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Hailey-Hailey Disease: A Diagnostic Challenge
Author(s)
Viral M. Patel, MD
Silvestrs Rubins, MD, PhD
Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, FRCP(Edin)
Marcis Septe, MD
Andris Rubins, MD, PhD

Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), also known as benign familial chronic pemphigus, is an autosomal-dominant genodermatosis caused by mutations of the ATPase secretory pathway Ca2+ transporting 1 gene, ATP2C1.1 It is characterized by crusted macerated erosions and velvety, fissured, hypertrophic plaques classically involving the intertriginous areas. The diagnosis is suggested by characteristic clinical morphology, involvement of the intertriginous areas, and a positive family history. Histology often confirms the diagnosis and demonstrates a characteristic dilapidated brick wall appearance. If there is a need to distinguish HHD from pemphigus, direct immunofluorescence studies also should be performed, which would be negative.2,3 However, HHD often is misdiagnosed due to lack of knowledge of this uncommon disorder and its resemblance to other dermatoses of the intertriginous areas.4 We present an unusual presentation of HHD with late onset and involvement of the skin of the abdomen and foot.

Case Report

A 61-year-old woman presented with a 3×4-cm fissured plaque with erosions and a peripheral yellow crust on the left side of the anterior abdomen (Figure 1A). There was another fissured plaque with surrounding erythema and scaling on the fifth digit of the right foot (Figure 1B). For the last 11 years, she periodically experienced erosive and scabbing skin plaques under the breasts and on the axillae and groin. Her mother and maternal grandfather had a history of similar skin lesions. Due to a suspicion of HHD, a skin biopsy specimen of the abdominal plaque was performed, which demonstrated epidermal acanthosis and suprabasal acantholysis with lacunae formation (Figure 2). There was uneven thickening of the epidermal keratin layer with parakeratotic nests. The upper layer of the dermis demonstrated edema and focal fibrosis, enlarged capillaries, and pericapillary lymphohistiocytic infiltration with eosinophils and neutrophils. Accordingly, a diagnosis of HHD was established.

Figure 1. A, Hailey-Hailey disease of the left side of the anterior abdomen with a characteristic erythematous, hypertrophic, fissured plaque with erosions. B, A fissured plaque with surrounding erythema and scaling on the fifth digit of the right foot.

Figure 2. A, Histopathology revealed separation of keratinocytes, forming a dilapidated brick wall appearance (H&E, original magnification ×4). B, Acantholysis demonstrated separation of keratinocytes (H&E, original magnification ×20).

 

Comment

Hailey-Hailey disease occurs in 1 to 4 per 100,000 individuals without predilection for sex or ethnic group.5-9 Onset usually occurs after puberty, most commonly in the third decade of life.8,10-12 Mutations of the ATP2C1 gene on band 3q22.1 cause haploinsufficiency of Ca2+/Mn2+−ATPase protein 1 (hSPCA1) that alters the intracellular calcium gradient, leading to disruptions in assembly and trafficking of desmosomal proteins to the cell membrane. Consequently, altered intercellular connections and acantholysis of the epidermis occur.1,13-16

Hailey-Hailey disease initially manifests as grouped flaccid vesicles that rupture easily, leaving behind crusted erosions and dry, scaly, eczematous patches.17,18 Over time, velvety, fissured, and hypertrophic plaques develop. Up to 80% of patients experience secondary bacterial and fungal superinfections that may cause vegetative or malodorous plaques.9 Although HHD has no specific treatment, symptoms are managed with topical corticosteroids and antimicrobial agents. Patients should be advised to avoid irritants such as friction, sunlight, or sweat. For severe cases, botulinum toxin type A, laser therapy, dermabrasion, and surgery have been utilized with variable success.19-22 The responsiveness of HHD to corticosteroids and antimicrobial agents facilitates misdiagnosis as intertrigo, erythrasma, or dermatophytosis.



Our patient presented with late-onset HHD (age, 50 years) compared to the typical age of onset in the third decade of life.8 Furthermore, her presentation was atypical for HHD, which characteristically affects intertriginous areas due to sweat, heat, friction, and microorganisms. Hailey-Hailey disease involving the abdominal skin is unusual, as it typically occurs in regions of friction such as the belt area.23 Our patient lacked a history of friction or trauma at the site of the abdominal plaque. In addition, HHD involving the feet is exceedingly rare. It is plausible that friction and heat caused by footwear may have predisposed her to these skin changes.

Conclusion

This case highlights the difficulties of diagnosing HHD, especially if it appears in atypical locations.24 Obtaining a thorough family history and detailed dermatologic examination as well as maintaining a high level of suspicion can assist in diagnosing this uncommon disorder.

References
  1. Hu Z, Bonifas JM, Beech J, et al. Mutations in ATP2C1, encoding a alcium pump, cause Hailey-Hailey disease. Nat Genet. 2000;24:61-65.
  2. Ohata C. Hailey-Hailey disease. Cutis. 2014;94:33-34.
  3. Abdullah L, Abbas O. Dermacase. can you identify this condition? benign familial chronic pemphigus. Can Fam Physician. 2011;57:1157-1158.
  4. Le Donne M, Lentini M, Moretti G, et al. Chronic vulvocrural dermatitis with burning and itching. CMAJ. 2008;179:555-556.
  5. Hohl D. Darier disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. In: Bolognia J, Jorizzo J, Schaffer J, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2012:887-897.
  6. Cooper SM, Burge SM. Darier’s disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4:97-105.
  7. Godic A, Miljkovic J, Kansky A, et al. Epidemiology of Darier’s disease in Slovenia. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2005;14:43-48.
  8. Burge SM. Hailey-Hailey disease: the clinical features, response to treatment and prognosis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126:275-282.
  9. Benmously-Mlika R, Bchetnia M, Deghais S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease in Tunisia. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:396-401.
  10. Bessa GR, Grazziotin TC, Manzoni AP, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease treatment with botulinum toxin type A. An Bras Dermatol. 2010;85:717-722.
  11. Gu H, Chang B, Chen W, et al. Clinical analysis of 69 patients with familial benign chronic pemphigus. Chin Med J (Engl). 1999;112:761-763.
  12. Dobson-Stone C, Fairclough R, Dunne E, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease: molecular and clinical characterization of novel mutations in the ATP2C1 gene. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118:338-343.
  13. Fairclough RJ, Lonie L, Van Baelen K, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease: identification of novel mutations in ATP2C1 and effect of missense mutation A528P on protein expression levels. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123:6771.

  14. Shibata A, Sugiura K, Kimura U, et al. A novel ATP2C1 early truncation mutation suggests haploinsufficiency as a pathogenic mechanism in a patient with Hailey-Hailey disease. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:719-720.
  15. Dhitavat J, Fairclough RJ, Hovnanian A, et al. Calcium pumps and keratinocytes: lessons from Darier’s disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:821-828.
  16. Raiko L, Siljamaki E, Mahoney MG, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease and tight junctions: claudins 1 and 4 are regulated by ATP2C1 gene encoding Ca(2+)/Mn(2+) ATPase SPCA1 in cultured keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol. 2012;21:586-591.
  17. Yadav N, Madke B, Kar S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016;7:147-148.
  18. Vasudevan B, Verma R, Badwal S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease with skin lesions at unusual sites and a good response to acitretin. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2015;81:88-91.
  19. Bagherani N, Smoller BR. The efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of Hailey Hailey disease. Dermatol Ther. 2016;29:394-395.
  20. Hochwalt PC, Christensen KN, Cantwell SR, et al. Carbon dioxide laser treatment for Hailey-Hailey disease: a retrospective chart review with patient-reported outcomes. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54:1309-1314.
  21. Falto-Aizpurua LA, Griffith RD, Yazdani Abyaneh MA, et al. Laser therapy for the treatment of Hailey-Hailey disease: a systematic review with focus on carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:1045-1052.
  22. Arora H, Bray FN, Cervantes J, et al. Management of familial benign chronic pemphigus. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016;9:281-290.
  23. Iijima S, Hamada T, Kanzaki M, et al. Sibling cases of Hailey-Hailey disease showing atypical clinical features and unique disease course. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:97-99.
  24. Saied NK, Schwartz RA, Hansen RC, et al. Atypical familial benign chronic pemphigus. Cutis. 1981;27:666-669.
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Author and Disclosure Information

Drs. Patel and Schwartz are from the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers Medical School, Newark, New Jersey. Dr. Schwartz also is from the Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology. Drs. S Rubins and A Rubins are from the Department of Dermatovenerology, University of Latvia, Riga. Dr. Septe is from Ventspils Polyclinic, Latvia.

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Correspondence: Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, FRCP(Edin), Rutgers Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Medical Science Building H-576, Newark, NJ 07103 (roschwar@cal.berkeley.edu).

Issue
Cutis - 103(3)
Publications
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Cutis
Topics
Dermatopathology
Page Number
157-159
Sections
Case Reports
Author(s)
Viral M. Patel, MD
Silvestrs Rubins, MD, PhD
Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, FRCP(Edin)
Marcis Septe, MD
Andris Rubins, MD, PhD
Author(s)
Viral M. Patel, MD
Silvestrs Rubins, MD, PhD
Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, FRCP(Edin)
Marcis Septe, MD
Andris Rubins, MD, PhD
Author and Disclosure Information

Drs. Patel and Schwartz are from the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers Medical School, Newark, New Jersey. Dr. Schwartz also is from the Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology. Drs. S Rubins and A Rubins are from the Department of Dermatovenerology, University of Latvia, Riga. Dr. Septe is from Ventspils Polyclinic, Latvia.

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Correspondence: Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, FRCP(Edin), Rutgers Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Medical Science Building H-576, Newark, NJ 07103 (roschwar@cal.berkeley.edu).

Author and Disclosure Information

Drs. Patel and Schwartz are from the Department of Dermatology, Rutgers Medical School, Newark, New Jersey. Dr. Schwartz also is from the Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology. Drs. S Rubins and A Rubins are from the Department of Dermatovenerology, University of Latvia, Riga. Dr. Septe is from Ventspils Polyclinic, Latvia.

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Correspondence: Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, FRCP(Edin), Rutgers Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Medical Science Building H-576, Newark, NJ 07103 (roschwar@cal.berkeley.edu).

Article PDF
ct103003157.pdf
Article PDF
ct103003157.pdf

Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), also known as benign familial chronic pemphigus, is an autosomal-dominant genodermatosis caused by mutations of the ATPase secretory pathway Ca2+ transporting 1 gene, ATP2C1.1 It is characterized by crusted macerated erosions and velvety, fissured, hypertrophic plaques classically involving the intertriginous areas. The diagnosis is suggested by characteristic clinical morphology, involvement of the intertriginous areas, and a positive family history. Histology often confirms the diagnosis and demonstrates a characteristic dilapidated brick wall appearance. If there is a need to distinguish HHD from pemphigus, direct immunofluorescence studies also should be performed, which would be negative.2,3 However, HHD often is misdiagnosed due to lack of knowledge of this uncommon disorder and its resemblance to other dermatoses of the intertriginous areas.4 We present an unusual presentation of HHD with late onset and involvement of the skin of the abdomen and foot.

Case Report

A 61-year-old woman presented with a 3×4-cm fissured plaque with erosions and a peripheral yellow crust on the left side of the anterior abdomen (Figure 1A). There was another fissured plaque with surrounding erythema and scaling on the fifth digit of the right foot (Figure 1B). For the last 11 years, she periodically experienced erosive and scabbing skin plaques under the breasts and on the axillae and groin. Her mother and maternal grandfather had a history of similar skin lesions. Due to a suspicion of HHD, a skin biopsy specimen of the abdominal plaque was performed, which demonstrated epidermal acanthosis and suprabasal acantholysis with lacunae formation (Figure 2). There was uneven thickening of the epidermal keratin layer with parakeratotic nests. The upper layer of the dermis demonstrated edema and focal fibrosis, enlarged capillaries, and pericapillary lymphohistiocytic infiltration with eosinophils and neutrophils. Accordingly, a diagnosis of HHD was established.

Figure 1. A, Hailey-Hailey disease of the left side of the anterior abdomen with a characteristic erythematous, hypertrophic, fissured plaque with erosions. B, A fissured plaque with surrounding erythema and scaling on the fifth digit of the right foot.

Figure 2. A, Histopathology revealed separation of keratinocytes, forming a dilapidated brick wall appearance (H&E, original magnification ×4). B, Acantholysis demonstrated separation of keratinocytes (H&E, original magnification ×20).

 

Comment

Hailey-Hailey disease occurs in 1 to 4 per 100,000 individuals without predilection for sex or ethnic group.5-9 Onset usually occurs after puberty, most commonly in the third decade of life.8,10-12 Mutations of the ATP2C1 gene on band 3q22.1 cause haploinsufficiency of Ca2+/Mn2+−ATPase protein 1 (hSPCA1) that alters the intracellular calcium gradient, leading to disruptions in assembly and trafficking of desmosomal proteins to the cell membrane. Consequently, altered intercellular connections and acantholysis of the epidermis occur.1,13-16

Hailey-Hailey disease initially manifests as grouped flaccid vesicles that rupture easily, leaving behind crusted erosions and dry, scaly, eczematous patches.17,18 Over time, velvety, fissured, and hypertrophic plaques develop. Up to 80% of patients experience secondary bacterial and fungal superinfections that may cause vegetative or malodorous plaques.9 Although HHD has no specific treatment, symptoms are managed with topical corticosteroids and antimicrobial agents. Patients should be advised to avoid irritants such as friction, sunlight, or sweat. For severe cases, botulinum toxin type A, laser therapy, dermabrasion, and surgery have been utilized with variable success.19-22 The responsiveness of HHD to corticosteroids and antimicrobial agents facilitates misdiagnosis as intertrigo, erythrasma, or dermatophytosis.



Our patient presented with late-onset HHD (age, 50 years) compared to the typical age of onset in the third decade of life.8 Furthermore, her presentation was atypical for HHD, which characteristically affects intertriginous areas due to sweat, heat, friction, and microorganisms. Hailey-Hailey disease involving the abdominal skin is unusual, as it typically occurs in regions of friction such as the belt area.23 Our patient lacked a history of friction or trauma at the site of the abdominal plaque. In addition, HHD involving the feet is exceedingly rare. It is plausible that friction and heat caused by footwear may have predisposed her to these skin changes.

Conclusion

This case highlights the difficulties of diagnosing HHD, especially if it appears in atypical locations.24 Obtaining a thorough family history and detailed dermatologic examination as well as maintaining a high level of suspicion can assist in diagnosing this uncommon disorder.

Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), also known as benign familial chronic pemphigus, is an autosomal-dominant genodermatosis caused by mutations of the ATPase secretory pathway Ca2+ transporting 1 gene, ATP2C1.1 It is characterized by crusted macerated erosions and velvety, fissured, hypertrophic plaques classically involving the intertriginous areas. The diagnosis is suggested by characteristic clinical morphology, involvement of the intertriginous areas, and a positive family history. Histology often confirms the diagnosis and demonstrates a characteristic dilapidated brick wall appearance. If there is a need to distinguish HHD from pemphigus, direct immunofluorescence studies also should be performed, which would be negative.2,3 However, HHD often is misdiagnosed due to lack of knowledge of this uncommon disorder and its resemblance to other dermatoses of the intertriginous areas.4 We present an unusual presentation of HHD with late onset and involvement of the skin of the abdomen and foot.

Case Report

A 61-year-old woman presented with a 3×4-cm fissured plaque with erosions and a peripheral yellow crust on the left side of the anterior abdomen (Figure 1A). There was another fissured plaque with surrounding erythema and scaling on the fifth digit of the right foot (Figure 1B). For the last 11 years, she periodically experienced erosive and scabbing skin plaques under the breasts and on the axillae and groin. Her mother and maternal grandfather had a history of similar skin lesions. Due to a suspicion of HHD, a skin biopsy specimen of the abdominal plaque was performed, which demonstrated epidermal acanthosis and suprabasal acantholysis with lacunae formation (Figure 2). There was uneven thickening of the epidermal keratin layer with parakeratotic nests. The upper layer of the dermis demonstrated edema and focal fibrosis, enlarged capillaries, and pericapillary lymphohistiocytic infiltration with eosinophils and neutrophils. Accordingly, a diagnosis of HHD was established.

Figure 1. A, Hailey-Hailey disease of the left side of the anterior abdomen with a characteristic erythematous, hypertrophic, fissured plaque with erosions. B, A fissured plaque with surrounding erythema and scaling on the fifth digit of the right foot.

Figure 2. A, Histopathology revealed separation of keratinocytes, forming a dilapidated brick wall appearance (H&E, original magnification ×4). B, Acantholysis demonstrated separation of keratinocytes (H&E, original magnification ×20).

 

Comment

Hailey-Hailey disease occurs in 1 to 4 per 100,000 individuals without predilection for sex or ethnic group.5-9 Onset usually occurs after puberty, most commonly in the third decade of life.8,10-12 Mutations of the ATP2C1 gene on band 3q22.1 cause haploinsufficiency of Ca2+/Mn2+−ATPase protein 1 (hSPCA1) that alters the intracellular calcium gradient, leading to disruptions in assembly and trafficking of desmosomal proteins to the cell membrane. Consequently, altered intercellular connections and acantholysis of the epidermis occur.1,13-16

Hailey-Hailey disease initially manifests as grouped flaccid vesicles that rupture easily, leaving behind crusted erosions and dry, scaly, eczematous patches.17,18 Over time, velvety, fissured, and hypertrophic plaques develop. Up to 80% of patients experience secondary bacterial and fungal superinfections that may cause vegetative or malodorous plaques.9 Although HHD has no specific treatment, symptoms are managed with topical corticosteroids and antimicrobial agents. Patients should be advised to avoid irritants such as friction, sunlight, or sweat. For severe cases, botulinum toxin type A, laser therapy, dermabrasion, and surgery have been utilized with variable success.19-22 The responsiveness of HHD to corticosteroids and antimicrobial agents facilitates misdiagnosis as intertrigo, erythrasma, or dermatophytosis.



Our patient presented with late-onset HHD (age, 50 years) compared to the typical age of onset in the third decade of life.8 Furthermore, her presentation was atypical for HHD, which characteristically affects intertriginous areas due to sweat, heat, friction, and microorganisms. Hailey-Hailey disease involving the abdominal skin is unusual, as it typically occurs in regions of friction such as the belt area.23 Our patient lacked a history of friction or trauma at the site of the abdominal plaque. In addition, HHD involving the feet is exceedingly rare. It is plausible that friction and heat caused by footwear may have predisposed her to these skin changes.

Conclusion

This case highlights the difficulties of diagnosing HHD, especially if it appears in atypical locations.24 Obtaining a thorough family history and detailed dermatologic examination as well as maintaining a high level of suspicion can assist in diagnosing this uncommon disorder.

References
  1. Hu Z, Bonifas JM, Beech J, et al. Mutations in ATP2C1, encoding a alcium pump, cause Hailey-Hailey disease. Nat Genet. 2000;24:61-65.
  2. Ohata C. Hailey-Hailey disease. Cutis. 2014;94:33-34.
  3. Abdullah L, Abbas O. Dermacase. can you identify this condition? benign familial chronic pemphigus. Can Fam Physician. 2011;57:1157-1158.
  4. Le Donne M, Lentini M, Moretti G, et al. Chronic vulvocrural dermatitis with burning and itching. CMAJ. 2008;179:555-556.
  5. Hohl D. Darier disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. In: Bolognia J, Jorizzo J, Schaffer J, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2012:887-897.
  6. Cooper SM, Burge SM. Darier’s disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4:97-105.
  7. Godic A, Miljkovic J, Kansky A, et al. Epidemiology of Darier’s disease in Slovenia. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2005;14:43-48.
  8. Burge SM. Hailey-Hailey disease: the clinical features, response to treatment and prognosis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126:275-282.
  9. Benmously-Mlika R, Bchetnia M, Deghais S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease in Tunisia. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:396-401.
  10. Bessa GR, Grazziotin TC, Manzoni AP, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease treatment with botulinum toxin type A. An Bras Dermatol. 2010;85:717-722.
  11. Gu H, Chang B, Chen W, et al. Clinical analysis of 69 patients with familial benign chronic pemphigus. Chin Med J (Engl). 1999;112:761-763.
  12. Dobson-Stone C, Fairclough R, Dunne E, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease: molecular and clinical characterization of novel mutations in the ATP2C1 gene. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118:338-343.
  13. Fairclough RJ, Lonie L, Van Baelen K, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease: identification of novel mutations in ATP2C1 and effect of missense mutation A528P on protein expression levels. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123:6771.

  14. Shibata A, Sugiura K, Kimura U, et al. A novel ATP2C1 early truncation mutation suggests haploinsufficiency as a pathogenic mechanism in a patient with Hailey-Hailey disease. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:719-720.
  15. Dhitavat J, Fairclough RJ, Hovnanian A, et al. Calcium pumps and keratinocytes: lessons from Darier’s disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:821-828.
  16. Raiko L, Siljamaki E, Mahoney MG, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease and tight junctions: claudins 1 and 4 are regulated by ATP2C1 gene encoding Ca(2+)/Mn(2+) ATPase SPCA1 in cultured keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol. 2012;21:586-591.
  17. Yadav N, Madke B, Kar S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016;7:147-148.
  18. Vasudevan B, Verma R, Badwal S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease with skin lesions at unusual sites and a good response to acitretin. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2015;81:88-91.
  19. Bagherani N, Smoller BR. The efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of Hailey Hailey disease. Dermatol Ther. 2016;29:394-395.
  20. Hochwalt PC, Christensen KN, Cantwell SR, et al. Carbon dioxide laser treatment for Hailey-Hailey disease: a retrospective chart review with patient-reported outcomes. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54:1309-1314.
  21. Falto-Aizpurua LA, Griffith RD, Yazdani Abyaneh MA, et al. Laser therapy for the treatment of Hailey-Hailey disease: a systematic review with focus on carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:1045-1052.
  22. Arora H, Bray FN, Cervantes J, et al. Management of familial benign chronic pemphigus. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016;9:281-290.
  23. Iijima S, Hamada T, Kanzaki M, et al. Sibling cases of Hailey-Hailey disease showing atypical clinical features and unique disease course. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:97-99.
  24. Saied NK, Schwartz RA, Hansen RC, et al. Atypical familial benign chronic pemphigus. Cutis. 1981;27:666-669.
References
  1. Hu Z, Bonifas JM, Beech J, et al. Mutations in ATP2C1, encoding a alcium pump, cause Hailey-Hailey disease. Nat Genet. 2000;24:61-65.
  2. Ohata C. Hailey-Hailey disease. Cutis. 2014;94:33-34.
  3. Abdullah L, Abbas O. Dermacase. can you identify this condition? benign familial chronic pemphigus. Can Fam Physician. 2011;57:1157-1158.
  4. Le Donne M, Lentini M, Moretti G, et al. Chronic vulvocrural dermatitis with burning and itching. CMAJ. 2008;179:555-556.
  5. Hohl D. Darier disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. In: Bolognia J, Jorizzo J, Schaffer J, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2012:887-897.
  6. Cooper SM, Burge SM. Darier’s disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4:97-105.
  7. Godic A, Miljkovic J, Kansky A, et al. Epidemiology of Darier’s disease in Slovenia. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2005;14:43-48.
  8. Burge SM. Hailey-Hailey disease: the clinical features, response to treatment and prognosis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126:275-282.
  9. Benmously-Mlika R, Bchetnia M, Deghais S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease in Tunisia. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:396-401.
  10. Bessa GR, Grazziotin TC, Manzoni AP, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease treatment with botulinum toxin type A. An Bras Dermatol. 2010;85:717-722.
  11. Gu H, Chang B, Chen W, et al. Clinical analysis of 69 patients with familial benign chronic pemphigus. Chin Med J (Engl). 1999;112:761-763.
  12. Dobson-Stone C, Fairclough R, Dunne E, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease: molecular and clinical characterization of novel mutations in the ATP2C1 gene. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118:338-343.
  13. Fairclough RJ, Lonie L, Van Baelen K, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease: identification of novel mutations in ATP2C1 and effect of missense mutation A528P on protein expression levels. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123:6771.

  14. Shibata A, Sugiura K, Kimura U, et al. A novel ATP2C1 early truncation mutation suggests haploinsufficiency as a pathogenic mechanism in a patient with Hailey-Hailey disease. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:719-720.
  15. Dhitavat J, Fairclough RJ, Hovnanian A, et al. Calcium pumps and keratinocytes: lessons from Darier’s disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:821-828.
  16. Raiko L, Siljamaki E, Mahoney MG, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease and tight junctions: claudins 1 and 4 are regulated by ATP2C1 gene encoding Ca(2+)/Mn(2+) ATPase SPCA1 in cultured keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol. 2012;21:586-591.
  17. Yadav N, Madke B, Kar S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016;7:147-148.
  18. Vasudevan B, Verma R, Badwal S, et al. Hailey-Hailey disease with skin lesions at unusual sites and a good response to acitretin. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2015;81:88-91.
  19. Bagherani N, Smoller BR. The efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of Hailey Hailey disease. Dermatol Ther. 2016;29:394-395.
  20. Hochwalt PC, Christensen KN, Cantwell SR, et al. Carbon dioxide laser treatment for Hailey-Hailey disease: a retrospective chart review with patient-reported outcomes. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54:1309-1314.
  21. Falto-Aizpurua LA, Griffith RD, Yazdani Abyaneh MA, et al. Laser therapy for the treatment of Hailey-Hailey disease: a systematic review with focus on carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:1045-1052.
  22. Arora H, Bray FN, Cervantes J, et al. Management of familial benign chronic pemphigus. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016;9:281-290.
  23. Iijima S, Hamada T, Kanzaki M, et al. Sibling cases of Hailey-Hailey disease showing atypical clinical features and unique disease course. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:97-99.
  24. Saied NK, Schwartz RA, Hansen RC, et al. Atypical familial benign chronic pemphigus. Cutis. 1981;27:666-669.
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Practice Points

  • Hailey-Hailey disease may present atypically with a late age of onset, involvement of nonintertriginous areas, and lack of clear exacerbating factors such as friction.
  • A detailed history and physical examination as well as a high degree of suspicion can aid in diagnosing this uncommon disorder.
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