fold increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with the least dense breasts.”^4,5

There are several reasons that dense tissue increases risk. First, the glands tend to be made up of relatively actively dividing cells that can mutate and become cancerous (the more glandular tissue present, the greater the risk). Second, the local environment around the glands may produce certain growth hormones that stimulate cells to divide, and this seems to occur more in fibrous tissue than in fatty tissue.

Most women have breast density somewhere in the middle range, with their risk for breast cancer falling in between those with extremely dense breasts and those with fatty breasts.⁶ The risk for developing breast cancer is influenced by a combination of many different factors, including age, family history of cancer (particularly breast or ovarian cancer), and prior atypical breast biopsies. There currently is no reliable way to fully account for the interplay of breast density, family history, prior biopsy results, and other factors in determining overall risk. Importantly, more than half of all women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors other than being female and aging.

Is your medical support staff “density ready?”

We’re all familiar with the adage that a picture is worth a thousand words. While the medical support personnel in your office are likely quite familiar with imaging reports and the terminology used in describing dense breasts, they may be quite unfamiliar with what a fatty versus dense breast actually looks like on a mammogram, and how cancer may display in each. Illustrated examples, as seen here, are useful for reference.

In the fatty breast (A), a small cancer (arrow) is seen easily. In a breast categorized as scattered fibroglandular density (B), a large cancer is easily seen (arrow) in the relatively fatty portion of the breast, though a small cancer could have been hidden in areas with normal glandular tissue.

In a breast categorized as heterogeneously dense (C), a 4-cm (about 1.5-inch) cancer (arrows) is hidden by the dense breast tissue. This cancer also has spread to a lymph node under the arm (curved arrow).

In an extremely dense breast (D), a cancer is seen because part of it is located in the back of the breast where there is a small amount of dark fat making it easier to see (arrow and triangle marker indicating lump). If this cancer had been located near the nipple and completely surrounded by white (dense) tissue, it probably would not have been seen on mammography.

^{Image: Courtesy of Dr. Regina Hooley and DenseBreast-info.org}

Are screening mammography outcomes different for 
women with dense versus 
fatty breasts?

Yes. Cancer is more likely to be clinically detected in the interval between mammography screens (defined as interval cancer) in women with dense breasts. Such interval cancers tend to be more aggressive and have worse outcomes. Compared with those in fatty breasts, cancers found in dense breasts more often⁷:

Does supplemental 
screening beyond mammography save lives?

Mammography is the only imaging screening modality that has been studied by multiple randomized controlled trials with mortality as an endpoint. Across those trials, mammography has been shown to reduce deaths due to breast cancer. The randomized trials that show a benefit from mammography are those in which mammography increased detection of invasive breast cancers before they spread to lymph nodes.⁸

No randomized controlled trial has yet been reported on any other imaging screening modality, but it is expected that other screening tests that increase detection of node-negative invasive breast cancers beyond mammography should further reduce breast cancer mortality.

Proving the mortality benefit of any supplemental screening modality would require a very large, very expensive randomized controlled trial with 15 to 20 years of follow-up. Given the speed of technologic developments, any results likely would be obsolete by the trial’s conclusion. What we do know is that women at high risk for breast cancer who undergo annual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening are less likely to have advanced breast cancer than their counterparts who were not screened with MRI.⁹

We also know that average-risk women who are screened with ultrasonography in addition to mammography are unlikely to have palpable cancer in the interval between screens,^10,11 with the rates of such interval cancers similar to women with fatty breasts screened only with mammography. The cancers found only on MRI or ultrasound are mostly small invasive cancers (average size, approximately 1 cm) that are mostly node negative.^12,13 MRI also finds some ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

These results suggest that there is a benefit to finding additional cancers with supplemental screening, though it is certainly possible that, as with mammography, some of the cancers found with supplemental screening are slow growing and may never have caused a woman harm even if left untreated.

What additional screening tests are available after a 2D mammogram for a woman with dense breasts?

Depending on the patient’s age, risk level, and breast density, additional screening tools—such as tomosynthesis (also known as 3D mammography), ultrasonography, or MRI—may be recommended in addition to mammography. Indeed, in some centers, tomosynthesis is performed alone and the radiologist also reviews computer-generated 2D mammograms.

The addition of another imaging tool after a mammogram will find more cancers than mammography alone (TABLE).¹⁴⁻¹⁷ Women at high risk for breast cancer, such as those with pathogenic BRCA mutations, and those who were treated with radiation therapy to their chest (typically for Hodgkin disease) before age 30 and at least 8 years earlier, should be referred for annual MRI in addition to mammography (see Screening Decision Support Tool FIGURE above). If tomosynthesis is performed, the added benefit of ultrasound will be lower; further study on the actual benefit of supplemental ultrasound screening after 3D mammography 
is needed.

Will insurance cover supplemental screening beyond mammography?

The answer depends on the type of screening, the patient’s insurance and risk factors, the state in which you practice, and whether or not a law is in effect requiring insurance coverage for additional screening. In Illinois, for example, a woman with dense breasts can receive a screening ultrasound without a copay or deductible if it is ordered by a physician. In Connecticut, an ultrasound copay for screening dense breasts cannot exceed $20. Generally, in other states, an ultrasound will be covered if ordered by a physician, but it is subject to the copay and deductible of an individual health plan. In New Jersey, insurance coverage is provided for additional testing if a woman has extremely dense breasts.

Regardless of state, an MRI generally will be covered by insurance (subject to copay and deductible) if the patient meets high-risk criteria. In Michigan, at least one insurance company will cover a screening MRI for normal-risk women with dense breasts at a cost that matches the copay and deductible of a screening mammogram. It is important for patients to check with their insurance carrier prior to having an MRI.

Should women with dense breasts still have mammography screening?

Yes. Mammography is the first step in screening for most women (except for those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, in which case ultrasound can be performed but is usually deferred until several months after the patient is no longer pregnant or breastfeeding). While additional screening may be recommended for women with dense breasts, and for women at high risk for developing breast cancer, there are still some cancers and precancerous changes that will show on a mammogram better than on ultrasound or MRI. Wherever possible, women with dense breasts should have digital mammography rather than film mammography, due to slightly improved cancer detection using digital mammography.¹⁸

Does tomosynthesis solve 
the problem of screening 
dense breasts?

Tomosynthesis (3D mammography) slightly improves detection of cancers compared with standard digital mammography, but some cancers will remain hidden by overlapping dense tissue. We do not yet know the benefit of annual screening tomosynthesis. Without question, women at high risk for breast cancer still should have MRI if they are able to tolerate it, even if they have had tomosynthesis.

If a patient with dense breasts undergoes screening tomosynthesis, will she also need a screening ultrasound?

Preliminary studies not yet published suggest that, for women with dense breasts, ultrasound does find another 2 to 3 invasive cancers per 1,000 women screened that are not found on tomosynthesis, but further study of this issue is needed.

If recommended for additional screening with ultrasound or MRI, will a patient need that screening every year?

Usually, yes, though age and other medical conditions will change a patient’s personal risk and benefit considerations. Therefore, screening recommendations may change from one year to the next. With technology advancements and evolving guidelines, additional screening recommendations will change in the future.

Prepare yourself and your patients will benefit

The foundation of a successful screening program involves buy-in from both patient and clinician. Patients confused as to what their density notification means may have little understanding as to what next steps should be considered. To allay confusion, your patient will be best served by being provided understandable and actionable information. Advanced preparation for these conversations about the implications of dense tissue will make for more effective patient engagement.

Acknowledgment

Much of the material within this article has been sourced from the educational Web site DenseBreast-info.org. For comprehensive lists of both patient and health care provider 
frequently asked questions, visit http://www.DenseBreast-info.org.

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