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Cesarean delivery is both a major surgical procedure and a momentous and miraculous event in the life of a family. Historically, the medical rituals and processes common to major surgical procedures have dominated the cesarean birth process. In most obstetric units, babies born by cesarean delivery are brought to a newborn resuscitation unit, examined, cleaned, banded, administered medications, weighed, and swaddled before being introduced to the mother. In cesarean deliveries early skin to skin (STS) contact and early initiation of breastfeeding are not common.1 In contrast, for vaginal delivery, many obstetric units have developed mother-, baby- and family-centered birth processes that emphasize immediate STS contact and the early initiation of breastfeeding.2,3
Research indicates that the traditional surgical rituals and processes of cesarean delivery prevent mothers from connecting to important physical and emotional aspects of the birth process.4 Practices that prevent early maternal-infant bonding and slow the initiation of breastfeeding may result in lower breastfeeding rates at 6 months of life and impact maternal behaviors.5,6
A new approach to cesarean delivery is the mother- and baby-centered cesarean delivery, also known as the “natural cesarean” delivery. In this approach, there is a reduced emphasis on traditional surgical rituals and an increased emphasis on facilitating the early interaction of the mother and family with their baby.7,8 The mother- and baby-centered cesarean celebrates the momentous birth event and encourages early mother–infant bonding.
Related Article: 10 practical, evidence-based recommendations for improving maternal outcomes of cesarean delivery Baha M. Sibai, MD (March 2012)
Clinical processes that support a mother- and baby-centered approach to cesarean
The mother- and baby-centered cesarean, with its focus on early STS contact and breastfeeding, is not recommended to be used routinely:
- with preterm births
- in emergency cesarean deliveries
- in cases where the baby is at risk for a low Apgar score.
The mother- and baby-centered cesarean is an optimal approach:
- when cesarean delivery is scheduled (such as in an uncomplicated repeat cesarean)
- for a primary cesarean delivery following failure to progress in labor with a reassuring fetal heart-rate tracing.
Prepare with calming music and a video preview. Encourage the mother and family to select music to be played in the delivery room that they will find soothing.9,10 If the cesarean is a scheduled procedure, have the mother and her support partners view a video clip of a mother- and baby-centered cesarean delivery. A 12-minute video, “The Natural Caesarean: A Woman-Centred Technique” by the Jentle Childbirth Foundation is particularly well done.
Adjust anesthesia preparations to support STS contact and early breastfeeding. To accomplish this, free the mother’s dominant arm and chest for contact with the newborn by placing the oximeter, intravenous catheter, and the blood pressure cuff on the nondominant arm. Place the echocardiogram leads on the back or far laterally to facilitate early chest contact between mother and baby.
Recent evidence does not support maternal supplemental oxygen for routine uncomplicated cesarean delivery. Consider allowing the mother to breath room air without the bothersome mask.11,12
Use a gentle surgical technique that reduces the use of cutting, such as the Misgav Ladach cesarean technique.13,14
Offer the mother and her support partners the option to view the birth of their baby as active participants. If the mother desires to see the birth of her newborn, use clear drapes to permit the patient to view the birth of the head of the newborn (FIGURE), or drop the drapes prior to the birth of the head of the newborn.15 Raising the head of the table can facilitate the mother’s view of the birth of her baby.
Clear drapes facilitate the mother’s view of the birth during cesarean delivery. For mothers who have enlisted the support of a doula, consider welcoming the doula along with one other support person into the operating room for the birth.
Related Article: Cost-conscious choices for minimally invasive gynecologic surgery Joseph S. Sanfilippo, MD, MBA, and Meredith L. Snook, MD (November 2013)
Slow the delivery process. Gently deliver the head and leave the baby’s body in the uterus for a few moments. Some authorities believe that the contraction of the uterus around the body of the fetus, along with the initiation of breathing and crying will help clear the fetal respiratory system of fluid. Delay cord clamping to permit autotransfusion and improve neonatal iron stores.16
Plan for immediate STS contact. Immediately transfer the baby to the mother’s chest. Dropping the surgical drapes prior to delivery will help with this transfer. If the mother’s chest is not available or accessible for any reason, consider early STS contact with the father.17,18 Banding and vitamin K administration can be performed with the baby on the mother’s chest.
Encourage intraoperative breastfeeding. Early contact between the infant’s lips and the mother’s nipple is associated with increased initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding should be started as soon as a possible after birth, preferably within the first hour of life.19,20 Weighing, measuring, and routine care for the infant can be delayed until after the first feeding is completed.
Keep the mother and baby together. Rather than separating the mother and newborn for the trip to the recovery area, have the mother cradle the newborn on her chest during the transport process.
Easy Labor: Every woman’s guide to choosing less pain and more joy during childbirth
Camann W, Alexander K. Ballantine Books.
© 2006 William Camann, MD, and Kathryn J. Alexander, MA
This book explains the pain-relief options available to mothers who enter labor and find that natural techniques don’t effectively manage their pain. The book provides proven approaches to combine medical and natural techniques to ensure the most comfortable labor possible.
Challenges
Transient tachypnea of the newborn. Scheduled cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN).21 In a review of more than 29,000 deliveries, the incidence of TTN was 3.1% with scheduled cesarean delivery and 1.1% with vaginal delivery.
The plan to promote early STS contact and keep the newborn with the mother may need to be altered if the newborn needs more intensive support at the resuscitation table for symptoms of TTN; symptoms are often apparent at birth, or TTN is diagnosed within 2 hours after delivery. Symptoms include:
- respiratory rate faster than 60 breaths/min (most prominent feature)
- cyanosis
- increased work to breathe (including nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and expiratory grunting).
The syndrome typically resolves within 12 to 72 hours after diagnosis.
Thermal regulation. Although preterm infants are at greater risk than term infants for hypothermia, some term infants will become hypothermic.22 Careful attention to ensuring that the baby is not left exposed to the cold operating room temperatures is helpful to reduce the risk of hypothermia. Early STS contact at cesarean delivery has been reported to improve maintenance of neonatal thermoregulation.23
Monitor the safety of the baby on the mother’s chest. If the cesarean surgery triggers an episode of nausea and vomiting, the baby may need to be removed from the mother’s chest until the episode is resolved. An additional nurse may be required in the operating room to safely monitor the baby on the mother’s chest as the surgery is completed.
Additional clinicians at the head of the surgical table. Moving the initial care of the infant to the mother’s chest increases the number of clinicians who need access to the head of the surgical table; this may create a “traffic jam.” The anesthesiologist and nurse will need to cooperate to share this space, and also to include any support persons. Moreover, the operating obstetrician and assistant will need to understand that the area above the surgical field may be a bit “busier” than they are used to.
Obviously, there may be limitations in the event of any surgical or anesthetic instability. However, as long as the procedure remains uncomplicated, as most cesareans are, than early infant care at the head of the operating table, or even directly on the mother’s chest, is a very achievable goal. Educational efforts directed at all stakeholders (anesthesiologist, obstetrician, pediatric and nursing staff) will facilitate the introduction of this model of care.
It is possible.
Is it possible to transform a major surgical procedure—a cesarean delivery—into a mother-, baby- and family-centered experience? For many cesarean delivery procedures the answer is a resounding, “Yes.” Re-engineering the clinical processes that surround the traditional cesarean delivery requires the commitment and cooperation of many disciplines. Obstetricians, anesthesiologists, and maternity nurses are the leaders who must work together to facilitate this important practice change.
- Has your obstetric unit developed cesarean delivery practices to initiate early mother-infant bonding? Explain what has worked and/or not worked.
- Do you think that immediate mother-infant skin-to-skin contact is safe at cesarean delivery? Why?
Write to us at rbarbieri@frontlinemedcom.com, or click here. Include your name and city and state, and we’ll consider publishing your comments in an upcoming issue of OBG Management.
1. Rowe-Murray HJ, Fisher JR. Baby friendly hospital practices: cesarean section is a persistent barrier to early initiation of breastfeeding. Birth. 2002;29(2):124-131.
2. Moore ER, Anderson GC, Bergman N, Dowswell T. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD003519.-
3. Nolan A, Lawrence C. A pilot study of a nursing intervention protocol to minimize maternal-infant separation after Cesarean birth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2009;38(4):430-442.
4. DiMatteo MR, Morton SC, Lepper HS, et al. Cesarean childbirth and psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 1996;15(4):303-314.
5. Prior E, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Philipps LH, Modi N, Hyde MJ. Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(5):1113-1115.
6. Bystrova K, Ivanova V, Edhborg M, et al. Early contact versus separation: effects on mother-infant interaction one year later. Birth. 2009;36(2):97-109.
7. Smith J, Plaat F, Fisk NM. The natural caesarean: a woman-centered technique. BJOG. 2008;115:1037-1042.
8. Smith J, Plaat F. The natural caesarean. Midwives. 2010;13(2):36-37.
9. Chang SC, Chen CH. Effects of music therapy on women’s physiological measures anxiety, and satisfaction during cesarean delivery. Res Nurs Health. 2005;28(6):453-461.
10. Li Y, Dong Y. Preoperative music intervention for patients undergoing cesarean delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;119(1):81-83.
11. Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, et al. Supplementary oxygen for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: useful in prolonged uterine incision-to-delivery interval? Br J Anaesth. 2004;92(4):518-522.
12. Gunaydin B, Nas T, Biri A, Koc E, Koc A, McCusker K. Effects of maternal supplemental oxygen on the newborn for elective cesarean deliveries under spinal anesthesia. J Anesth. 2011;25(3):363-368.
13. Holmgren G, Sjöholm L, Stark M. The Misgav Ladach method for cesarean section: method description. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999;78(7):615-621.
14. Federici D, Lacelli B, Muggiasca L, Agarossi A, Cipolla L. Conti M. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997;57(3):273-279.
15. Camann W, Trainor K. Clear surgical drapes: a technique to facilitate the “natural cesarean delivery”. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(4):981-982.
16. Andersson O, Helmström-Westas L, Andersson D, Domellof M. Effect of delayed versus early umbilical cord clamping on neonatal outcomes and iron status at 4 months of age: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;343:d7157.-
17. Velandia M, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Nissen E. Sex differences in newborn interaction with mother or father during skin-to-skin contact after cesarean section. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101(4):360-367.
18. Erlandsson K, Dsilna A, Fagerberg I, Christensson K. Skin-to-skin care with the father after cesarean birth and its effect on newborn crying and prefeeding behavior. Birth. 2007;34(2):105-114.
19. American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy Statement. Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):e827-e841.
20. Hung KG, Berg O. Early skin-to-skin after cesarean to improve breastfeeding. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2011;36(5):318-324.
21. Levine EM, Ghai V, Barton JJ, Strom CM. Mode of delivery and risk of respiratory disease in newborns. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(3):439-442.
22. Laptook A, Jackson GL. Cold stress and hypoglycemia in the late preterm (“near-term”) infant: impact on nursery of admission. Semin Perinatol. 2006;30(1):24-27.
23. Gouchon S, Gregori D, Picotto A, Patrucco G, Nangeroni M, Di Giulio P. Skin-to-skin contact after cesarean delivery: an experimental study. Nurs Res. 2010;59(2):78-84.
William Camann, MD
Director, Obstetric Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Robert L. Barbieri, MD
Chair, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
rbarbieri@frontlinemedcom.com
The authors report no financial relationships relevant to this article.
William Camann, MD
Director, Obstetric Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Robert L. Barbieri, MD
Chair, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
rbarbieri@frontlinemedcom.com
The authors report no financial relationships relevant to this article.
William Camann, MD
Director, Obstetric Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Robert L. Barbieri, MD
Chair, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
rbarbieri@frontlinemedcom.com
The authors report no financial relationships relevant to this article.
Cesarean delivery is both a major surgical procedure and a momentous and miraculous event in the life of a family. Historically, the medical rituals and processes common to major surgical procedures have dominated the cesarean birth process. In most obstetric units, babies born by cesarean delivery are brought to a newborn resuscitation unit, examined, cleaned, banded, administered medications, weighed, and swaddled before being introduced to the mother. In cesarean deliveries early skin to skin (STS) contact and early initiation of breastfeeding are not common.1 In contrast, for vaginal delivery, many obstetric units have developed mother-, baby- and family-centered birth processes that emphasize immediate STS contact and the early initiation of breastfeeding.2,3
Research indicates that the traditional surgical rituals and processes of cesarean delivery prevent mothers from connecting to important physical and emotional aspects of the birth process.4 Practices that prevent early maternal-infant bonding and slow the initiation of breastfeeding may result in lower breastfeeding rates at 6 months of life and impact maternal behaviors.5,6
A new approach to cesarean delivery is the mother- and baby-centered cesarean delivery, also known as the “natural cesarean” delivery. In this approach, there is a reduced emphasis on traditional surgical rituals and an increased emphasis on facilitating the early interaction of the mother and family with their baby.7,8 The mother- and baby-centered cesarean celebrates the momentous birth event and encourages early mother–infant bonding.
Related Article: 10 practical, evidence-based recommendations for improving maternal outcomes of cesarean delivery Baha M. Sibai, MD (March 2012)
Clinical processes that support a mother- and baby-centered approach to cesarean
The mother- and baby-centered cesarean, with its focus on early STS contact and breastfeeding, is not recommended to be used routinely:
- with preterm births
- in emergency cesarean deliveries
- in cases where the baby is at risk for a low Apgar score.
The mother- and baby-centered cesarean is an optimal approach:
- when cesarean delivery is scheduled (such as in an uncomplicated repeat cesarean)
- for a primary cesarean delivery following failure to progress in labor with a reassuring fetal heart-rate tracing.
Prepare with calming music and a video preview. Encourage the mother and family to select music to be played in the delivery room that they will find soothing.9,10 If the cesarean is a scheduled procedure, have the mother and her support partners view a video clip of a mother- and baby-centered cesarean delivery. A 12-minute video, “The Natural Caesarean: A Woman-Centred Technique” by the Jentle Childbirth Foundation is particularly well done.
Adjust anesthesia preparations to support STS contact and early breastfeeding. To accomplish this, free the mother’s dominant arm and chest for contact with the newborn by placing the oximeter, intravenous catheter, and the blood pressure cuff on the nondominant arm. Place the echocardiogram leads on the back or far laterally to facilitate early chest contact between mother and baby.
Recent evidence does not support maternal supplemental oxygen for routine uncomplicated cesarean delivery. Consider allowing the mother to breath room air without the bothersome mask.11,12
Use a gentle surgical technique that reduces the use of cutting, such as the Misgav Ladach cesarean technique.13,14
Offer the mother and her support partners the option to view the birth of their baby as active participants. If the mother desires to see the birth of her newborn, use clear drapes to permit the patient to view the birth of the head of the newborn (FIGURE), or drop the drapes prior to the birth of the head of the newborn.15 Raising the head of the table can facilitate the mother’s view of the birth of her baby.
Clear drapes facilitate the mother’s view of the birth during cesarean delivery. For mothers who have enlisted the support of a doula, consider welcoming the doula along with one other support person into the operating room for the birth.
Related Article: Cost-conscious choices for minimally invasive gynecologic surgery Joseph S. Sanfilippo, MD, MBA, and Meredith L. Snook, MD (November 2013)
Slow the delivery process. Gently deliver the head and leave the baby’s body in the uterus for a few moments. Some authorities believe that the contraction of the uterus around the body of the fetus, along with the initiation of breathing and crying will help clear the fetal respiratory system of fluid. Delay cord clamping to permit autotransfusion and improve neonatal iron stores.16
Plan for immediate STS contact. Immediately transfer the baby to the mother’s chest. Dropping the surgical drapes prior to delivery will help with this transfer. If the mother’s chest is not available or accessible for any reason, consider early STS contact with the father.17,18 Banding and vitamin K administration can be performed with the baby on the mother’s chest.
Encourage intraoperative breastfeeding. Early contact between the infant’s lips and the mother’s nipple is associated with increased initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding should be started as soon as a possible after birth, preferably within the first hour of life.19,20 Weighing, measuring, and routine care for the infant can be delayed until after the first feeding is completed.
Keep the mother and baby together. Rather than separating the mother and newborn for the trip to the recovery area, have the mother cradle the newborn on her chest during the transport process.
Easy Labor: Every woman’s guide to choosing less pain and more joy during childbirth
Camann W, Alexander K. Ballantine Books.
© 2006 William Camann, MD, and Kathryn J. Alexander, MA
This book explains the pain-relief options available to mothers who enter labor and find that natural techniques don’t effectively manage their pain. The book provides proven approaches to combine medical and natural techniques to ensure the most comfortable labor possible.
Challenges
Transient tachypnea of the newborn. Scheduled cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN).21 In a review of more than 29,000 deliveries, the incidence of TTN was 3.1% with scheduled cesarean delivery and 1.1% with vaginal delivery.
The plan to promote early STS contact and keep the newborn with the mother may need to be altered if the newborn needs more intensive support at the resuscitation table for symptoms of TTN; symptoms are often apparent at birth, or TTN is diagnosed within 2 hours after delivery. Symptoms include:
- respiratory rate faster than 60 breaths/min (most prominent feature)
- cyanosis
- increased work to breathe (including nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and expiratory grunting).
The syndrome typically resolves within 12 to 72 hours after diagnosis.
Thermal regulation. Although preterm infants are at greater risk than term infants for hypothermia, some term infants will become hypothermic.22 Careful attention to ensuring that the baby is not left exposed to the cold operating room temperatures is helpful to reduce the risk of hypothermia. Early STS contact at cesarean delivery has been reported to improve maintenance of neonatal thermoregulation.23
Monitor the safety of the baby on the mother’s chest. If the cesarean surgery triggers an episode of nausea and vomiting, the baby may need to be removed from the mother’s chest until the episode is resolved. An additional nurse may be required in the operating room to safely monitor the baby on the mother’s chest as the surgery is completed.
Additional clinicians at the head of the surgical table. Moving the initial care of the infant to the mother’s chest increases the number of clinicians who need access to the head of the surgical table; this may create a “traffic jam.” The anesthesiologist and nurse will need to cooperate to share this space, and also to include any support persons. Moreover, the operating obstetrician and assistant will need to understand that the area above the surgical field may be a bit “busier” than they are used to.
Obviously, there may be limitations in the event of any surgical or anesthetic instability. However, as long as the procedure remains uncomplicated, as most cesareans are, than early infant care at the head of the operating table, or even directly on the mother’s chest, is a very achievable goal. Educational efforts directed at all stakeholders (anesthesiologist, obstetrician, pediatric and nursing staff) will facilitate the introduction of this model of care.
It is possible.
Is it possible to transform a major surgical procedure—a cesarean delivery—into a mother-, baby- and family-centered experience? For many cesarean delivery procedures the answer is a resounding, “Yes.” Re-engineering the clinical processes that surround the traditional cesarean delivery requires the commitment and cooperation of many disciplines. Obstetricians, anesthesiologists, and maternity nurses are the leaders who must work together to facilitate this important practice change.
- Has your obstetric unit developed cesarean delivery practices to initiate early mother-infant bonding? Explain what has worked and/or not worked.
- Do you think that immediate mother-infant skin-to-skin contact is safe at cesarean delivery? Why?
Write to us at rbarbieri@frontlinemedcom.com, or click here. Include your name and city and state, and we’ll consider publishing your comments in an upcoming issue of OBG Management.
Cesarean delivery is both a major surgical procedure and a momentous and miraculous event in the life of a family. Historically, the medical rituals and processes common to major surgical procedures have dominated the cesarean birth process. In most obstetric units, babies born by cesarean delivery are brought to a newborn resuscitation unit, examined, cleaned, banded, administered medications, weighed, and swaddled before being introduced to the mother. In cesarean deliveries early skin to skin (STS) contact and early initiation of breastfeeding are not common.1 In contrast, for vaginal delivery, many obstetric units have developed mother-, baby- and family-centered birth processes that emphasize immediate STS contact and the early initiation of breastfeeding.2,3
Research indicates that the traditional surgical rituals and processes of cesarean delivery prevent mothers from connecting to important physical and emotional aspects of the birth process.4 Practices that prevent early maternal-infant bonding and slow the initiation of breastfeeding may result in lower breastfeeding rates at 6 months of life and impact maternal behaviors.5,6
A new approach to cesarean delivery is the mother- and baby-centered cesarean delivery, also known as the “natural cesarean” delivery. In this approach, there is a reduced emphasis on traditional surgical rituals and an increased emphasis on facilitating the early interaction of the mother and family with their baby.7,8 The mother- and baby-centered cesarean celebrates the momentous birth event and encourages early mother–infant bonding.
Related Article: 10 practical, evidence-based recommendations for improving maternal outcomes of cesarean delivery Baha M. Sibai, MD (March 2012)
Clinical processes that support a mother- and baby-centered approach to cesarean
The mother- and baby-centered cesarean, with its focus on early STS contact and breastfeeding, is not recommended to be used routinely:
- with preterm births
- in emergency cesarean deliveries
- in cases where the baby is at risk for a low Apgar score.
The mother- and baby-centered cesarean is an optimal approach:
- when cesarean delivery is scheduled (such as in an uncomplicated repeat cesarean)
- for a primary cesarean delivery following failure to progress in labor with a reassuring fetal heart-rate tracing.
Prepare with calming music and a video preview. Encourage the mother and family to select music to be played in the delivery room that they will find soothing.9,10 If the cesarean is a scheduled procedure, have the mother and her support partners view a video clip of a mother- and baby-centered cesarean delivery. A 12-minute video, “The Natural Caesarean: A Woman-Centred Technique” by the Jentle Childbirth Foundation is particularly well done.
Adjust anesthesia preparations to support STS contact and early breastfeeding. To accomplish this, free the mother’s dominant arm and chest for contact with the newborn by placing the oximeter, intravenous catheter, and the blood pressure cuff on the nondominant arm. Place the echocardiogram leads on the back or far laterally to facilitate early chest contact between mother and baby.
Recent evidence does not support maternal supplemental oxygen for routine uncomplicated cesarean delivery. Consider allowing the mother to breath room air without the bothersome mask.11,12
Use a gentle surgical technique that reduces the use of cutting, such as the Misgav Ladach cesarean technique.13,14
Offer the mother and her support partners the option to view the birth of their baby as active participants. If the mother desires to see the birth of her newborn, use clear drapes to permit the patient to view the birth of the head of the newborn (FIGURE), or drop the drapes prior to the birth of the head of the newborn.15 Raising the head of the table can facilitate the mother’s view of the birth of her baby.
Clear drapes facilitate the mother’s view of the birth during cesarean delivery. For mothers who have enlisted the support of a doula, consider welcoming the doula along with one other support person into the operating room for the birth.
Related Article: Cost-conscious choices for minimally invasive gynecologic surgery Joseph S. Sanfilippo, MD, MBA, and Meredith L. Snook, MD (November 2013)
Slow the delivery process. Gently deliver the head and leave the baby’s body in the uterus for a few moments. Some authorities believe that the contraction of the uterus around the body of the fetus, along with the initiation of breathing and crying will help clear the fetal respiratory system of fluid. Delay cord clamping to permit autotransfusion and improve neonatal iron stores.16
Plan for immediate STS contact. Immediately transfer the baby to the mother’s chest. Dropping the surgical drapes prior to delivery will help with this transfer. If the mother’s chest is not available or accessible for any reason, consider early STS contact with the father.17,18 Banding and vitamin K administration can be performed with the baby on the mother’s chest.
Encourage intraoperative breastfeeding. Early contact between the infant’s lips and the mother’s nipple is associated with increased initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding should be started as soon as a possible after birth, preferably within the first hour of life.19,20 Weighing, measuring, and routine care for the infant can be delayed until after the first feeding is completed.
Keep the mother and baby together. Rather than separating the mother and newborn for the trip to the recovery area, have the mother cradle the newborn on her chest during the transport process.
Easy Labor: Every woman’s guide to choosing less pain and more joy during childbirth
Camann W, Alexander K. Ballantine Books.
© 2006 William Camann, MD, and Kathryn J. Alexander, MA
This book explains the pain-relief options available to mothers who enter labor and find that natural techniques don’t effectively manage their pain. The book provides proven approaches to combine medical and natural techniques to ensure the most comfortable labor possible.
Challenges
Transient tachypnea of the newborn. Scheduled cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN).21 In a review of more than 29,000 deliveries, the incidence of TTN was 3.1% with scheduled cesarean delivery and 1.1% with vaginal delivery.
The plan to promote early STS contact and keep the newborn with the mother may need to be altered if the newborn needs more intensive support at the resuscitation table for symptoms of TTN; symptoms are often apparent at birth, or TTN is diagnosed within 2 hours after delivery. Symptoms include:
- respiratory rate faster than 60 breaths/min (most prominent feature)
- cyanosis
- increased work to breathe (including nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and expiratory grunting).
The syndrome typically resolves within 12 to 72 hours after diagnosis.
Thermal regulation. Although preterm infants are at greater risk than term infants for hypothermia, some term infants will become hypothermic.22 Careful attention to ensuring that the baby is not left exposed to the cold operating room temperatures is helpful to reduce the risk of hypothermia. Early STS contact at cesarean delivery has been reported to improve maintenance of neonatal thermoregulation.23
Monitor the safety of the baby on the mother’s chest. If the cesarean surgery triggers an episode of nausea and vomiting, the baby may need to be removed from the mother’s chest until the episode is resolved. An additional nurse may be required in the operating room to safely monitor the baby on the mother’s chest as the surgery is completed.
Additional clinicians at the head of the surgical table. Moving the initial care of the infant to the mother’s chest increases the number of clinicians who need access to the head of the surgical table; this may create a “traffic jam.” The anesthesiologist and nurse will need to cooperate to share this space, and also to include any support persons. Moreover, the operating obstetrician and assistant will need to understand that the area above the surgical field may be a bit “busier” than they are used to.
Obviously, there may be limitations in the event of any surgical or anesthetic instability. However, as long as the procedure remains uncomplicated, as most cesareans are, than early infant care at the head of the operating table, or even directly on the mother’s chest, is a very achievable goal. Educational efforts directed at all stakeholders (anesthesiologist, obstetrician, pediatric and nursing staff) will facilitate the introduction of this model of care.
It is possible.
Is it possible to transform a major surgical procedure—a cesarean delivery—into a mother-, baby- and family-centered experience? For many cesarean delivery procedures the answer is a resounding, “Yes.” Re-engineering the clinical processes that surround the traditional cesarean delivery requires the commitment and cooperation of many disciplines. Obstetricians, anesthesiologists, and maternity nurses are the leaders who must work together to facilitate this important practice change.
- Has your obstetric unit developed cesarean delivery practices to initiate early mother-infant bonding? Explain what has worked and/or not worked.
- Do you think that immediate mother-infant skin-to-skin contact is safe at cesarean delivery? Why?
Write to us at rbarbieri@frontlinemedcom.com, or click here. Include your name and city and state, and we’ll consider publishing your comments in an upcoming issue of OBG Management.
1. Rowe-Murray HJ, Fisher JR. Baby friendly hospital practices: cesarean section is a persistent barrier to early initiation of breastfeeding. Birth. 2002;29(2):124-131.
2. Moore ER, Anderson GC, Bergman N, Dowswell T. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD003519.-
3. Nolan A, Lawrence C. A pilot study of a nursing intervention protocol to minimize maternal-infant separation after Cesarean birth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2009;38(4):430-442.
4. DiMatteo MR, Morton SC, Lepper HS, et al. Cesarean childbirth and psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 1996;15(4):303-314.
5. Prior E, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Philipps LH, Modi N, Hyde MJ. Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(5):1113-1115.
6. Bystrova K, Ivanova V, Edhborg M, et al. Early contact versus separation: effects on mother-infant interaction one year later. Birth. 2009;36(2):97-109.
7. Smith J, Plaat F, Fisk NM. The natural caesarean: a woman-centered technique. BJOG. 2008;115:1037-1042.
8. Smith J, Plaat F. The natural caesarean. Midwives. 2010;13(2):36-37.
9. Chang SC, Chen CH. Effects of music therapy on women’s physiological measures anxiety, and satisfaction during cesarean delivery. Res Nurs Health. 2005;28(6):453-461.
10. Li Y, Dong Y. Preoperative music intervention for patients undergoing cesarean delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;119(1):81-83.
11. Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, et al. Supplementary oxygen for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: useful in prolonged uterine incision-to-delivery interval? Br J Anaesth. 2004;92(4):518-522.
12. Gunaydin B, Nas T, Biri A, Koc E, Koc A, McCusker K. Effects of maternal supplemental oxygen on the newborn for elective cesarean deliveries under spinal anesthesia. J Anesth. 2011;25(3):363-368.
13. Holmgren G, Sjöholm L, Stark M. The Misgav Ladach method for cesarean section: method description. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999;78(7):615-621.
14. Federici D, Lacelli B, Muggiasca L, Agarossi A, Cipolla L. Conti M. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997;57(3):273-279.
15. Camann W, Trainor K. Clear surgical drapes: a technique to facilitate the “natural cesarean delivery”. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(4):981-982.
16. Andersson O, Helmström-Westas L, Andersson D, Domellof M. Effect of delayed versus early umbilical cord clamping on neonatal outcomes and iron status at 4 months of age: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;343:d7157.-
17. Velandia M, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Nissen E. Sex differences in newborn interaction with mother or father during skin-to-skin contact after cesarean section. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101(4):360-367.
18. Erlandsson K, Dsilna A, Fagerberg I, Christensson K. Skin-to-skin care with the father after cesarean birth and its effect on newborn crying and prefeeding behavior. Birth. 2007;34(2):105-114.
19. American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy Statement. Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):e827-e841.
20. Hung KG, Berg O. Early skin-to-skin after cesarean to improve breastfeeding. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2011;36(5):318-324.
21. Levine EM, Ghai V, Barton JJ, Strom CM. Mode of delivery and risk of respiratory disease in newborns. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(3):439-442.
22. Laptook A, Jackson GL. Cold stress and hypoglycemia in the late preterm (“near-term”) infant: impact on nursery of admission. Semin Perinatol. 2006;30(1):24-27.
23. Gouchon S, Gregori D, Picotto A, Patrucco G, Nangeroni M, Di Giulio P. Skin-to-skin contact after cesarean delivery: an experimental study. Nurs Res. 2010;59(2):78-84.
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2. Moore ER, Anderson GC, Bergman N, Dowswell T. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD003519.-
3. Nolan A, Lawrence C. A pilot study of a nursing intervention protocol to minimize maternal-infant separation after Cesarean birth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2009;38(4):430-442.
4. DiMatteo MR, Morton SC, Lepper HS, et al. Cesarean childbirth and psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 1996;15(4):303-314.
5. Prior E, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Philipps LH, Modi N, Hyde MJ. Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(5):1113-1115.
6. Bystrova K, Ivanova V, Edhborg M, et al. Early contact versus separation: effects on mother-infant interaction one year later. Birth. 2009;36(2):97-109.
7. Smith J, Plaat F, Fisk NM. The natural caesarean: a woman-centered technique. BJOG. 2008;115:1037-1042.
8. Smith J, Plaat F. The natural caesarean. Midwives. 2010;13(2):36-37.
9. Chang SC, Chen CH. Effects of music therapy on women’s physiological measures anxiety, and satisfaction during cesarean delivery. Res Nurs Health. 2005;28(6):453-461.
10. Li Y, Dong Y. Preoperative music intervention for patients undergoing cesarean delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;119(1):81-83.
11. Khaw KS, Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, et al. Supplementary oxygen for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: useful in prolonged uterine incision-to-delivery interval? Br J Anaesth. 2004;92(4):518-522.
12. Gunaydin B, Nas T, Biri A, Koc E, Koc A, McCusker K. Effects of maternal supplemental oxygen on the newborn for elective cesarean deliveries under spinal anesthesia. J Anesth. 2011;25(3):363-368.
13. Holmgren G, Sjöholm L, Stark M. The Misgav Ladach method for cesarean section: method description. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999;78(7):615-621.
14. Federici D, Lacelli B, Muggiasca L, Agarossi A, Cipolla L. Conti M. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997;57(3):273-279.
15. Camann W, Trainor K. Clear surgical drapes: a technique to facilitate the “natural cesarean delivery”. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(4):981-982.
16. Andersson O, Helmström-Westas L, Andersson D, Domellof M. Effect of delayed versus early umbilical cord clamping on neonatal outcomes and iron status at 4 months of age: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;343:d7157.-
17. Velandia M, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Nissen E. Sex differences in newborn interaction with mother or father during skin-to-skin contact after cesarean section. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101(4):360-367.
18. Erlandsson K, Dsilna A, Fagerberg I, Christensson K. Skin-to-skin care with the father after cesarean birth and its effect on newborn crying and prefeeding behavior. Birth. 2007;34(2):105-114.
19. American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy Statement. Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):e827-e841.
20. Hung KG, Berg O. Early skin-to-skin after cesarean to improve breastfeeding. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2011;36(5):318-324.
21. Levine EM, Ghai V, Barton JJ, Strom CM. Mode of delivery and risk of respiratory disease in newborns. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(3):439-442.
22. Laptook A, Jackson GL. Cold stress and hypoglycemia in the late preterm (“near-term”) infant: impact on nursery of admission. Semin Perinatol. 2006;30(1):24-27.
23. Gouchon S, Gregori D, Picotto A, Patrucco G, Nangeroni M, Di Giulio P. Skin-to-skin contact after cesarean delivery: an experimental study. Nurs Res. 2010;59(2):78-84.