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Growing Painful Nodule on the Lower Lip
The Diagnosis: Verrucous Carcinoma
An excisional biopsy revealed an endophytic and exophytic squamous proliferation with a papillomatous growth pattern, bulbous pushing border, and confluent parakeratosis (Figure). No fungal organisms were seen. Due to clinical and histological findings, a diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma (VC) was made.
Verrucous carcinoma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with specific clinical and histological features.1 These tumors have a slow and localized growth pattern but can be locally aggressive. Metastasis of VC is rare, giving VC an overall good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate greater than 75%.2 Verrucous carcinoma typically occurs in 1 of 3 locations: the oropharynx, genitals, or soles of the feet. Depending on the site of involvement, various names have been used in the literature to describe this entity, including Ackerman tumor (solitary oral mucosal lesion), Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (genital involvement), florid oral papillomatosis (multiple oral lesions), and carcinoma cuniculatum (sole of the foot).3 The most common sites for VC in the oral cavity are the buccal mucosa and gingiva.4
Verrucous carcinoma occurs more often among men in the sixth decade of life.3 The etiology of oral VC remains unclear; however, use of chewing tobacco, chemical carcinogens, chronic irritation, human papillomavirus (HPV), and poor oral hygiene have been reported as predisposing risk factors.4,5 The role of HPV in the pathogenesis of VC remains controversial, but both low-risk types HPV-6 and HPV-11 and high-risk types HPV-16 and HPV-18 have been found in association with VC.5,6
Clinically, oral VC lesions most often present as pink-white erythematous papules or plaques with exophytic cauliflowerlike surface alterations. Although the tumors are slow growing with little risk for metastasis, they may be locally invasive with deep involvement of the surrounding
structures.1 Histopathologically, VC displays proliferation of the epithelium with downward growth into the connective tissue but usually without a pattern of true invasion. The epithelium is well differentiated and displays little pleomorphism or mitoses.5,7 Obtaining a generous biopsy specimen is essential to view the diagnostic architecture of VC and rule out other entities, such as viral verruca, blastomycosis, SCC, and verruciform xanthoma. Squamous cell carcinoma characteristically has a more infiltrative border as opposed to the bulbous border of VC. In addition, the distribution of p53 and Ki-67 staining differs between SCC and VC. Squamous cell carcinoma shows positive p53 and Ki-67 staining for the full thickness of the epidermis, while VC has positive staining only in the lower third of the epidermis.5
Surgical resection is considered the first-line treatment of VC through excision or Mohs micrographic surgery. Radiation therapy is controversial due to the risk for anaplastic transformation. When surgery is not ideal due to the tumor size or location or the patient’s preference, other treatment modalities with reported success include intralesional interferon alfa; cryosurgery; topical imiquimod; and topical or systemic cytostatic agents such as bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, or methotrexate.1,2
- Pattee SF, Bordeaux J, Mahalingam M, et al. Verrucous carcinoma of the scalp. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;56:506-508.
- Nikkels AF, Thirion L, Quatresooz P, et al. Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous verrucous carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:516-519.
- Ho J, Diven DG, Butler PJ, et al. An ulcerating verrucous plaque on the foot. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:547-552.
- Sonalika WG, Anand T. Oral verrucous carcinoma: a retrospective analysis for clinicopathologic features. J Cancer Res Ther. 2016;12:142-145.
- Dubina M, Goldenberg G. Viral-associated nonmelanoma skin cancers: a review. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009;31:561-573.
- Geusau A, Heinz-Peer G, Volc-Platzer B, et al. Regression of deeply infiltrating giant condyloma (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) following long-term intralesional interferon alpha therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:707-710.
- Ansai S, Kimura T, Hayashi M. Fatal genital verrucous carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2007;29:68-71.
The Diagnosis: Verrucous Carcinoma
An excisional biopsy revealed an endophytic and exophytic squamous proliferation with a papillomatous growth pattern, bulbous pushing border, and confluent parakeratosis (Figure). No fungal organisms were seen. Due to clinical and histological findings, a diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma (VC) was made.
Verrucous carcinoma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with specific clinical and histological features.1 These tumors have a slow and localized growth pattern but can be locally aggressive. Metastasis of VC is rare, giving VC an overall good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate greater than 75%.2 Verrucous carcinoma typically occurs in 1 of 3 locations: the oropharynx, genitals, or soles of the feet. Depending on the site of involvement, various names have been used in the literature to describe this entity, including Ackerman tumor (solitary oral mucosal lesion), Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (genital involvement), florid oral papillomatosis (multiple oral lesions), and carcinoma cuniculatum (sole of the foot).3 The most common sites for VC in the oral cavity are the buccal mucosa and gingiva.4
Verrucous carcinoma occurs more often among men in the sixth decade of life.3 The etiology of oral VC remains unclear; however, use of chewing tobacco, chemical carcinogens, chronic irritation, human papillomavirus (HPV), and poor oral hygiene have been reported as predisposing risk factors.4,5 The role of HPV in the pathogenesis of VC remains controversial, but both low-risk types HPV-6 and HPV-11 and high-risk types HPV-16 and HPV-18 have been found in association with VC.5,6
Clinically, oral VC lesions most often present as pink-white erythematous papules or plaques with exophytic cauliflowerlike surface alterations. Although the tumors are slow growing with little risk for metastasis, they may be locally invasive with deep involvement of the surrounding
structures.1 Histopathologically, VC displays proliferation of the epithelium with downward growth into the connective tissue but usually without a pattern of true invasion. The epithelium is well differentiated and displays little pleomorphism or mitoses.5,7 Obtaining a generous biopsy specimen is essential to view the diagnostic architecture of VC and rule out other entities, such as viral verruca, blastomycosis, SCC, and verruciform xanthoma. Squamous cell carcinoma characteristically has a more infiltrative border as opposed to the bulbous border of VC. In addition, the distribution of p53 and Ki-67 staining differs between SCC and VC. Squamous cell carcinoma shows positive p53 and Ki-67 staining for the full thickness of the epidermis, while VC has positive staining only in the lower third of the epidermis.5
Surgical resection is considered the first-line treatment of VC through excision or Mohs micrographic surgery. Radiation therapy is controversial due to the risk for anaplastic transformation. When surgery is not ideal due to the tumor size or location or the patient’s preference, other treatment modalities with reported success include intralesional interferon alfa; cryosurgery; topical imiquimod; and topical or systemic cytostatic agents such as bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, or methotrexate.1,2
The Diagnosis: Verrucous Carcinoma
An excisional biopsy revealed an endophytic and exophytic squamous proliferation with a papillomatous growth pattern, bulbous pushing border, and confluent parakeratosis (Figure). No fungal organisms were seen. Due to clinical and histological findings, a diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma (VC) was made.
Verrucous carcinoma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with specific clinical and histological features.1 These tumors have a slow and localized growth pattern but can be locally aggressive. Metastasis of VC is rare, giving VC an overall good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate greater than 75%.2 Verrucous carcinoma typically occurs in 1 of 3 locations: the oropharynx, genitals, or soles of the feet. Depending on the site of involvement, various names have been used in the literature to describe this entity, including Ackerman tumor (solitary oral mucosal lesion), Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (genital involvement), florid oral papillomatosis (multiple oral lesions), and carcinoma cuniculatum (sole of the foot).3 The most common sites for VC in the oral cavity are the buccal mucosa and gingiva.4
Verrucous carcinoma occurs more often among men in the sixth decade of life.3 The etiology of oral VC remains unclear; however, use of chewing tobacco, chemical carcinogens, chronic irritation, human papillomavirus (HPV), and poor oral hygiene have been reported as predisposing risk factors.4,5 The role of HPV in the pathogenesis of VC remains controversial, but both low-risk types HPV-6 and HPV-11 and high-risk types HPV-16 and HPV-18 have been found in association with VC.5,6
Clinically, oral VC lesions most often present as pink-white erythematous papules or plaques with exophytic cauliflowerlike surface alterations. Although the tumors are slow growing with little risk for metastasis, they may be locally invasive with deep involvement of the surrounding
structures.1 Histopathologically, VC displays proliferation of the epithelium with downward growth into the connective tissue but usually without a pattern of true invasion. The epithelium is well differentiated and displays little pleomorphism or mitoses.5,7 Obtaining a generous biopsy specimen is essential to view the diagnostic architecture of VC and rule out other entities, such as viral verruca, blastomycosis, SCC, and verruciform xanthoma. Squamous cell carcinoma characteristically has a more infiltrative border as opposed to the bulbous border of VC. In addition, the distribution of p53 and Ki-67 staining differs between SCC and VC. Squamous cell carcinoma shows positive p53 and Ki-67 staining for the full thickness of the epidermis, while VC has positive staining only in the lower third of the epidermis.5
Surgical resection is considered the first-line treatment of VC through excision or Mohs micrographic surgery. Radiation therapy is controversial due to the risk for anaplastic transformation. When surgery is not ideal due to the tumor size or location or the patient’s preference, other treatment modalities with reported success include intralesional interferon alfa; cryosurgery; topical imiquimod; and topical or systemic cytostatic agents such as bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, or methotrexate.1,2
- Pattee SF, Bordeaux J, Mahalingam M, et al. Verrucous carcinoma of the scalp. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;56:506-508.
- Nikkels AF, Thirion L, Quatresooz P, et al. Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous verrucous carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:516-519.
- Ho J, Diven DG, Butler PJ, et al. An ulcerating verrucous plaque on the foot. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:547-552.
- Sonalika WG, Anand T. Oral verrucous carcinoma: a retrospective analysis for clinicopathologic features. J Cancer Res Ther. 2016;12:142-145.
- Dubina M, Goldenberg G. Viral-associated nonmelanoma skin cancers: a review. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009;31:561-573.
- Geusau A, Heinz-Peer G, Volc-Platzer B, et al. Regression of deeply infiltrating giant condyloma (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) following long-term intralesional interferon alpha therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:707-710.
- Ansai S, Kimura T, Hayashi M. Fatal genital verrucous carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2007;29:68-71.
- Pattee SF, Bordeaux J, Mahalingam M, et al. Verrucous carcinoma of the scalp. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;56:506-508.
- Nikkels AF, Thirion L, Quatresooz P, et al. Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous verrucous carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:516-519.
- Ho J, Diven DG, Butler PJ, et al. An ulcerating verrucous plaque on the foot. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:547-552.
- Sonalika WG, Anand T. Oral verrucous carcinoma: a retrospective analysis for clinicopathologic features. J Cancer Res Ther. 2016;12:142-145.
- Dubina M, Goldenberg G. Viral-associated nonmelanoma skin cancers: a review. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009;31:561-573.
- Geusau A, Heinz-Peer G, Volc-Platzer B, et al. Regression of deeply infiltrating giant condyloma (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) following long-term intralesional interferon alpha therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:707-710.
- Ansai S, Kimura T, Hayashi M. Fatal genital verrucous carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2007;29:68-71.
