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Trends in Hysterectomy Rates and Approaches in the VA
The VA operates the largest integrated health care system in the country, consisting of 144 hospitals and 1,221 outpatient clinics. This system provides medical care for about 22 million veterans. In 2015, women accounted for nearly 10% of the veteran population and are expected to increase to about 16% by 2040.1 With an expected population increase of 18,000 per year over the next 10 years, women are the fastest growing group of veterans.
The VA acknowledges that women are an integral part of the veteran community and that a paradigm shift must occur to meet their unique health needs. Although clinical services specific to women veterans’ health needs have been introduced within the VA, gynecologic surgical services must be addressed in order to improve access and provide comprehensive women’s health care within the VA system.
About 600,000 hysterectomies are performed annually in the U.S., making this procedure one of the most commonly performed in women.2 Over the past 30 years, technologic advances have allowed surgeons to perform more hysterectomies via minimally invasive methods. Both the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists have published consensus statements that minimally invasive hysterectomy should be the standard of care.3,4 Studies in non-VA facilities have shown that practice patterns in the route of hysterectomy have evolved with the advancement of surgical equipment and techniques.
It is uncertain, however, whether these changes in practice patterns exist in the VA, because there are limited published data. Given the frequency of hysterectomies in the U.S., the rate and route of this procedure are easily identifiable measures that can be evaluated and utilized as a comparison model for health care received within the VA vs the civilian sector.
The aim of this study was to assess the changes in rate and surgical approach to benign hysterectomy for women veterans at VAMCs and referrals to non-VA facilities over a 10-year period. The authors’ hypothesis was that a minimally invasive approach would be more common in recent years. This study also compares published national data to evaluate whether the VA is offering comparable surgical services to the civilian sector.
Methods
The institutional review boards of Indiana University and the Richard L. Roudebush VAMC in Indianapolis, Indiana, approved this retrospective cross-sectional study. The VHA Support Service Center (VSSC) authorized access to VA database information.
All women veterans who underwent hysterectomy for benign indications from fiscal years (FY) 2005 to 2014 were included. In order to identify this group, the authors queried the VA Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) and the Non-VA Care Cube for all hysterectomy current procedural terminology (CPT) codes typically performed for benign indications, including 58150, 58152, 58180, 58260, 58262, 58263, 58267, 58270, 58290, 58291, 58292, 58293, 58294, 58541, 58542, 58543, 58544, 58550, 58552, 58553, 58554, 58570, 58571, 58572, and 58573. For each patient identified, the following variables were collected: date of the procedure, facility location, primary CPT code, primary ICD-9 code, and patient age. Patients whose primary ICD-9 code was for a malignancy of gynecologic origin were excluded from the study.
The CDW is a national database collected by the VA Office of Information and Technology to provide clinical data for VA analytical purposes. The Non-VA Care Cube identifies services purchased for veterans with non-VA care dollars and, therefore, captures women veterans who were referred outside the VA for a hysterectomy. Additional data collected include age, gender, hospital complexity, place of care, payment location, primary CPT, primary ICD-9, and several other parameters. The annual number of women veterans accessing VA health care was extracted from the VSSC Unique Patients Cube.
Laparoscopic hysterectomy was defined as total laparoscopic hysterectomy, laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, laparoscopic-supracervical hysterectomy, and robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy. Minimally invasive hysterectomy was defined as all laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomies.
Frequency distributions between categoric variables were compared using chi-squared tests. The population-adjusted hysterectomy rates were estimated by dividing the total number of hysterectomies by the number of women veterans accessing VA medical care. Hysterectomy rates are reported as rate per 1,000 women per year. A time trend analysis was performed with linear regression to evaluate the slopes of trends for each route of hysterectomy, using Microsoft Excel 2010 (Redmond, WA). The authors analyzed the relationship between route of hysterectomy and fiscal year, using a multivariable logistic regression that was adjusted for age, district, and surgical diagnosis. The adjusted relative risk (RR) for each type of hysterectomy was reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 12.0 (Chicago, IL) with P < .05 defined as being statistically significant.To ensure the accuracy of the CDW data, the documented CPT and ICD-9 codes were compared between the CDW and the VA electronic medical records (EMR) for 400 charts selected at random. This cohort represents about 5% of the total charts and was felt to be an adequate measure of the entire sample since the CPT and ICD-9 codes were verified and matched 100% of the time. Demographic and descriptive data regarding body mass index, level of education, race, smoking status, medical comorbidities, and surgical history were excluded from the study because it was either not available or not consistently reported within the CDW.
Results
A retrospective query of the CDW identified 8,327 hysterectomies performed at the VA for benign indications from fiscal year (FY) 2005 to FY 2014. The total number of annual hysterectomies at the VA increased 30.7% from 710 in FY 2004 to 1,025 in FY 2014. The annual number of women veterans who accessed VA health care increased 30.8% from 412,271 to 596,011 during the same time frame. Thus, the population adjusted hysterectomy rate remained stable at 1.72 (Figure 1).
The authors also analyzed the VA data by district and decided to highlight the most recent data trends, as this is most applicable to how the VA currently operates. During FY 2014, the VA hysterectomy rates were as follows: district 1 (North Atlantic) 1.52; district 2 (Southeast) 2.21; district 3 (Midwest) 1.47; district 4 (Continental) 1.43; and district 5 (Pacific) 1.64 (Figure 2)
During the study period, calculated hysterectomy rates based on route at the VA showed that the laparoscopic hysterectomy rate increased from 0.11 to 0.53, the vaginal hysterectomy rate remained relatively stable at 0.34 to 0.37, and the abdominal hysterectomy rate declined from 1.28 to 0.8 (Figure 3).
Discussion
Although the total hysterectomy rate within the VA remained stable during the study period, the minimally invasive hysterectomy rate increased significantly. In FY 2014, the majority of hysterectomies at the VA were performed via a minimally invasive approach. Minimally invasive hysterectomy has many recognized advantages over abdominal hysterectomy as it offers a significant reduction in postoperative pain, narcotic use, length of stay, intraoperative blood loss, fever, deep venous thrombosis, and a faster recovery with return to baseline functioning thus improving overall quality of life.5-7 Previous literature of VA hysterectomy data from 1991 to 1997 reported an abdominal hysterectomy percentage of 74%, vaginal hysterectomy percentage of 22%, and laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy percentage of 4%.8
Additionally, previous literature of the civilian sector reported a national laparoscopic hysterectomy percentage of 32.4% in 2012, which is comparable to the laparoscopic hysterectomy percentage found in this study.9,10 These data highlight the growth of laparoscopic hysterectomy at the VA, which is comparable to that of the civilian sector.The Nationwide Inpatient Sample reported an abdominal hysterectomy percentage of 66.1% in 2003 and 52.8% in 2012.9,10 The authors observed a similar decline in the abdominal hysterectomy rate at the VA over the period studied. Although many factors may have contributed to this decline, the growth of laparoscopic hysterectomy was a possible contributing factor since the vaginal hysterectomy rate remained stable over the study period. Future studies are needed to evaluate surgical complications and readmission rates in order to more accurately assess the quality of gynecologic surgical care provided by the VA compared with the civilian sector.
Strengths and Limitations
This study has several important strengths. First, the large sample size from VA nationwide databases included information from all VAMC performing hysterectomies. Second, this study included 10 years of data, with the latest data from 2014, allowing for depiction of both long-term and recent trends.
Potential issues with large databases such as the CDW and the Non-VA Care Cube included inaccurate coding of procedures and diagnoses as well as missing data. This possible limitation was addressed by randomly selecting 400 patients in the database to verify the database information against the patient’s EMR, which matched 100% of the time. In addition, the authors calculated the hysterectomy rates using a denominator based on all women veterans accessing VA health care, which included women who had previously had a hysterectomy. Therefore, the true hysterectomy rate may have been underestimated.
Conclusion
The VA operates the largest health care system in the U.S. with more than 500,000 women veterans currently utilizing VA health care.11 The VA provides services to women veterans living in urban, suburban, and rural areas. The breadth of geographic locations, the declining number of VA facilities offering gynecologic surgical services, and the growing population of female veterans present unique challenges to providing accessible and comparable health care to these female patients.
VA district 4 (Continental) has the lowest population density as well as the lowest VA hysterectomy rate in FY 2014, which may be attributable to the aforementioned challenges. As a result of these challenges, an increasing number of gynecologic surgical referrals to non-VA facilities was observed during the study period. The VA has made considerable progress in supporting and promoting health care for women by strategically enhancing services and access for women veterans. Although the number of hysterectomies has increased across VA facilities offering gynecologic surgical services, about 1 in 3 women veterans are referred to non-VA facilities for their gynecologic surgical needs. The VA has a challenging opportunity to expand gynecologic surgical services and improve access for the growing population of women veterans. To accommodate this growth, the VA may consider strategically increasing the number of facilities providing gynecologic surgical services or expanding established gynecologic surgical departments.
1. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. Unique veteran users profile FY 2015. https://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/SpecialReports/Profile_of_Unique_Veteran_Users_2015.pdf. Published December 2016. Accessed August 24, 2017.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hysterectomy surveillance - United States, 1994-1999. Malaria surveillance - United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 2002;55(SS-5):1-28. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13513/Share. Published July 12, 2002. Accessed August 24, 2017.
3. AAGL Advancing Minimally Invasive Gynecology Worldwide. AAGL position statement: route of hysterectomy to treat benign uterine disease. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2011;18(1):1-3.
4. [No authors listed]. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 444: choosing the route of hysterectomy for benign disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(5):1156-1158.
5. Garry R, Fountain J, Mason S, et al. The eVALuate study: two parallel randomised trials, one comparing laparoscopic with abdominal hysterectomy, the other comparing laparoscopic with vaginal hysterectomy. BMJ. 2004;328:129.
6. Marana R, Busacca M, Zupi E, Garcea N, Paparella P, Catalano GF. Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy versus total abdominal hysterectomy: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(2, pt 1):270-275.
7. Aarts JW, Nieboer TE, Johnson N, et al. Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(8):CD003677.
8. Weaver F, Hynes D, Goldberg JM, Khuri S, Daley J, Henderson W. Hysterectomy in Veterans Affairs medical centers. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(6):88-94.
9. Desai VB, Xu X. An update on inpatient hysterectomy routes in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(5):742-743.
10. Wu JM, Wechter ME, Geller EJ, Nguyen TV, Visco AG. Hysterectomy rates in the United States, 2003. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(5):1091-1095.
11. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Study of barriers for women veterans to VA health care. Final report 2015. http://www.womenshealth.va.gov/WOMENSHEALTH/docs/Womens%20Health%20Services_Barriers%20to%20Care%20Final%20Report_April2015.pdf. Published April 2015. Accessed August 24, 2017
The VA operates the largest integrated health care system in the country, consisting of 144 hospitals and 1,221 outpatient clinics. This system provides medical care for about 22 million veterans. In 2015, women accounted for nearly 10% of the veteran population and are expected to increase to about 16% by 2040.1 With an expected population increase of 18,000 per year over the next 10 years, women are the fastest growing group of veterans.
The VA acknowledges that women are an integral part of the veteran community and that a paradigm shift must occur to meet their unique health needs. Although clinical services specific to women veterans’ health needs have been introduced within the VA, gynecologic surgical services must be addressed in order to improve access and provide comprehensive women’s health care within the VA system.
About 600,000 hysterectomies are performed annually in the U.S., making this procedure one of the most commonly performed in women.2 Over the past 30 years, technologic advances have allowed surgeons to perform more hysterectomies via minimally invasive methods. Both the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists have published consensus statements that minimally invasive hysterectomy should be the standard of care.3,4 Studies in non-VA facilities have shown that practice patterns in the route of hysterectomy have evolved with the advancement of surgical equipment and techniques.
It is uncertain, however, whether these changes in practice patterns exist in the VA, because there are limited published data. Given the frequency of hysterectomies in the U.S., the rate and route of this procedure are easily identifiable measures that can be evaluated and utilized as a comparison model for health care received within the VA vs the civilian sector.
The aim of this study was to assess the changes in rate and surgical approach to benign hysterectomy for women veterans at VAMCs and referrals to non-VA facilities over a 10-year period. The authors’ hypothesis was that a minimally invasive approach would be more common in recent years. This study also compares published national data to evaluate whether the VA is offering comparable surgical services to the civilian sector.
Methods
The institutional review boards of Indiana University and the Richard L. Roudebush VAMC in Indianapolis, Indiana, approved this retrospective cross-sectional study. The VHA Support Service Center (VSSC) authorized access to VA database information.
All women veterans who underwent hysterectomy for benign indications from fiscal years (FY) 2005 to 2014 were included. In order to identify this group, the authors queried the VA Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) and the Non-VA Care Cube for all hysterectomy current procedural terminology (CPT) codes typically performed for benign indications, including 58150, 58152, 58180, 58260, 58262, 58263, 58267, 58270, 58290, 58291, 58292, 58293, 58294, 58541, 58542, 58543, 58544, 58550, 58552, 58553, 58554, 58570, 58571, 58572, and 58573. For each patient identified, the following variables were collected: date of the procedure, facility location, primary CPT code, primary ICD-9 code, and patient age. Patients whose primary ICD-9 code was for a malignancy of gynecologic origin were excluded from the study.
The CDW is a national database collected by the VA Office of Information and Technology to provide clinical data for VA analytical purposes. The Non-VA Care Cube identifies services purchased for veterans with non-VA care dollars and, therefore, captures women veterans who were referred outside the VA for a hysterectomy. Additional data collected include age, gender, hospital complexity, place of care, payment location, primary CPT, primary ICD-9, and several other parameters. The annual number of women veterans accessing VA health care was extracted from the VSSC Unique Patients Cube.
Laparoscopic hysterectomy was defined as total laparoscopic hysterectomy, laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, laparoscopic-supracervical hysterectomy, and robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy. Minimally invasive hysterectomy was defined as all laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomies.
Frequency distributions between categoric variables were compared using chi-squared tests. The population-adjusted hysterectomy rates were estimated by dividing the total number of hysterectomies by the number of women veterans accessing VA medical care. Hysterectomy rates are reported as rate per 1,000 women per year. A time trend analysis was performed with linear regression to evaluate the slopes of trends for each route of hysterectomy, using Microsoft Excel 2010 (Redmond, WA). The authors analyzed the relationship between route of hysterectomy and fiscal year, using a multivariable logistic regression that was adjusted for age, district, and surgical diagnosis. The adjusted relative risk (RR) for each type of hysterectomy was reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 12.0 (Chicago, IL) with P < .05 defined as being statistically significant.To ensure the accuracy of the CDW data, the documented CPT and ICD-9 codes were compared between the CDW and the VA electronic medical records (EMR) for 400 charts selected at random. This cohort represents about 5% of the total charts and was felt to be an adequate measure of the entire sample since the CPT and ICD-9 codes were verified and matched 100% of the time. Demographic and descriptive data regarding body mass index, level of education, race, smoking status, medical comorbidities, and surgical history were excluded from the study because it was either not available or not consistently reported within the CDW.
Results
A retrospective query of the CDW identified 8,327 hysterectomies performed at the VA for benign indications from fiscal year (FY) 2005 to FY 2014. The total number of annual hysterectomies at the VA increased 30.7% from 710 in FY 2004 to 1,025 in FY 2014. The annual number of women veterans who accessed VA health care increased 30.8% from 412,271 to 596,011 during the same time frame. Thus, the population adjusted hysterectomy rate remained stable at 1.72 (Figure 1).
The authors also analyzed the VA data by district and decided to highlight the most recent data trends, as this is most applicable to how the VA currently operates. During FY 2014, the VA hysterectomy rates were as follows: district 1 (North Atlantic) 1.52; district 2 (Southeast) 2.21; district 3 (Midwest) 1.47; district 4 (Continental) 1.43; and district 5 (Pacific) 1.64 (Figure 2)
During the study period, calculated hysterectomy rates based on route at the VA showed that the laparoscopic hysterectomy rate increased from 0.11 to 0.53, the vaginal hysterectomy rate remained relatively stable at 0.34 to 0.37, and the abdominal hysterectomy rate declined from 1.28 to 0.8 (Figure 3).
Discussion
Although the total hysterectomy rate within the VA remained stable during the study period, the minimally invasive hysterectomy rate increased significantly. In FY 2014, the majority of hysterectomies at the VA were performed via a minimally invasive approach. Minimally invasive hysterectomy has many recognized advantages over abdominal hysterectomy as it offers a significant reduction in postoperative pain, narcotic use, length of stay, intraoperative blood loss, fever, deep venous thrombosis, and a faster recovery with return to baseline functioning thus improving overall quality of life.5-7 Previous literature of VA hysterectomy data from 1991 to 1997 reported an abdominal hysterectomy percentage of 74%, vaginal hysterectomy percentage of 22%, and laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy percentage of 4%.8
Additionally, previous literature of the civilian sector reported a national laparoscopic hysterectomy percentage of 32.4% in 2012, which is comparable to the laparoscopic hysterectomy percentage found in this study.9,10 These data highlight the growth of laparoscopic hysterectomy at the VA, which is comparable to that of the civilian sector.The Nationwide Inpatient Sample reported an abdominal hysterectomy percentage of 66.1% in 2003 and 52.8% in 2012.9,10 The authors observed a similar decline in the abdominal hysterectomy rate at the VA over the period studied. Although many factors may have contributed to this decline, the growth of laparoscopic hysterectomy was a possible contributing factor since the vaginal hysterectomy rate remained stable over the study period. Future studies are needed to evaluate surgical complications and readmission rates in order to more accurately assess the quality of gynecologic surgical care provided by the VA compared with the civilian sector.
Strengths and Limitations
This study has several important strengths. First, the large sample size from VA nationwide databases included information from all VAMC performing hysterectomies. Second, this study included 10 years of data, with the latest data from 2014, allowing for depiction of both long-term and recent trends.
Potential issues with large databases such as the CDW and the Non-VA Care Cube included inaccurate coding of procedures and diagnoses as well as missing data. This possible limitation was addressed by randomly selecting 400 patients in the database to verify the database information against the patient’s EMR, which matched 100% of the time. In addition, the authors calculated the hysterectomy rates using a denominator based on all women veterans accessing VA health care, which included women who had previously had a hysterectomy. Therefore, the true hysterectomy rate may have been underestimated.
Conclusion
The VA operates the largest health care system in the U.S. with more than 500,000 women veterans currently utilizing VA health care.11 The VA provides services to women veterans living in urban, suburban, and rural areas. The breadth of geographic locations, the declining number of VA facilities offering gynecologic surgical services, and the growing population of female veterans present unique challenges to providing accessible and comparable health care to these female patients.
VA district 4 (Continental) has the lowest population density as well as the lowest VA hysterectomy rate in FY 2014, which may be attributable to the aforementioned challenges. As a result of these challenges, an increasing number of gynecologic surgical referrals to non-VA facilities was observed during the study period. The VA has made considerable progress in supporting and promoting health care for women by strategically enhancing services and access for women veterans. Although the number of hysterectomies has increased across VA facilities offering gynecologic surgical services, about 1 in 3 women veterans are referred to non-VA facilities for their gynecologic surgical needs. The VA has a challenging opportunity to expand gynecologic surgical services and improve access for the growing population of women veterans. To accommodate this growth, the VA may consider strategically increasing the number of facilities providing gynecologic surgical services or expanding established gynecologic surgical departments.
The VA operates the largest integrated health care system in the country, consisting of 144 hospitals and 1,221 outpatient clinics. This system provides medical care for about 22 million veterans. In 2015, women accounted for nearly 10% of the veteran population and are expected to increase to about 16% by 2040.1 With an expected population increase of 18,000 per year over the next 10 years, women are the fastest growing group of veterans.
The VA acknowledges that women are an integral part of the veteran community and that a paradigm shift must occur to meet their unique health needs. Although clinical services specific to women veterans’ health needs have been introduced within the VA, gynecologic surgical services must be addressed in order to improve access and provide comprehensive women’s health care within the VA system.
About 600,000 hysterectomies are performed annually in the U.S., making this procedure one of the most commonly performed in women.2 Over the past 30 years, technologic advances have allowed surgeons to perform more hysterectomies via minimally invasive methods. Both the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists have published consensus statements that minimally invasive hysterectomy should be the standard of care.3,4 Studies in non-VA facilities have shown that practice patterns in the route of hysterectomy have evolved with the advancement of surgical equipment and techniques.
It is uncertain, however, whether these changes in practice patterns exist in the VA, because there are limited published data. Given the frequency of hysterectomies in the U.S., the rate and route of this procedure are easily identifiable measures that can be evaluated and utilized as a comparison model for health care received within the VA vs the civilian sector.
The aim of this study was to assess the changes in rate and surgical approach to benign hysterectomy for women veterans at VAMCs and referrals to non-VA facilities over a 10-year period. The authors’ hypothesis was that a minimally invasive approach would be more common in recent years. This study also compares published national data to evaluate whether the VA is offering comparable surgical services to the civilian sector.
Methods
The institutional review boards of Indiana University and the Richard L. Roudebush VAMC in Indianapolis, Indiana, approved this retrospective cross-sectional study. The VHA Support Service Center (VSSC) authorized access to VA database information.
All women veterans who underwent hysterectomy for benign indications from fiscal years (FY) 2005 to 2014 were included. In order to identify this group, the authors queried the VA Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) and the Non-VA Care Cube for all hysterectomy current procedural terminology (CPT) codes typically performed for benign indications, including 58150, 58152, 58180, 58260, 58262, 58263, 58267, 58270, 58290, 58291, 58292, 58293, 58294, 58541, 58542, 58543, 58544, 58550, 58552, 58553, 58554, 58570, 58571, 58572, and 58573. For each patient identified, the following variables were collected: date of the procedure, facility location, primary CPT code, primary ICD-9 code, and patient age. Patients whose primary ICD-9 code was for a malignancy of gynecologic origin were excluded from the study.
The CDW is a national database collected by the VA Office of Information and Technology to provide clinical data for VA analytical purposes. The Non-VA Care Cube identifies services purchased for veterans with non-VA care dollars and, therefore, captures women veterans who were referred outside the VA for a hysterectomy. Additional data collected include age, gender, hospital complexity, place of care, payment location, primary CPT, primary ICD-9, and several other parameters. The annual number of women veterans accessing VA health care was extracted from the VSSC Unique Patients Cube.
Laparoscopic hysterectomy was defined as total laparoscopic hysterectomy, laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, laparoscopic-supracervical hysterectomy, and robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy. Minimally invasive hysterectomy was defined as all laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomies.
Frequency distributions between categoric variables were compared using chi-squared tests. The population-adjusted hysterectomy rates were estimated by dividing the total number of hysterectomies by the number of women veterans accessing VA medical care. Hysterectomy rates are reported as rate per 1,000 women per year. A time trend analysis was performed with linear regression to evaluate the slopes of trends for each route of hysterectomy, using Microsoft Excel 2010 (Redmond, WA). The authors analyzed the relationship between route of hysterectomy and fiscal year, using a multivariable logistic regression that was adjusted for age, district, and surgical diagnosis. The adjusted relative risk (RR) for each type of hysterectomy was reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 12.0 (Chicago, IL) with P < .05 defined as being statistically significant.To ensure the accuracy of the CDW data, the documented CPT and ICD-9 codes were compared between the CDW and the VA electronic medical records (EMR) for 400 charts selected at random. This cohort represents about 5% of the total charts and was felt to be an adequate measure of the entire sample since the CPT and ICD-9 codes were verified and matched 100% of the time. Demographic and descriptive data regarding body mass index, level of education, race, smoking status, medical comorbidities, and surgical history were excluded from the study because it was either not available or not consistently reported within the CDW.
Results
A retrospective query of the CDW identified 8,327 hysterectomies performed at the VA for benign indications from fiscal year (FY) 2005 to FY 2014. The total number of annual hysterectomies at the VA increased 30.7% from 710 in FY 2004 to 1,025 in FY 2014. The annual number of women veterans who accessed VA health care increased 30.8% from 412,271 to 596,011 during the same time frame. Thus, the population adjusted hysterectomy rate remained stable at 1.72 (Figure 1).
The authors also analyzed the VA data by district and decided to highlight the most recent data trends, as this is most applicable to how the VA currently operates. During FY 2014, the VA hysterectomy rates were as follows: district 1 (North Atlantic) 1.52; district 2 (Southeast) 2.21; district 3 (Midwest) 1.47; district 4 (Continental) 1.43; and district 5 (Pacific) 1.64 (Figure 2)
During the study period, calculated hysterectomy rates based on route at the VA showed that the laparoscopic hysterectomy rate increased from 0.11 to 0.53, the vaginal hysterectomy rate remained relatively stable at 0.34 to 0.37, and the abdominal hysterectomy rate declined from 1.28 to 0.8 (Figure 3).
Discussion
Although the total hysterectomy rate within the VA remained stable during the study period, the minimally invasive hysterectomy rate increased significantly. In FY 2014, the majority of hysterectomies at the VA were performed via a minimally invasive approach. Minimally invasive hysterectomy has many recognized advantages over abdominal hysterectomy as it offers a significant reduction in postoperative pain, narcotic use, length of stay, intraoperative blood loss, fever, deep venous thrombosis, and a faster recovery with return to baseline functioning thus improving overall quality of life.5-7 Previous literature of VA hysterectomy data from 1991 to 1997 reported an abdominal hysterectomy percentage of 74%, vaginal hysterectomy percentage of 22%, and laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy percentage of 4%.8
Additionally, previous literature of the civilian sector reported a national laparoscopic hysterectomy percentage of 32.4% in 2012, which is comparable to the laparoscopic hysterectomy percentage found in this study.9,10 These data highlight the growth of laparoscopic hysterectomy at the VA, which is comparable to that of the civilian sector.The Nationwide Inpatient Sample reported an abdominal hysterectomy percentage of 66.1% in 2003 and 52.8% in 2012.9,10 The authors observed a similar decline in the abdominal hysterectomy rate at the VA over the period studied. Although many factors may have contributed to this decline, the growth of laparoscopic hysterectomy was a possible contributing factor since the vaginal hysterectomy rate remained stable over the study period. Future studies are needed to evaluate surgical complications and readmission rates in order to more accurately assess the quality of gynecologic surgical care provided by the VA compared with the civilian sector.
Strengths and Limitations
This study has several important strengths. First, the large sample size from VA nationwide databases included information from all VAMC performing hysterectomies. Second, this study included 10 years of data, with the latest data from 2014, allowing for depiction of both long-term and recent trends.
Potential issues with large databases such as the CDW and the Non-VA Care Cube included inaccurate coding of procedures and diagnoses as well as missing data. This possible limitation was addressed by randomly selecting 400 patients in the database to verify the database information against the patient’s EMR, which matched 100% of the time. In addition, the authors calculated the hysterectomy rates using a denominator based on all women veterans accessing VA health care, which included women who had previously had a hysterectomy. Therefore, the true hysterectomy rate may have been underestimated.
Conclusion
The VA operates the largest health care system in the U.S. with more than 500,000 women veterans currently utilizing VA health care.11 The VA provides services to women veterans living in urban, suburban, and rural areas. The breadth of geographic locations, the declining number of VA facilities offering gynecologic surgical services, and the growing population of female veterans present unique challenges to providing accessible and comparable health care to these female patients.
VA district 4 (Continental) has the lowest population density as well as the lowest VA hysterectomy rate in FY 2014, which may be attributable to the aforementioned challenges. As a result of these challenges, an increasing number of gynecologic surgical referrals to non-VA facilities was observed during the study period. The VA has made considerable progress in supporting and promoting health care for women by strategically enhancing services and access for women veterans. Although the number of hysterectomies has increased across VA facilities offering gynecologic surgical services, about 1 in 3 women veterans are referred to non-VA facilities for their gynecologic surgical needs. The VA has a challenging opportunity to expand gynecologic surgical services and improve access for the growing population of women veterans. To accommodate this growth, the VA may consider strategically increasing the number of facilities providing gynecologic surgical services or expanding established gynecologic surgical departments.
1. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. Unique veteran users profile FY 2015. https://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/SpecialReports/Profile_of_Unique_Veteran_Users_2015.pdf. Published December 2016. Accessed August 24, 2017.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hysterectomy surveillance - United States, 1994-1999. Malaria surveillance - United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 2002;55(SS-5):1-28. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13513/Share. Published July 12, 2002. Accessed August 24, 2017.
3. AAGL Advancing Minimally Invasive Gynecology Worldwide. AAGL position statement: route of hysterectomy to treat benign uterine disease. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2011;18(1):1-3.
4. [No authors listed]. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 444: choosing the route of hysterectomy for benign disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(5):1156-1158.
5. Garry R, Fountain J, Mason S, et al. The eVALuate study: two parallel randomised trials, one comparing laparoscopic with abdominal hysterectomy, the other comparing laparoscopic with vaginal hysterectomy. BMJ. 2004;328:129.
6. Marana R, Busacca M, Zupi E, Garcea N, Paparella P, Catalano GF. Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy versus total abdominal hysterectomy: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(2, pt 1):270-275.
7. Aarts JW, Nieboer TE, Johnson N, et al. Surgical approach to hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(8):CD003677.
8. Weaver F, Hynes D, Goldberg JM, Khuri S, Daley J, Henderson W. Hysterectomy in Veterans Affairs medical centers. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(6):88-94.
9. Desai VB, Xu X. An update on inpatient hysterectomy routes in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(5):742-743.
10. Wu JM, Wechter ME, Geller EJ, Nguyen TV, Visco AG. Hysterectomy rates in the United States, 2003. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(5):1091-1095.
11. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Study of barriers for women veterans to VA health care. Final report 2015. http://www.womenshealth.va.gov/WOMENSHEALTH/docs/Womens%20Health%20Services_Barriers%20to%20Care%20Final%20Report_April2015.pdf. Published April 2015. Accessed August 24, 2017
1. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. Unique veteran users profile FY 2015. https://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/SpecialReports/Profile_of_Unique_Veteran_Users_2015.pdf. Published December 2016. Accessed August 24, 2017.
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11. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Study of barriers for women veterans to VA health care. Final report 2015. http://www.womenshealth.va.gov/WOMENSHEALTH/docs/Womens%20Health%20Services_Barriers%20to%20Care%20Final%20Report_April2015.pdf. Published April 2015. Accessed August 24, 2017
Chlamydia trachomatis Infection: Screening and Management
Abstract
- Objective: To review current criteria and rationale for Chlamydia trachomatis screening, testing methods, and treatment of infection.
- Methods: Review of the literature.
- Results: C. trachomatis urogenital infections are an important public health problem. Screening for C. trachomatis in women age 25 and younger and men and women of any age at increased risk allows for the early treatment of disease, avoiding morbidity such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, and reducing health care costs.
- Conclusion: Current screening recommendations are not being implemented satisfactorily. Home-based methods of screening are acceptable and may improve universal screening rates.
Abstract
- Objective: To review current criteria and rationale for Chlamydia trachomatis screening, testing methods, and treatment of infection.
- Methods: Review of the literature.
- Results: C. trachomatis urogenital infections are an important public health problem. Screening for C. trachomatis in women age 25 and younger and men and women of any age at increased risk allows for the early treatment of disease, avoiding morbidity such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, and reducing health care costs.
- Conclusion: Current screening recommendations are not being implemented satisfactorily. Home-based methods of screening are acceptable and may improve universal screening rates.
Abstract
- Objective: To review current criteria and rationale for Chlamydia trachomatis screening, testing methods, and treatment of infection.
- Methods: Review of the literature.
- Results: C. trachomatis urogenital infections are an important public health problem. Screening for C. trachomatis in women age 25 and younger and men and women of any age at increased risk allows for the early treatment of disease, avoiding morbidity such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, and reducing health care costs.
- Conclusion: Current screening recommendations are not being implemented satisfactorily. Home-based methods of screening are acceptable and may improve universal screening rates.