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Preoperative Corticosteroid Use for Medical Conditions is Associated with Increased Postoperative Infectious Complications and Readmissions After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Propensity-Matched Study
ABSTRACT
Systemic corticosteroids are used to treat a number of medical conditions; however, they are associated with numerous adverse effects. The impact of preoperative chronic corticosteroid use on postoperative outcomes following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the independent effect of chronic systemic preoperative steroid use on short-term perioperative complications and readmissions after THA.
All patients undergoing primary THA in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry from 2005 to -–2015 were identified. Patients were considered chronic steroid users if they used any dosage of oral or parenteral steroids for >10 of the preceding 30 days before THA. Two equally sized propensity-matched groups based on preoperative steroid use were generated to account for differences in operative and baseline characteristics between the groups. Thirty-day complications and hospital readmissions rates were compared using bivariate analysis.
Of 101,532 THA patients who underwent primary THA, 3714 (3.7%) were identified as chronic corticosteroid users. Comparison of propensity-matched cohorts identified an increased rate of any complication (odds ratio [OR] 1.30, P = .003), sepsis (OR 2.07, P = .022), urinary tract infection (OR 1.61, P = .020), superficial surgical site infection (OR 1.73, P = .038), and hospital readmission (OR 1.50, P < .001) in patients who used systemic steroids preoperatively. Readmissions in preoperative steroid users were most commonly for infectious reasons.
Patients prescribed chronic corticosteroids are at a significantly increased risk of both 30-day periopative complications and hospital readmissions. This finding has important implications for pre- and postoperative patient counseling as well as preoperative risk stratification.
Continue to: Corticosteroids are powerful...
Corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory steroid hormones that have many indications in the treatment of medical diseases, including advanced or poorly controlled asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel disease, allergic conditions, among other indications.1-4 In orthopedics and rheumatology, systemic steroids are, at times, used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vasculitides.5-7 Overman and colleagues,8 using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2008 identified both a 1.2% prevalence of chronic corticosteroid usage in the United States across all age groups and a positive correlation between steroid use prevalence and increasing age. In that study, nearly two-thirds of survey respondents reported using corticosteroids chronically for >90 days. Another observational study in the United Kingdom found that long-term steroid prescriptions increased between 1989 to 2008 and that 13.6% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 66.5% of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis used long-term steroids.9
Enterally- or parenterally-administered corticosteroids have numerous systemic effects that are of particular relevance to orthopedic surgeons. Corticosteroids induce osteoporosis by preferentially inducing osteoclastic activity while inhibiting the differentiation of osteoblasts, ultimately leading to decreased bone quality and mass.10 As a consequence, patients who have previously used corticosteroids are more than twice as likely to have a hip fracture.11 Steroids also increase the risk of both osteonecrosis and myopathy, among other musculoskeletal effects.12 In addition to orthopedic complications, steroids have broad inhibitory effects on both acquired and innate immunity, which significantly increases the risk of infections.13 This increased risk of infection is dose-dependent14 and synergistic with other immunosuppressive drugs.15
Patients with hip pain may receive localized corticosteroid hip joint injections during the nonoperative management of various hip pathologies, including arthritis, bursitis, and labral tears.16,17 Outcomes of patients who received intra-articular corticosteroid injections before total hip arthroplasty (THA) were evaluated in a systematic review of 9 studies by Pereira and colleagues.17 These authors found that the infection rate (both superficial and deep surgical site infections [SSI]) after THA in patients who received local steroid injection into the hip before surgery was between 0% and 30%.17 However, similar studies assessing the impact that systemic steroids have on outcomes after THA are lacking. Patients who undergo THA for conditions associated with higher lifetime steroid usage have worse outcomes than those who do not. For instance, in patients undergoing THA for rheumatoid arthritis, the rates of both postoperative periprosthetic joint infection and hip dislocation are higher, when compared with osteoarthritis.18,19 However, it is unclear how much of this difference in outcomes is due to the underlying disease, adverse effects of steroids, or both. Given the high prevalence of chronic systemic steroid use, it is essential to elucidate more clearly the impact that these medications have on perioperative outcomes after THA.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize short-term perioperative outcomes, including complication and readmission rates in patients undergoing THA while taking chronic preoperative corticosteroids. We also sought to identify the most common reasons for hospital readmission in patients who did and did not use long-term steroids.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING
This investigation was a retrospective cohort study that utilized the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) registry.20 The ACS-NSQIP is a prospectively collected, multi-institutional database that collects demographical information, operative variables, and both postoperative complications and hospital readmission data. Data is collected for up to 30 days after the index procedure, and patients are contacted by telephone if they are discharged before 30 days. Patient data is entered by specially trained surgical clinical reviewers and is routinely audited by the ACS-NSQIP, leading to more accurate data when compared with administrative research databases.21,22 The ACS-NSQIP has been used in orthopedic surgery outcomes-based studies.23-25
Continue to: All patients undergoing...
All patients undergoing THA between 2005 and 2015 were identified in the registry using primary Current Procedural Terminology code 27130. Patients were split into 2 groups based on whether or not they chronically used corticosteroids preoperatively for a medical condition. A patient was considered a chronic corticosteroid user if he/she used oral or parenteral corticosteroids within 30 days before the index procedure for >10 of the preceding 30 days. Those who received a 1-time steroid pulse or those who used topical or inhaled steroids were not considered as steroid users in this study.
BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOMES
Baseline patient and operative characteristics, including patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), functional status, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, anesthesia type, operative duration, and medical comorbidities including hypertension, COPD, diabetes mellitus, and smoking history, were compared between both groups. Perioperative outcomes that were assessed in this study include death, renal, respiratory, and cardiac complications, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, stroke, sepsis, return to the operating room, urinary tract infection (UTI), wound dehiscence, superficial and deep SSI, need for a blood transfusion within 72 hours of index surgical procedure, and hospital readmissions. Renal complications were defined as acute or progressive renal insufficiency; respiratory complications were defined as failure to wean from the ventilator, need for intubation after the index procedure, and the occurrence of pneumonia; and cardiac complications were defined as myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Patients were excluded if they had missing baseline or operative characteristic data, an unclean wound classification at the time of admission, or if their THA was considered emergent.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
A propensity score-matched comparison was performed to adjust for differences in baseline and operative characteristics between the 2 cohorts in this study. In the current study, the propensity score was defined as the conditional probability that a patient chronically used preoperative corticosteroids for a medical condition, as a function of age, BMI, gender, ASA class, functional status, medical comorbidities, anesthesia type, and operative duration. A 1:1 matching with tight calipers (0.0001), and nearest-neighbor matching was used to generate 2 equally-sized, propensity-matched cohorts based on steroid status.26 Nearest-neighbor matching identifies patients in both cohorts with the closest propensity scores for inclusion in propensity-matched cohorts. This matching is continued until 1 group runs out of patients to match. Baseline patient and operative characteristics for the unadjusted and propensity-matched groups were compared using Pearson’s χ2 analysis. Outcomes after THA by steroid status were also compared in both unadjusted and propensity-matched groups. Finally, all patients who were readmitted were identified, and the reason for readmission was determined using the International Classification of Disease Ninth (ICD-9) and Tenth (ICD-10) edition codes. Patients were classified as having an infectious readmission only if the ICD code clearly stated an infectious etiology. For instance, a patient with an intestinal infection due to Clostridium difficile (ICD-9 008.45) was counted as a gastrointestinal infection, whereas diarrhea without a distinctly specified etiology (ICD-9 787.91, ICD-10 R19.7) was counted as a gastrointestinal medical complication. Readmission data was only available in ACS-NSQIP from 2011 to 2015, constituting 92.5% of all patients included in this study. We used SPSS version 23 (IBM Corporation) for all statistical analyses, and defined a significant P value as <.05.
RESULTS
BASELINE PATIENTS AND OPERATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
In total, we identified 101,532 patients who underwent THA (Table 1). O these, 3714 (3.7%) chronically used corticosteroids preoperatively, whereas 97,818 (96.3%) did not.
When the unadjusted cohorts were compared, patients using corticosteroids were more likely to be female, less likely to obese, more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, COPD, higher ASA class, undergone THA with general anesthesia, and have a dependent functional status (P < .001 for all comparisons). After propensity matching, 2 equally sized cohorts of 3618 patients each were generated based on steroid status and no differences in baseline and operative characteristics were identified between the 2 groups.
Continue to: CLINICAL OUTCOMES BY STEROID STATUS
CLINCIAL OUTCOMES BY STEROID STATUS
A comparison of unadjusted cohorts showed that patients who used preoperative steroids had an increased rate of any complication (7.89%) when compared with those who did not (4.87%) (Table 2).
Similarly, those who used corticosteroids preoperatively had an increased rate of renal complications, respiratory complications, return to the operating room, sepsis, UTI, superficial and deep SSI, and perioperative blood transfusions. They also were more likely to have a 30-day hospital readmission (P < .05 for all comparisons).
When propensity-matched cohorts were compared, patients who used steroids preoperatively were found to have higher rates of any complication (odds Ratio [OR] 1.30, P = .003), sepsis (OR 2.07, P = .022), UTI (OR 1.61, P = .020), superficial SSI (OR 1.73, P = .038), and hospital readmission (OR 1.50, P < .001; Table 3).
REASONS FOR HOSPITAL READMISSION
In total, 3397 patients were readmitted to the hospital within thirty days. Of these, 226 used steroids preoperatively, and 3171 did not (Table 4).
The most common reason for hospital readmission in patients who used preoperative corticosteroids was infectious complications (72 patients, 31.9% of all readmitted patients in this cohort), followed by medical complications (59 patients, 26.1%), and hip-related complications (48 patients, 21.2%). In those who did not use steroids preoperatively, the most common reason for hospital readmission was medical complications (932 patients, 29.4% of all readmitted patients in this cohort), followed by infectious complications (792 patients, 25.0%), and hip-related complications (763 patients, 24.1%).
Continue to: DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
Nearly 3% of individuals >80 years in the US population chronically use corticosteroids for a medical condition,8 and this rate is likely higher in specific subsets of patients, such as those with rheumatoid arthritis.9 While some studies have assessed the impact of intra-articular corticosteroid hip injections on perioperative outcomes in THA,17 similar studies assessing systemic corticosteroid usage are lacking. The purpose of this study was to characterize short-term perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing THA who chronically use systemic steroids when compared with those who do not. We found that the prevalence of preoperative chronic steroid use in this cohort of THA patients was 3.7%. We also identified increased rates of infectious complications, including sepsis, UTI, and superficial SSI, in patients who used preoperative corticosteroids. Furthermore, we found an increased rate of hospital readmissions in corticosteroid users and identified the most common reason for hospital readmission as infectious complications in this cohort.
The primary finding of this study was an increase in postoperative infections in patients who use preoperative steroids chronically for medical conditions. Immunosuppression has previously been identified as a risk factor for developing periprosthetic joint infections. Tannenbaum and colleagues27 performed a retrospective study of 19 patients who underwent either a kidney or liver transplant and were maintained on an induction regimen of either prednisone and azathioprine or cyclosporine. These 19 patients also underwent either a THA or total knee arthroplasty, and 5 of these patients (26.3%) developed a periprosthetic joint infection after an average of 3.4 years following the arthroplasty procedure. In another study of 37 renal transplant and dialysis patients who underwent a total of 45 THA procedures, there were 3 instances of superficial SSI and 2 instances of deep SSI.28 However, reported infection rates in transplant patients undergoing THA vary significantly, and studies have been unable to assess the true impact that chronic immunosuppression has on perioperative infection rates.29 In this study, patients who used preoperative corticosteroids chronically were at increased risk of perioperative infections, including sepsis, UTI, and superficial SSI.
Deep vein thrombosis is another postoperative complication that has been associated with chronic steroid use.30 In a case-control study of 38,765 patients who developed a venous thromboembolism and 387,650 control patients who did not, Johannesdottir and colleagues30 found an increased thromboembolic risk in current users of systemic glucocorticoids, but not former users, as well as an increased risk as the dose of glucocorticoids increased. We were not able to identify a similar increase in DVT/PE in chronic corticosteroid users, perhaps due to our sample size, or because we could not do subgroup analyses based on the type or dosage of steroid that a patient was taking. Future studies that identify the highest risk patients among those using systemic corticosteroids are important because parenteral corticosteroids are being increasingly used in THA to alleviate postoperative pain as an opioid-sparing measure.31,32
Finally, we also found that patients who use chronic, systemic corticosteroids are at an increased risk for hospital readmission, when compared with those patients who are not using steroids and are most likely to be readmitted for an infectious complication. Schairer and colleagues33 assessed readmission rates after THA and found 30- and 90-day readmission rate of 4% and 7%, respectively. These authors also found that medical complications accounted for approximately 25% of readmissions, and hip-related complications (eg, dislocation, SSI) accounted for >50%. In our study, we found a 30-day readmission rate in non-steroid users of 3.53% and a rate of 6.52% in chronic steroid users. More than 30% of patients using a steroid were readmitted for infectious complications. As THA is becoming increasingly reimbursed under a bundled payments model by Medicare and Medicaid,34-36 reducing short-term readmissions is imperative. Therefore, discharge counseling that emphasizes how to recognize both the signs and symptoms of infection as well as how to prevent infections, such as reducing SSIs through appropriate wound care, may be warranted in higher risk chronic steroid users.
This study has a number of limitations that are inherent to ACS-NSQIP. First, we lacked specific information on a patient’s steroid history, including which corticosteroid they were using, dosage, frequency, and the indication for corticosteroid therapy. Therefore, we were unable to establish a dose-dependent relationship between steroid exposure and postoperative complications after THA. Second, we were able to assess only 30-day rates of complications and readmissions, and therefore, we were unable to identify intermediate- and long-term effects of systemic corticosteroid use on THA. Finally, we could not determine orthopedic- or hip-specific postoperative outcomes, such as functional scores and range of motion.
Continue to: CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this study quantified the increased risk for perioperative complications and hospital readmissions in patients who chronically use corticosteroids and are undergoing THA, when compared with those who do not use corticosteroids. These results suggest that patients who are on long-term steroids are at an increased risk for complications, primarily infectious complications. This finding has important implications for patient counseling, preoperative risk stratification, and suggests that higher risk patients, such as chronic steroid users, may benefit from improved discharge care to decrease complication rates.
1. Normansell R, Kew KM, Mansour G. Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;13(5):CD011801. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011801.pub2.
2. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, Wood-Baker R. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD006897.
3. Nunes T, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Marin-Jimenez I, Nos P, Sans M. Oral locally active steroids in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(3):183-191. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.06.010.
4. Karatzanis A, Chatzidakis A, Milioni A, Vlaminck S, Kawauchi H, Velegrakis S, et al. Contemporary use of corticosteroids in rhinology. Curr Allergy Asthm R. 2017;17(2). doi: 10.1007/s11882-017-0679-0.
5. Parker BJ, Bruce IN. High dose methylprednisolone therapy for the treatment of severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16(6):387-393. doi: 10.1177/0961203307079502.
6. Ferreira JF, Ahmed Mohamed AA, Emery P. Glucocorticoids and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016;42(1):33-46. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2015.08.006.
7. Buttgereit F, Dejaco C, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a systematic review. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2442-2458. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.5444.
8. Overman RA, Yeh JY, Deal CL. Prevalence of oral glucocorticoid usage in the United States: a general population perspective. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(2):294-298. doi: 10.1002/acr.21796.
9. Fardet L, Petersen I, Nazareth I. Prevalence of long-term oral glucocorticoid prescriptions in the UK over the past 20 years. Rheumatology. 2011;50(11):1982-1990. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker017.
10. Canalis E, Mazziotti G, Giustina A, Bilezikian JP. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathophysiology and therapy.Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(10):1319-1328. doi: 10.1007/s00198-007-0394-0.
11. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, Johnell O, de Laet C, Melton LJ, et al. A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(6):893-899. doi: /10.1359/JBMR.040134.
12. Caplan A, Fett N, Rosenbach M, Werth VP, Micheletti RG. Prevention and management of glucocorticoid-induced side effects: a comprehensive review: a review of glucocorticoid pharmacology and bone health. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.01.062.
13. Cutolo M, Seriolo B, Pizzorni C, Secchi ME, Soldano S, Paolino S, et al. Use of glucocorticoids and risk of infections. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;8(2):153-155. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.010.
14. Blackwood LL, Pennington JE. Dose-dependent effect of glucocorticosteroids on pulmonary defenses in a steroid-resistant host. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;126(6):1045-1049.
15. Toruner M, Loftus EV, Jr., Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Orenstein R, Sandborn WJ, et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(4):929-936. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.012.
16. Barratt PA, Brookes N, Newson A. Conservative treatments for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(2):97-104. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095858.
17. Pereira LC, Kerr J, Jolles BM. Intra-articular steroid injection for osteoarthritis of the hip prior to total hip arthroplasty: is it safe? a systematic review. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B(8):1027-1035. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.98B8.37420.
18. Ravi B, Escott B, Shah PS, Jenkinson R, Chahal J, Bogoch E, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing complications following total joint arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis versus for osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(12):3839-3849. doi: 10.1002/art.37690.
19. Ravi B, Croxford R, Hollands S, Paterson JM, Bogoch E, Kreder H, et al. Increased risk of complications following total joint arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(2):254-263. doi: 10.1002/art.38231.
20. ACS NSQIP Participant Use Data Files. https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/acs-nsqip/program-specifics/participant-use. Accessed December 6, 2018.
21. Lawson EH, Louie R, Zingmond DS, Brook RH, Hall BL, Han L, et al. A comparison of clinical registry versus administrative claims data for reporting of 30-day surgical complications. Ann Surg. 2012;256(6):973-981. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31826b4c4f.
22. Weiss A, Anderson JE, Chang DC. Comparing the national surgical quality improvement program with the nationwide inpatient sample database. JAMA Surg. 2015;150(8):815-816. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.0962.
23. Boddapati V, Fu MC, Mayman DJ, Su EP, Sculco PK, McLawhorn AS. Revision total knee arthroplasty for periprosthetic joint infection is associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality relative to noninfectious revisions. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33(2):521-526. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.09.021.
24. Boddapati V, Fu MC, Schairer WW, Gulotta LV, Dines DM, Dines JS. Revision total shoulder arthroplasty is associated with increased thirty-day postoperative complications and wound infections relative to primary total shoulder arthroplasty. HSS J. 2018;14(1):23-28. doi: 10.1007/s11420-017-9573-5.
25. Boddapati V, Fu MC, Schiarer WW, Ranawat AS, Dines DM, Taylor SA, Dines DM. Increased shoulder arthroscopy time is associated with overnight hospital stay and surgical site infection. Arthroscopy. 2018;34(2):363-368. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.243.
26. Lunt M. Selecting an appropriate caliper can be essential for achieving good balance with propensity score matching. Am J Epidemiol. 2014 Jan 15;179(2):226-235. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt212.
27. Tannenbaum DA, Matthews LS, Grady-Benson JC. Infection around joint replacements in patients who have a renal or liver transplantation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(1):36-43.
28. Shrader MW, Schall D, Parvizi J, McCarthy JT, Lewallen DG. Total hip arthroplasty in patients with renal failure: a comparison between transplant and dialysis patients. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21(3):324-329. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2005.07.008.
29. Nowicki P, Chaudhary H. Total hip replacement in renal transplant patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89(12):1561-1566.
30. Johannesdottir SA, Horváth-Puhó E, Dekkers OM, Cannegieter SC, Jørgensen JO, Ehrenstein V, et al. Use of glucocorticoids and risk of venous thromboembolism: a nationwide population-based case-control study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(9):743-752. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.122.
31. Hartman J, Khanna V, Habib A, Farrokhyar F, Memon M, Adili A. Perioperative systemic glucocorticoids in total hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review of outcomes. J Orthop. 2017;14(2):294-301. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2017.03.012.
32. Sculco PK, McLawhorn AS, Desai N, Su EP, Padgett DE, Jules-Elysee K. The effect of perioperative corticosteroids in total hip arthroplasty: a prospective double-blind placebo controlled pilot study. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(6):1208-1212. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2015.11.011.
33. Schairer WW, Sing DC, Vail TP, Bozic KJ. Causes and frequency of unplanned hospital readmission after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(2):464-470. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3121-5.
34. US Department of Health and Human Services. Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement Model. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. https://innovation.cms.gov/initiatives/cjr. Accessed June 15, 2017.
35. Bozic KJ, Ward L, Vail TP, Maze M. Bundled payments in total joint arthroplasty: targeting opportunities for quality improvement and cost reduction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(1):188-193. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3034-3.
36. Bosco JA, 3rd, Karkenny AJ, Hutzler LH, Slover JD, Iorio R. Cost burden of 30-day readmissions following Medicare total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(5): 903-905. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.11.006.
ABSTRACT
Systemic corticosteroids are used to treat a number of medical conditions; however, they are associated with numerous adverse effects. The impact of preoperative chronic corticosteroid use on postoperative outcomes following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the independent effect of chronic systemic preoperative steroid use on short-term perioperative complications and readmissions after THA.
All patients undergoing primary THA in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry from 2005 to -–2015 were identified. Patients were considered chronic steroid users if they used any dosage of oral or parenteral steroids for >10 of the preceding 30 days before THA. Two equally sized propensity-matched groups based on preoperative steroid use were generated to account for differences in operative and baseline characteristics between the groups. Thirty-day complications and hospital readmissions rates were compared using bivariate analysis.
Of 101,532 THA patients who underwent primary THA, 3714 (3.7%) were identified as chronic corticosteroid users. Comparison of propensity-matched cohorts identified an increased rate of any complication (odds ratio [OR] 1.30, P = .003), sepsis (OR 2.07, P = .022), urinary tract infection (OR 1.61, P = .020), superficial surgical site infection (OR 1.73, P = .038), and hospital readmission (OR 1.50, P < .001) in patients who used systemic steroids preoperatively. Readmissions in preoperative steroid users were most commonly for infectious reasons.
Patients prescribed chronic corticosteroids are at a significantly increased risk of both 30-day periopative complications and hospital readmissions. This finding has important implications for pre- and postoperative patient counseling as well as preoperative risk stratification.
Continue to: Corticosteroids are powerful...
Corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory steroid hormones that have many indications in the treatment of medical diseases, including advanced or poorly controlled asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel disease, allergic conditions, among other indications.1-4 In orthopedics and rheumatology, systemic steroids are, at times, used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vasculitides.5-7 Overman and colleagues,8 using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2008 identified both a 1.2% prevalence of chronic corticosteroid usage in the United States across all age groups and a positive correlation between steroid use prevalence and increasing age. In that study, nearly two-thirds of survey respondents reported using corticosteroids chronically for >90 days. Another observational study in the United Kingdom found that long-term steroid prescriptions increased between 1989 to 2008 and that 13.6% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 66.5% of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis used long-term steroids.9
Enterally- or parenterally-administered corticosteroids have numerous systemic effects that are of particular relevance to orthopedic surgeons. Corticosteroids induce osteoporosis by preferentially inducing osteoclastic activity while inhibiting the differentiation of osteoblasts, ultimately leading to decreased bone quality and mass.10 As a consequence, patients who have previously used corticosteroids are more than twice as likely to have a hip fracture.11 Steroids also increase the risk of both osteonecrosis and myopathy, among other musculoskeletal effects.12 In addition to orthopedic complications, steroids have broad inhibitory effects on both acquired and innate immunity, which significantly increases the risk of infections.13 This increased risk of infection is dose-dependent14 and synergistic with other immunosuppressive drugs.15
Patients with hip pain may receive localized corticosteroid hip joint injections during the nonoperative management of various hip pathologies, including arthritis, bursitis, and labral tears.16,17 Outcomes of patients who received intra-articular corticosteroid injections before total hip arthroplasty (THA) were evaluated in a systematic review of 9 studies by Pereira and colleagues.17 These authors found that the infection rate (both superficial and deep surgical site infections [SSI]) after THA in patients who received local steroid injection into the hip before surgery was between 0% and 30%.17 However, similar studies assessing the impact that systemic steroids have on outcomes after THA are lacking. Patients who undergo THA for conditions associated with higher lifetime steroid usage have worse outcomes than those who do not. For instance, in patients undergoing THA for rheumatoid arthritis, the rates of both postoperative periprosthetic joint infection and hip dislocation are higher, when compared with osteoarthritis.18,19 However, it is unclear how much of this difference in outcomes is due to the underlying disease, adverse effects of steroids, or both. Given the high prevalence of chronic systemic steroid use, it is essential to elucidate more clearly the impact that these medications have on perioperative outcomes after THA.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize short-term perioperative outcomes, including complication and readmission rates in patients undergoing THA while taking chronic preoperative corticosteroids. We also sought to identify the most common reasons for hospital readmission in patients who did and did not use long-term steroids.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING
This investigation was a retrospective cohort study that utilized the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) registry.20 The ACS-NSQIP is a prospectively collected, multi-institutional database that collects demographical information, operative variables, and both postoperative complications and hospital readmission data. Data is collected for up to 30 days after the index procedure, and patients are contacted by telephone if they are discharged before 30 days. Patient data is entered by specially trained surgical clinical reviewers and is routinely audited by the ACS-NSQIP, leading to more accurate data when compared with administrative research databases.21,22 The ACS-NSQIP has been used in orthopedic surgery outcomes-based studies.23-25
Continue to: All patients undergoing...
All patients undergoing THA between 2005 and 2015 were identified in the registry using primary Current Procedural Terminology code 27130. Patients were split into 2 groups based on whether or not they chronically used corticosteroids preoperatively for a medical condition. A patient was considered a chronic corticosteroid user if he/she used oral or parenteral corticosteroids within 30 days before the index procedure for >10 of the preceding 30 days. Those who received a 1-time steroid pulse or those who used topical or inhaled steroids were not considered as steroid users in this study.
BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOMES
Baseline patient and operative characteristics, including patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), functional status, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, anesthesia type, operative duration, and medical comorbidities including hypertension, COPD, diabetes mellitus, and smoking history, were compared between both groups. Perioperative outcomes that were assessed in this study include death, renal, respiratory, and cardiac complications, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, stroke, sepsis, return to the operating room, urinary tract infection (UTI), wound dehiscence, superficial and deep SSI, need for a blood transfusion within 72 hours of index surgical procedure, and hospital readmissions. Renal complications were defined as acute or progressive renal insufficiency; respiratory complications were defined as failure to wean from the ventilator, need for intubation after the index procedure, and the occurrence of pneumonia; and cardiac complications were defined as myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Patients were excluded if they had missing baseline or operative characteristic data, an unclean wound classification at the time of admission, or if their THA was considered emergent.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
A propensity score-matched comparison was performed to adjust for differences in baseline and operative characteristics between the 2 cohorts in this study. In the current study, the propensity score was defined as the conditional probability that a patient chronically used preoperative corticosteroids for a medical condition, as a function of age, BMI, gender, ASA class, functional status, medical comorbidities, anesthesia type, and operative duration. A 1:1 matching with tight calipers (0.0001), and nearest-neighbor matching was used to generate 2 equally-sized, propensity-matched cohorts based on steroid status.26 Nearest-neighbor matching identifies patients in both cohorts with the closest propensity scores for inclusion in propensity-matched cohorts. This matching is continued until 1 group runs out of patients to match. Baseline patient and operative characteristics for the unadjusted and propensity-matched groups were compared using Pearson’s χ2 analysis. Outcomes after THA by steroid status were also compared in both unadjusted and propensity-matched groups. Finally, all patients who were readmitted were identified, and the reason for readmission was determined using the International Classification of Disease Ninth (ICD-9) and Tenth (ICD-10) edition codes. Patients were classified as having an infectious readmission only if the ICD code clearly stated an infectious etiology. For instance, a patient with an intestinal infection due to Clostridium difficile (ICD-9 008.45) was counted as a gastrointestinal infection, whereas diarrhea without a distinctly specified etiology (ICD-9 787.91, ICD-10 R19.7) was counted as a gastrointestinal medical complication. Readmission data was only available in ACS-NSQIP from 2011 to 2015, constituting 92.5% of all patients included in this study. We used SPSS version 23 (IBM Corporation) for all statistical analyses, and defined a significant P value as <.05.
RESULTS
BASELINE PATIENTS AND OPERATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
In total, we identified 101,532 patients who underwent THA (Table 1). O these, 3714 (3.7%) chronically used corticosteroids preoperatively, whereas 97,818 (96.3%) did not.
When the unadjusted cohorts were compared, patients using corticosteroids were more likely to be female, less likely to obese, more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, COPD, higher ASA class, undergone THA with general anesthesia, and have a dependent functional status (P < .001 for all comparisons). After propensity matching, 2 equally sized cohorts of 3618 patients each were generated based on steroid status and no differences in baseline and operative characteristics were identified between the 2 groups.
Continue to: CLINICAL OUTCOMES BY STEROID STATUS
CLINCIAL OUTCOMES BY STEROID STATUS
A comparison of unadjusted cohorts showed that patients who used preoperative steroids had an increased rate of any complication (7.89%) when compared with those who did not (4.87%) (Table 2).
Similarly, those who used corticosteroids preoperatively had an increased rate of renal complications, respiratory complications, return to the operating room, sepsis, UTI, superficial and deep SSI, and perioperative blood transfusions. They also were more likely to have a 30-day hospital readmission (P < .05 for all comparisons).
When propensity-matched cohorts were compared, patients who used steroids preoperatively were found to have higher rates of any complication (odds Ratio [OR] 1.30, P = .003), sepsis (OR 2.07, P = .022), UTI (OR 1.61, P = .020), superficial SSI (OR 1.73, P = .038), and hospital readmission (OR 1.50, P < .001; Table 3).
REASONS FOR HOSPITAL READMISSION
In total, 3397 patients were readmitted to the hospital within thirty days. Of these, 226 used steroids preoperatively, and 3171 did not (Table 4).
The most common reason for hospital readmission in patients who used preoperative corticosteroids was infectious complications (72 patients, 31.9% of all readmitted patients in this cohort), followed by medical complications (59 patients, 26.1%), and hip-related complications (48 patients, 21.2%). In those who did not use steroids preoperatively, the most common reason for hospital readmission was medical complications (932 patients, 29.4% of all readmitted patients in this cohort), followed by infectious complications (792 patients, 25.0%), and hip-related complications (763 patients, 24.1%).
Continue to: DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
Nearly 3% of individuals >80 years in the US population chronically use corticosteroids for a medical condition,8 and this rate is likely higher in specific subsets of patients, such as those with rheumatoid arthritis.9 While some studies have assessed the impact of intra-articular corticosteroid hip injections on perioperative outcomes in THA,17 similar studies assessing systemic corticosteroid usage are lacking. The purpose of this study was to characterize short-term perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing THA who chronically use systemic steroids when compared with those who do not. We found that the prevalence of preoperative chronic steroid use in this cohort of THA patients was 3.7%. We also identified increased rates of infectious complications, including sepsis, UTI, and superficial SSI, in patients who used preoperative corticosteroids. Furthermore, we found an increased rate of hospital readmissions in corticosteroid users and identified the most common reason for hospital readmission as infectious complications in this cohort.
The primary finding of this study was an increase in postoperative infections in patients who use preoperative steroids chronically for medical conditions. Immunosuppression has previously been identified as a risk factor for developing periprosthetic joint infections. Tannenbaum and colleagues27 performed a retrospective study of 19 patients who underwent either a kidney or liver transplant and were maintained on an induction regimen of either prednisone and azathioprine or cyclosporine. These 19 patients also underwent either a THA or total knee arthroplasty, and 5 of these patients (26.3%) developed a periprosthetic joint infection after an average of 3.4 years following the arthroplasty procedure. In another study of 37 renal transplant and dialysis patients who underwent a total of 45 THA procedures, there were 3 instances of superficial SSI and 2 instances of deep SSI.28 However, reported infection rates in transplant patients undergoing THA vary significantly, and studies have been unable to assess the true impact that chronic immunosuppression has on perioperative infection rates.29 In this study, patients who used preoperative corticosteroids chronically were at increased risk of perioperative infections, including sepsis, UTI, and superficial SSI.
Deep vein thrombosis is another postoperative complication that has been associated with chronic steroid use.30 In a case-control study of 38,765 patients who developed a venous thromboembolism and 387,650 control patients who did not, Johannesdottir and colleagues30 found an increased thromboembolic risk in current users of systemic glucocorticoids, but not former users, as well as an increased risk as the dose of glucocorticoids increased. We were not able to identify a similar increase in DVT/PE in chronic corticosteroid users, perhaps due to our sample size, or because we could not do subgroup analyses based on the type or dosage of steroid that a patient was taking. Future studies that identify the highest risk patients among those using systemic corticosteroids are important because parenteral corticosteroids are being increasingly used in THA to alleviate postoperative pain as an opioid-sparing measure.31,32
Finally, we also found that patients who use chronic, systemic corticosteroids are at an increased risk for hospital readmission, when compared with those patients who are not using steroids and are most likely to be readmitted for an infectious complication. Schairer and colleagues33 assessed readmission rates after THA and found 30- and 90-day readmission rate of 4% and 7%, respectively. These authors also found that medical complications accounted for approximately 25% of readmissions, and hip-related complications (eg, dislocation, SSI) accounted for >50%. In our study, we found a 30-day readmission rate in non-steroid users of 3.53% and a rate of 6.52% in chronic steroid users. More than 30% of patients using a steroid were readmitted for infectious complications. As THA is becoming increasingly reimbursed under a bundled payments model by Medicare and Medicaid,34-36 reducing short-term readmissions is imperative. Therefore, discharge counseling that emphasizes how to recognize both the signs and symptoms of infection as well as how to prevent infections, such as reducing SSIs through appropriate wound care, may be warranted in higher risk chronic steroid users.
This study has a number of limitations that are inherent to ACS-NSQIP. First, we lacked specific information on a patient’s steroid history, including which corticosteroid they were using, dosage, frequency, and the indication for corticosteroid therapy. Therefore, we were unable to establish a dose-dependent relationship between steroid exposure and postoperative complications after THA. Second, we were able to assess only 30-day rates of complications and readmissions, and therefore, we were unable to identify intermediate- and long-term effects of systemic corticosteroid use on THA. Finally, we could not determine orthopedic- or hip-specific postoperative outcomes, such as functional scores and range of motion.
Continue to: CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this study quantified the increased risk for perioperative complications and hospital readmissions in patients who chronically use corticosteroids and are undergoing THA, when compared with those who do not use corticosteroids. These results suggest that patients who are on long-term steroids are at an increased risk for complications, primarily infectious complications. This finding has important implications for patient counseling, preoperative risk stratification, and suggests that higher risk patients, such as chronic steroid users, may benefit from improved discharge care to decrease complication rates.
ABSTRACT
Systemic corticosteroids are used to treat a number of medical conditions; however, they are associated with numerous adverse effects. The impact of preoperative chronic corticosteroid use on postoperative outcomes following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the independent effect of chronic systemic preoperative steroid use on short-term perioperative complications and readmissions after THA.
All patients undergoing primary THA in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry from 2005 to -–2015 were identified. Patients were considered chronic steroid users if they used any dosage of oral or parenteral steroids for >10 of the preceding 30 days before THA. Two equally sized propensity-matched groups based on preoperative steroid use were generated to account for differences in operative and baseline characteristics between the groups. Thirty-day complications and hospital readmissions rates were compared using bivariate analysis.
Of 101,532 THA patients who underwent primary THA, 3714 (3.7%) were identified as chronic corticosteroid users. Comparison of propensity-matched cohorts identified an increased rate of any complication (odds ratio [OR] 1.30, P = .003), sepsis (OR 2.07, P = .022), urinary tract infection (OR 1.61, P = .020), superficial surgical site infection (OR 1.73, P = .038), and hospital readmission (OR 1.50, P < .001) in patients who used systemic steroids preoperatively. Readmissions in preoperative steroid users were most commonly for infectious reasons.
Patients prescribed chronic corticosteroids are at a significantly increased risk of both 30-day periopative complications and hospital readmissions. This finding has important implications for pre- and postoperative patient counseling as well as preoperative risk stratification.
Continue to: Corticosteroids are powerful...
Corticosteroids are powerful anti-inflammatory steroid hormones that have many indications in the treatment of medical diseases, including advanced or poorly controlled asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel disease, allergic conditions, among other indications.1-4 In orthopedics and rheumatology, systemic steroids are, at times, used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and vasculitides.5-7 Overman and colleagues,8 using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2008 identified both a 1.2% prevalence of chronic corticosteroid usage in the United States across all age groups and a positive correlation between steroid use prevalence and increasing age. In that study, nearly two-thirds of survey respondents reported using corticosteroids chronically for >90 days. Another observational study in the United Kingdom found that long-term steroid prescriptions increased between 1989 to 2008 and that 13.6% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 66.5% of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis used long-term steroids.9
Enterally- or parenterally-administered corticosteroids have numerous systemic effects that are of particular relevance to orthopedic surgeons. Corticosteroids induce osteoporosis by preferentially inducing osteoclastic activity while inhibiting the differentiation of osteoblasts, ultimately leading to decreased bone quality and mass.10 As a consequence, patients who have previously used corticosteroids are more than twice as likely to have a hip fracture.11 Steroids also increase the risk of both osteonecrosis and myopathy, among other musculoskeletal effects.12 In addition to orthopedic complications, steroids have broad inhibitory effects on both acquired and innate immunity, which significantly increases the risk of infections.13 This increased risk of infection is dose-dependent14 and synergistic with other immunosuppressive drugs.15
Patients with hip pain may receive localized corticosteroid hip joint injections during the nonoperative management of various hip pathologies, including arthritis, bursitis, and labral tears.16,17 Outcomes of patients who received intra-articular corticosteroid injections before total hip arthroplasty (THA) were evaluated in a systematic review of 9 studies by Pereira and colleagues.17 These authors found that the infection rate (both superficial and deep surgical site infections [SSI]) after THA in patients who received local steroid injection into the hip before surgery was between 0% and 30%.17 However, similar studies assessing the impact that systemic steroids have on outcomes after THA are lacking. Patients who undergo THA for conditions associated with higher lifetime steroid usage have worse outcomes than those who do not. For instance, in patients undergoing THA for rheumatoid arthritis, the rates of both postoperative periprosthetic joint infection and hip dislocation are higher, when compared with osteoarthritis.18,19 However, it is unclear how much of this difference in outcomes is due to the underlying disease, adverse effects of steroids, or both. Given the high prevalence of chronic systemic steroid use, it is essential to elucidate more clearly the impact that these medications have on perioperative outcomes after THA.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize short-term perioperative outcomes, including complication and readmission rates in patients undergoing THA while taking chronic preoperative corticosteroids. We also sought to identify the most common reasons for hospital readmission in patients who did and did not use long-term steroids.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING
This investigation was a retrospective cohort study that utilized the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) registry.20 The ACS-NSQIP is a prospectively collected, multi-institutional database that collects demographical information, operative variables, and both postoperative complications and hospital readmission data. Data is collected for up to 30 days after the index procedure, and patients are contacted by telephone if they are discharged before 30 days. Patient data is entered by specially trained surgical clinical reviewers and is routinely audited by the ACS-NSQIP, leading to more accurate data when compared with administrative research databases.21,22 The ACS-NSQIP has been used in orthopedic surgery outcomes-based studies.23-25
Continue to: All patients undergoing...
All patients undergoing THA between 2005 and 2015 were identified in the registry using primary Current Procedural Terminology code 27130. Patients were split into 2 groups based on whether or not they chronically used corticosteroids preoperatively for a medical condition. A patient was considered a chronic corticosteroid user if he/she used oral or parenteral corticosteroids within 30 days before the index procedure for >10 of the preceding 30 days. Those who received a 1-time steroid pulse or those who used topical or inhaled steroids were not considered as steroid users in this study.
BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOMES
Baseline patient and operative characteristics, including patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), functional status, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, anesthesia type, operative duration, and medical comorbidities including hypertension, COPD, diabetes mellitus, and smoking history, were compared between both groups. Perioperative outcomes that were assessed in this study include death, renal, respiratory, and cardiac complications, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, stroke, sepsis, return to the operating room, urinary tract infection (UTI), wound dehiscence, superficial and deep SSI, need for a blood transfusion within 72 hours of index surgical procedure, and hospital readmissions. Renal complications were defined as acute or progressive renal insufficiency; respiratory complications were defined as failure to wean from the ventilator, need for intubation after the index procedure, and the occurrence of pneumonia; and cardiac complications were defined as myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Patients were excluded if they had missing baseline or operative characteristic data, an unclean wound classification at the time of admission, or if their THA was considered emergent.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
A propensity score-matched comparison was performed to adjust for differences in baseline and operative characteristics between the 2 cohorts in this study. In the current study, the propensity score was defined as the conditional probability that a patient chronically used preoperative corticosteroids for a medical condition, as a function of age, BMI, gender, ASA class, functional status, medical comorbidities, anesthesia type, and operative duration. A 1:1 matching with tight calipers (0.0001), and nearest-neighbor matching was used to generate 2 equally-sized, propensity-matched cohorts based on steroid status.26 Nearest-neighbor matching identifies patients in both cohorts with the closest propensity scores for inclusion in propensity-matched cohorts. This matching is continued until 1 group runs out of patients to match. Baseline patient and operative characteristics for the unadjusted and propensity-matched groups were compared using Pearson’s χ2 analysis. Outcomes after THA by steroid status were also compared in both unadjusted and propensity-matched groups. Finally, all patients who were readmitted were identified, and the reason for readmission was determined using the International Classification of Disease Ninth (ICD-9) and Tenth (ICD-10) edition codes. Patients were classified as having an infectious readmission only if the ICD code clearly stated an infectious etiology. For instance, a patient with an intestinal infection due to Clostridium difficile (ICD-9 008.45) was counted as a gastrointestinal infection, whereas diarrhea without a distinctly specified etiology (ICD-9 787.91, ICD-10 R19.7) was counted as a gastrointestinal medical complication. Readmission data was only available in ACS-NSQIP from 2011 to 2015, constituting 92.5% of all patients included in this study. We used SPSS version 23 (IBM Corporation) for all statistical analyses, and defined a significant P value as <.05.
RESULTS
BASELINE PATIENTS AND OPERATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
In total, we identified 101,532 patients who underwent THA (Table 1). O these, 3714 (3.7%) chronically used corticosteroids preoperatively, whereas 97,818 (96.3%) did not.
When the unadjusted cohorts were compared, patients using corticosteroids were more likely to be female, less likely to obese, more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, COPD, higher ASA class, undergone THA with general anesthesia, and have a dependent functional status (P < .001 for all comparisons). After propensity matching, 2 equally sized cohorts of 3618 patients each were generated based on steroid status and no differences in baseline and operative characteristics were identified between the 2 groups.
Continue to: CLINICAL OUTCOMES BY STEROID STATUS
CLINCIAL OUTCOMES BY STEROID STATUS
A comparison of unadjusted cohorts showed that patients who used preoperative steroids had an increased rate of any complication (7.89%) when compared with those who did not (4.87%) (Table 2).
Similarly, those who used corticosteroids preoperatively had an increased rate of renal complications, respiratory complications, return to the operating room, sepsis, UTI, superficial and deep SSI, and perioperative blood transfusions. They also were more likely to have a 30-day hospital readmission (P < .05 for all comparisons).
When propensity-matched cohorts were compared, patients who used steroids preoperatively were found to have higher rates of any complication (odds Ratio [OR] 1.30, P = .003), sepsis (OR 2.07, P = .022), UTI (OR 1.61, P = .020), superficial SSI (OR 1.73, P = .038), and hospital readmission (OR 1.50, P < .001; Table 3).
REASONS FOR HOSPITAL READMISSION
In total, 3397 patients were readmitted to the hospital within thirty days. Of these, 226 used steroids preoperatively, and 3171 did not (Table 4).
The most common reason for hospital readmission in patients who used preoperative corticosteroids was infectious complications (72 patients, 31.9% of all readmitted patients in this cohort), followed by medical complications (59 patients, 26.1%), and hip-related complications (48 patients, 21.2%). In those who did not use steroids preoperatively, the most common reason for hospital readmission was medical complications (932 patients, 29.4% of all readmitted patients in this cohort), followed by infectious complications (792 patients, 25.0%), and hip-related complications (763 patients, 24.1%).
Continue to: DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
Nearly 3% of individuals >80 years in the US population chronically use corticosteroids for a medical condition,8 and this rate is likely higher in specific subsets of patients, such as those with rheumatoid arthritis.9 While some studies have assessed the impact of intra-articular corticosteroid hip injections on perioperative outcomes in THA,17 similar studies assessing systemic corticosteroid usage are lacking. The purpose of this study was to characterize short-term perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing THA who chronically use systemic steroids when compared with those who do not. We found that the prevalence of preoperative chronic steroid use in this cohort of THA patients was 3.7%. We also identified increased rates of infectious complications, including sepsis, UTI, and superficial SSI, in patients who used preoperative corticosteroids. Furthermore, we found an increased rate of hospital readmissions in corticosteroid users and identified the most common reason for hospital readmission as infectious complications in this cohort.
The primary finding of this study was an increase in postoperative infections in patients who use preoperative steroids chronically for medical conditions. Immunosuppression has previously been identified as a risk factor for developing periprosthetic joint infections. Tannenbaum and colleagues27 performed a retrospective study of 19 patients who underwent either a kidney or liver transplant and were maintained on an induction regimen of either prednisone and azathioprine or cyclosporine. These 19 patients also underwent either a THA or total knee arthroplasty, and 5 of these patients (26.3%) developed a periprosthetic joint infection after an average of 3.4 years following the arthroplasty procedure. In another study of 37 renal transplant and dialysis patients who underwent a total of 45 THA procedures, there were 3 instances of superficial SSI and 2 instances of deep SSI.28 However, reported infection rates in transplant patients undergoing THA vary significantly, and studies have been unable to assess the true impact that chronic immunosuppression has on perioperative infection rates.29 In this study, patients who used preoperative corticosteroids chronically were at increased risk of perioperative infections, including sepsis, UTI, and superficial SSI.
Deep vein thrombosis is another postoperative complication that has been associated with chronic steroid use.30 In a case-control study of 38,765 patients who developed a venous thromboembolism and 387,650 control patients who did not, Johannesdottir and colleagues30 found an increased thromboembolic risk in current users of systemic glucocorticoids, but not former users, as well as an increased risk as the dose of glucocorticoids increased. We were not able to identify a similar increase in DVT/PE in chronic corticosteroid users, perhaps due to our sample size, or because we could not do subgroup analyses based on the type or dosage of steroid that a patient was taking. Future studies that identify the highest risk patients among those using systemic corticosteroids are important because parenteral corticosteroids are being increasingly used in THA to alleviate postoperative pain as an opioid-sparing measure.31,32
Finally, we also found that patients who use chronic, systemic corticosteroids are at an increased risk for hospital readmission, when compared with those patients who are not using steroids and are most likely to be readmitted for an infectious complication. Schairer and colleagues33 assessed readmission rates after THA and found 30- and 90-day readmission rate of 4% and 7%, respectively. These authors also found that medical complications accounted for approximately 25% of readmissions, and hip-related complications (eg, dislocation, SSI) accounted for >50%. In our study, we found a 30-day readmission rate in non-steroid users of 3.53% and a rate of 6.52% in chronic steroid users. More than 30% of patients using a steroid were readmitted for infectious complications. As THA is becoming increasingly reimbursed under a bundled payments model by Medicare and Medicaid,34-36 reducing short-term readmissions is imperative. Therefore, discharge counseling that emphasizes how to recognize both the signs and symptoms of infection as well as how to prevent infections, such as reducing SSIs through appropriate wound care, may be warranted in higher risk chronic steroid users.
This study has a number of limitations that are inherent to ACS-NSQIP. First, we lacked specific information on a patient’s steroid history, including which corticosteroid they were using, dosage, frequency, and the indication for corticosteroid therapy. Therefore, we were unable to establish a dose-dependent relationship between steroid exposure and postoperative complications after THA. Second, we were able to assess only 30-day rates of complications and readmissions, and therefore, we were unable to identify intermediate- and long-term effects of systemic corticosteroid use on THA. Finally, we could not determine orthopedic- or hip-specific postoperative outcomes, such as functional scores and range of motion.
Continue to: CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this study quantified the increased risk for perioperative complications and hospital readmissions in patients who chronically use corticosteroids and are undergoing THA, when compared with those who do not use corticosteroids. These results suggest that patients who are on long-term steroids are at an increased risk for complications, primarily infectious complications. This finding has important implications for patient counseling, preoperative risk stratification, and suggests that higher risk patients, such as chronic steroid users, may benefit from improved discharge care to decrease complication rates.
1. Normansell R, Kew KM, Mansour G. Different oral corticosteroid regimens for acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;13(5):CD011801. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011801.pub2.
2. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, Wood-Baker R. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD006897.
3. Nunes T, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Marin-Jimenez I, Nos P, Sans M. Oral locally active steroids in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(3):183-191. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.06.010.
4. Karatzanis A, Chatzidakis A, Milioni A, Vlaminck S, Kawauchi H, Velegrakis S, et al. Contemporary use of corticosteroids in rhinology. Curr Allergy Asthm R. 2017;17(2). doi: 10.1007/s11882-017-0679-0.
5. Parker BJ, Bruce IN. High dose methylprednisolone therapy for the treatment of severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16(6):387-393. doi: 10.1177/0961203307079502.
6. Ferreira JF, Ahmed Mohamed AA, Emery P. Glucocorticoids and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016;42(1):33-46. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2015.08.006.
7. Buttgereit F, Dejaco C, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a systematic review. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2442-2458. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.5444.
8. Overman RA, Yeh JY, Deal CL. Prevalence of oral glucocorticoid usage in the United States: a general population perspective. Arthritis Care Res. 2013;65(2):294-298. doi: 10.1002/acr.21796.
9. Fardet L, Petersen I, Nazareth I. Prevalence of long-term oral glucocorticoid prescriptions in the UK over the past 20 years. Rheumatology. 2011;50(11):1982-1990. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker017.
10. Canalis E, Mazziotti G, Giustina A, Bilezikian JP. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathophysiology and therapy.Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(10):1319-1328. doi: 10.1007/s00198-007-0394-0.
11. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, Johnell O, de Laet C, Melton LJ, et al. A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(6):893-899. doi: /10.1359/JBMR.040134.
12. Caplan A, Fett N, Rosenbach M, Werth VP, Micheletti RG. Prevention and management of glucocorticoid-induced side effects: a comprehensive review: a review of glucocorticoid pharmacology and bone health. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.01.062.
13. Cutolo M, Seriolo B, Pizzorni C, Secchi ME, Soldano S, Paolino S, et al. Use of glucocorticoids and risk of infections. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;8(2):153-155. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.010.
14. Blackwood LL, Pennington JE. Dose-dependent effect of glucocorticosteroids on pulmonary defenses in a steroid-resistant host. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;126(6):1045-1049.
15. Toruner M, Loftus EV, Jr., Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Orenstein R, Sandborn WJ, et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(4):929-936. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.012.
16. Barratt PA, Brookes N, Newson A. Conservative treatments for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(2):97-104. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095858.
17. Pereira LC, Kerr J, Jolles BM. Intra-articular steroid injection for osteoarthritis of the hip prior to total hip arthroplasty: is it safe? a systematic review. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B(8):1027-1035. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.98B8.37420.
18. Ravi B, Escott B, Shah PS, Jenkinson R, Chahal J, Bogoch E, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing complications following total joint arthroplasty for rheumatoid arthritis versus for osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(12):3839-3849. doi: 10.1002/art.37690.
19. Ravi B, Croxford R, Hollands S, Paterson JM, Bogoch E, Kreder H, et al. Increased risk of complications following total joint arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(2):254-263. doi: 10.1002/art.38231.
20. ACS NSQIP Participant Use Data Files. https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/acs-nsqip/program-specifics/participant-use. Accessed December 6, 2018.
21. Lawson EH, Louie R, Zingmond DS, Brook RH, Hall BL, Han L, et al. A comparison of clinical registry versus administrative claims data for reporting of 30-day surgical complications. Ann Surg. 2012;256(6):973-981. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31826b4c4f.
22. Weiss A, Anderson JE, Chang DC. Comparing the national surgical quality improvement program with the nationwide inpatient sample database. JAMA Surg. 2015;150(8):815-816. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.0962.
23. Boddapati V, Fu MC, Mayman DJ, Su EP, Sculco PK, McLawhorn AS. Revision total knee arthroplasty for periprosthetic joint infection is associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality relative to noninfectious revisions. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33(2):521-526. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.09.021.
24. Boddapati V, Fu MC, Schairer WW, Gulotta LV, Dines DM, Dines JS. Revision total shoulder arthroplasty is associated with increased thirty-day postoperative complications and wound infections relative to primary total shoulder arthroplasty. HSS J. 2018;14(1):23-28. doi: 10.1007/s11420-017-9573-5.
25. Boddapati V, Fu MC, Schiarer WW, Ranawat AS, Dines DM, Taylor SA, Dines DM. Increased shoulder arthroscopy time is associated with overnight hospital stay and surgical site infection. Arthroscopy. 2018;34(2):363-368. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.08.243.
26. Lunt M. Selecting an appropriate caliper can be essential for achieving good balance with propensity score matching. Am J Epidemiol. 2014 Jan 15;179(2):226-235. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt212.
27. Tannenbaum DA, Matthews LS, Grady-Benson JC. Infection around joint replacements in patients who have a renal or liver transplantation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(1):36-43.
28. Shrader MW, Schall D, Parvizi J, McCarthy JT, Lewallen DG. Total hip arthroplasty in patients with renal failure: a comparison between transplant and dialysis patients. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21(3):324-329. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2005.07.008.
29. Nowicki P, Chaudhary H. Total hip replacement in renal transplant patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89(12):1561-1566.
30. Johannesdottir SA, Horváth-Puhó E, Dekkers OM, Cannegieter SC, Jørgensen JO, Ehrenstein V, et al. Use of glucocorticoids and risk of venous thromboembolism: a nationwide population-based case-control study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(9):743-752. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.122.
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32. Sculco PK, McLawhorn AS, Desai N, Su EP, Padgett DE, Jules-Elysee K. The effect of perioperative corticosteroids in total hip arthroplasty: a prospective double-blind placebo controlled pilot study. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(6):1208-1212. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2015.11.011.
33. Schairer WW, Sing DC, Vail TP, Bozic KJ. Causes and frequency of unplanned hospital readmission after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(2):464-470. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3121-5.
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36. Bosco JA, 3rd, Karkenny AJ, Hutzler LH, Slover JD, Iorio R. Cost burden of 30-day readmissions following Medicare total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(5): 903-905. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.11.006.
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31. Hartman J, Khanna V, Habib A, Farrokhyar F, Memon M, Adili A. Perioperative systemic glucocorticoids in total hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review of outcomes. J Orthop. 2017;14(2):294-301. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2017.03.012.
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33. Schairer WW, Sing DC, Vail TP, Bozic KJ. Causes and frequency of unplanned hospital readmission after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(2):464-470. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3121-5.
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35. Bozic KJ, Ward L, Vail TP, Maze M. Bundled payments in total joint arthroplasty: targeting opportunities for quality improvement and cost reduction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(1):188-193. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3034-3.
36. Bosco JA, 3rd, Karkenny AJ, Hutzler LH, Slover JD, Iorio R. Cost burden of 30-day readmissions following Medicare total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(5): 903-905. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2013.11.006.
TAKE-HOME POINTS
- The rate of preoperative corticosteroid usage is low (3.7%).
- Patients using preoperative corticosteroids had increased rates of total 30-day complications.
- Adverse outcomes that are increased include infectious complications (eg, sepsis, urinary tract infection, surgical site infection).
- Hospital readmissions are also increased in patients taking preoperative corticosteroids, with the most common reason being infection.
- Increased postoperative counseling and surveillance may be warranted in this patient population.