Lisa Hack

PORTLAND—“We are now working with an HIV population that is aging, and along with aging comes a lot of other diseases, such as heart and lung disease, that often result in the use of medications,” began Jennifer Cocohoba, PharmD, AAHIP, Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy. She explained that “the growing problem of having too many medications applies to all, but is particularly important among those living with HIV.”

Polypharmacy, as often defined in research studies, is the taking of at least 5 prescription medications. About 40% of US adults fall into this category, “and it’s not much different for people with HIV,” Cocohoba said. “Persons living with HIV experience polypharmacy at about the same rate.” But people living with HIV may reach that number faster, given that 2 to 3 of the 5 drugs may be for HIV. In addition, those living with HIV are potentially at greater risk for drug interactions.

Quality, not just quantity

Cocohoba explained that it’s important to pay attention to the number of medications a patient is taking because the greater the number, the greater the likelihood of interactions and adverse effects and the more difficult it is for patients to adhere to their medication regimens.

“But we should be looking also at appropriateness of using those medications in a particular person,” she continued, which moves into the realm of quality. She reviewed some criteria that can be used to evaluate the quality of prescribing.

The BEERS Criteria, published by the American Geriatric Society, present classes and specific medications that may be inappropriate in certain elderly persons. Benzodiazepines, for example, commonly used to treat anxiety, are not metabolized as efficiently in the elderly as they are in younger patients. As a result, older adults may experience sedation, falls, or other potentially harmful sequelae. “If a patient age 65 or older is taking a benzodiazepine, that’s a red flag for a clinician to look at that medication and see if it’s really the best choice or whether alternatives might be more appropriate,” explained Cocohoba.

START/STOPP Criteria. Other criteria include the Screening Tool To Alert To Right Treatment (START) and the Screening Tool Of Older People's Prescriptions (STOPP). START focuses on looking for medications that would be appropriate for a particular patient but that are missing from the patient’s medication list, while STOPP focuses on looking for medications that are on the list that might be inappropriate, much like the BEERS Criteria.

The Good Palliative Geriatric Practice Algorithm is a clinical decision-making tool that aids clinicians in thinking through whether a medication is appropriate or inappropriate and whether to maintain, alter, or discontinue the therapy. Cocohoba said it’s often used as a partner to BEERS.

Continue to: Reducing polypharmacy in HIV treatment

Cocohoba explained that there are essentially 2 frameworks for reducing polypharmacy that can be applied to HIV treatment regimens.

Consolidation. With consolidation, the focus is on reducing pill burden—but not by omitting medications. “It’s about looking into simpler dosage forms or combination medications to improve adherence and make life easier,” Cocohoba explained. “Same regimen, fewer pills.”

Simplification, on the other hand, is removing, and thus reducing the number of, agents a patient is taking. The question clinicians should be asking is, according to Cocohoba, “In what situations is it safe to strip down therapy to the bare essentials for the purposes of exposing people to fewer medications, reducing adverse effects, and keeping treatment as manageable as possible to optimize adherence?”

Simplification may be applied to either treatment-naïve or treatment-experienced patients. With the former, clinicians consider, for example, whether patients can be started on HIV treatment consisting of 2 rather than 3 medications. In the latter, “Clinicians may be dealing with patients who are fully virally suppressed on certain regimens and have been for a while; here we see if we can subtract medications, reducing say from triple to double therapy, while maintaining suppression,” explained Cocohoba.

“We want to offer people robust HIV treatment that is going to maintain viral suppression and prevent sequelae of HIV disease,” Cocohoba said, “but we need to balance that with safety, tolerability, and adherence.”

Continue to: An ongoing discussion and multidisciplinary effort

“Medications can easily pile [up],” Cocohoba said, “so it’s important for clinicians to regularly review medication lists with patients to see if maybe they aren’t using certain agents anymore.” Another reason for clinicians to periodically review medication lists is to make certain they are aware of agents being prescribed by the patient’s other health care providers.

Polypharmacy is the responsibility of everyone on the health care team, both prescribers and nonprescribers, such as social workers and case managers, explained Cocohoba. “If ever there was a health care problem that could use an interdisciplinary approach, polypharmacy is it.”

PORTLAND—“We are now working with an HIV population that is aging, and along with aging comes a lot of other diseases, such as heart and lung disease, that often result in the use of medications,” began Jennifer Cocohoba, PharmD, AAHIP, Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy. She explained that “the growing problem of having too many medications applies to all, but is particularly important among those living with HIV.”

Polypharmacy, as often defined in research studies, is the taking of at least 5 prescription medications. About 40% of US adults fall into this category, “and it’s not much different for people with HIV,” Cocohoba said. “Persons living with HIV experience polypharmacy at about the same rate.” But people living with HIV may reach that number faster, given that 2 to 3 of the 5 drugs may be for HIV. In addition, those living with HIV are potentially at greater risk for drug interactions.

Quality, not just quantity

Cocohoba explained that it’s important to pay attention to the number of medications a patient is taking because the greater the number, the greater the likelihood of interactions and adverse effects and the more difficult it is for patients to adhere to their medication regimens.

“But we should be looking also at appropriateness of using those medications in a particular person,” she continued, which moves into the realm of quality. She reviewed some criteria that can be used to evaluate the quality of prescribing.

The BEERS Criteria, published by the American Geriatric Society, present classes and specific medications that may be inappropriate in certain elderly persons. Benzodiazepines, for example, commonly used to treat anxiety, are not metabolized as efficiently in the elderly as they are in younger patients. As a result, older adults may experience sedation, falls, or other potentially harmful sequelae. “If a patient age 65 or older is taking a benzodiazepine, that’s a red flag for a clinician to look at that medication and see if it’s really the best choice or whether alternatives might be more appropriate,” explained Cocohoba.

START/STOPP Criteria. Other criteria include the Screening Tool To Alert To Right Treatment (START) and the Screening Tool Of Older People's Prescriptions (STOPP). START focuses on looking for medications that would be appropriate for a particular patient but that are missing from the patient’s medication list, while STOPP focuses on looking for medications that are on the list that might be inappropriate, much like the BEERS Criteria.

The Good Palliative Geriatric Practice Algorithm is a clinical decision-making tool that aids clinicians in thinking through whether a medication is appropriate or inappropriate and whether to maintain, alter, or discontinue the therapy. Cocohoba said it’s often used as a partner to BEERS.

Continue to: Reducing polypharmacy in HIV treatment

Cocohoba explained that there are essentially 2 frameworks for reducing polypharmacy that can be applied to HIV treatment regimens.

Consolidation. With consolidation, the focus is on reducing pill burden—but not by omitting medications. “It’s about looking into simpler dosage forms or combination medications to improve adherence and make life easier,” Cocohoba explained. “Same regimen, fewer pills.”

Simplification, on the other hand, is removing, and thus reducing the number of, agents a patient is taking. The question clinicians should be asking is, according to Cocohoba, “In what situations is it safe to strip down therapy to the bare essentials for the purposes of exposing people to fewer medications, reducing adverse effects, and keeping treatment as manageable as possible to optimize adherence?”

Simplification may be applied to either treatment-naïve or treatment-experienced patients. With the former, clinicians consider, for example, whether patients can be started on HIV treatment consisting of 2 rather than 3 medications. In the latter, “Clinicians may be dealing with patients who are fully virally suppressed on certain regimens and have been for a while; here we see if we can subtract medications, reducing say from triple to double therapy, while maintaining suppression,” explained Cocohoba.

“We want to offer people robust HIV treatment that is going to maintain viral suppression and prevent sequelae of HIV disease,” Cocohoba said, “but we need to balance that with safety, tolerability, and adherence.”

Continue to: An ongoing discussion and multidisciplinary effort

“Medications can easily pile [up],” Cocohoba said, “so it’s important for clinicians to regularly review medication lists with patients to see if maybe they aren’t using certain agents anymore.” Another reason for clinicians to periodically review medication lists is to make certain they are aware of agents being prescribed by the patient’s other health care providers.

Polypharmacy is the responsibility of everyone on the health care team, both prescribers and nonprescribers, such as social workers and case managers, explained Cocohoba. “If ever there was a health care problem that could use an interdisciplinary approach, polypharmacy is it.”

PORTLAND—“We are now working with an HIV population that is aging, and along with aging comes a lot of other diseases, such as heart and lung disease, that often result in the use of medications,” began Jennifer Cocohoba, PharmD, AAHIP, Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy. She explained that “the growing problem of having too many medications applies to all, but is particularly important among those living with HIV.”

Polypharmacy, as often defined in research studies, is the taking of at least 5 prescription medications. About 40% of US adults fall into this category, “and it’s not much different for people with HIV,” Cocohoba said. “Persons living with HIV experience polypharmacy at about the same rate.” But people living with HIV may reach that number faster, given that 2 to 3 of the 5 drugs may be for HIV. In addition, those living with HIV are potentially at greater risk for drug interactions.

Quality, not just quantity

Cocohoba explained that it’s important to pay attention to the number of medications a patient is taking because the greater the number, the greater the likelihood of interactions and adverse effects and the more difficult it is for patients to adhere to their medication regimens.

“But we should be looking also at appropriateness of using those medications in a particular person,” she continued, which moves into the realm of quality. She reviewed some criteria that can be used to evaluate the quality of prescribing.

The BEERS Criteria, published by the American Geriatric Society, present classes and specific medications that may be inappropriate in certain elderly persons. Benzodiazepines, for example, commonly used to treat anxiety, are not metabolized as efficiently in the elderly as they are in younger patients. As a result, older adults may experience sedation, falls, or other potentially harmful sequelae. “If a patient age 65 or older is taking a benzodiazepine, that’s a red flag for a clinician to look at that medication and see if it’s really the best choice or whether alternatives might be more appropriate,” explained Cocohoba.

START/STOPP Criteria. Other criteria include the Screening Tool To Alert To Right Treatment (START) and the Screening Tool Of Older People's Prescriptions (STOPP). START focuses on looking for medications that would be appropriate for a particular patient but that are missing from the patient’s medication list, while STOPP focuses on looking for medications that are on the list that might be inappropriate, much like the BEERS Criteria.

The Good Palliative Geriatric Practice Algorithm is a clinical decision-making tool that aids clinicians in thinking through whether a medication is appropriate or inappropriate and whether to maintain, alter, or discontinue the therapy. Cocohoba said it’s often used as a partner to BEERS.

Continue to: Reducing polypharmacy in HIV treatment

Cocohoba explained that there are essentially 2 frameworks for reducing polypharmacy that can be applied to HIV treatment regimens.

Consolidation. With consolidation, the focus is on reducing pill burden—but not by omitting medications. “It’s about looking into simpler dosage forms or combination medications to improve adherence and make life easier,” Cocohoba explained. “Same regimen, fewer pills.”

Simplification, on the other hand, is removing, and thus reducing the number of, agents a patient is taking. The question clinicians should be asking is, according to Cocohoba, “In what situations is it safe to strip down therapy to the bare essentials for the purposes of exposing people to fewer medications, reducing adverse effects, and keeping treatment as manageable as possible to optimize adherence?”

Simplification may be applied to either treatment-naïve or treatment-experienced patients. With the former, clinicians consider, for example, whether patients can be started on HIV treatment consisting of 2 rather than 3 medications. In the latter, “Clinicians may be dealing with patients who are fully virally suppressed on certain regimens and have been for a while; here we see if we can subtract medications, reducing say from triple to double therapy, while maintaining suppression,” explained Cocohoba.

“We want to offer people robust HIV treatment that is going to maintain viral suppression and prevent sequelae of HIV disease,” Cocohoba said, “but we need to balance that with safety, tolerability, and adherence.”

Continue to: An ongoing discussion and multidisciplinary effort

“Medications can easily pile [up],” Cocohoba said, “so it’s important for clinicians to regularly review medication lists with patients to see if maybe they aren’t using certain agents anymore.” Another reason for clinicians to periodically review medication lists is to make certain they are aware of agents being prescribed by the patient’s other health care providers.

Polypharmacy is the responsibility of everyone on the health care team, both prescribers and nonprescribers, such as social workers and case managers, explained Cocohoba. “If ever there was a health care problem that could use an interdisciplinary approach, polypharmacy is it.”

PORTLAND—A lot of health care providers involved in the care of patients with HIV/AIDS think physical therapists (PTs) have a very narrow role to play in chronic pain when in actuality, "we have a very big footprint," says Michael DeArman, DPT, Fellow of the American Association of Orthopedic Manual Therapists.

In his session, "Physical therapy alternatives for people living with HIV and persistent pain," he reviewed how his role in the care of patients with HIV has evolved over the years. He explained that the emphasis in physical therapy used to be on exercises that would help to maintain lean body mass, because it was a predictor of survivability and helped patients avoid opportunistic infections.

After that, the role of the PT focused largely on helping patients deal with the adverse effects of medications. DeArman explained that back in the days of azathioprine (AZT), for example, many patients developed peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, and low cervical fat deposition leading to neck pain. PTs also helped patients deal with the complications of surviving with HIV, including the effects of meningitis and stroke. "But we don't see much of that anymore because the medications are so much better,” DeArman said. “That's not the profile for HIV anymore."

But now patients are dealing with chronic pain

DeArman reported that 80% to 90% of people with HIV/AIDS have chronic pain for at least 2 months, if not much longer. He said, "PT can be an alternative to opioids," and explained that his efforts are twofold. "Graded activity to slowly build peoples' ability to do aerobic exercise is a really good way to manage pain,” he said, “but the other half of it is a lot of counseling and education, talking about how pain works and doesn't work, and how what you're told and what you believe and experience and your expectations can affect the experience of pain and the level of pain at any given moment."

He remarked that now about 60% of this professional time is devoted to the counseling and educational aspects of pain and 40% to movement and exercise: "It's not really the kind of therapist I trained to be, and it's not what most people think of as physical therapy work, but it's falling in our lap."

He said that as a society, we rely heavily on more formal counseling by psychotherapists and counselors, for example, to manage depression and anxiety, but that few others in the medical realm are picking up the slack when it comes to pain education for patients with HIV.

Tools for talking

DeArman discussed some of the tools and techniques he uses when talking to patients about their pain, such as motivational interviewing and assessing readiness for change. He uses the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) to uncover how a patient's fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity may be affecting their pain. He also assesses levels of catastrophization, or how seriously a patient interprets a physical symptom; a high level correlates with greater pain states. Similarly, those with low self-efficacy—feelings about how well you can control your destiny and situations—are more likely to experience chronic pain states than those with high self-efficacy.

Continue to: He said that using...

He said that using these tools has made a huge difference in the way he and others in his field approach pain and its outcomes. He says that not only are they helping people get better, but "we are giving patients a way to manage their pain before they go down the road of pharmacologic solutions."

DeArman said his main message is "to think about physical therapy for your patients with chronic pain." He pointed out that there's a new generation of PTs coming out of school that have a much better understanding of how to manage chronic pain, so "expect [this type of treatment] to be available from those PTs to whom you refer patients. Just realize it may still take a little looking to find it."

PORTLAND—A lot of health care providers involved in the care of patients with HIV/AIDS think physical therapists (PTs) have a very narrow role to play in chronic pain when in actuality, "we have a very big footprint," says Michael DeArman, DPT, Fellow of the American Association of Orthopedic Manual Therapists.

In his session, "Physical therapy alternatives for people living with HIV and persistent pain," he reviewed how his role in the care of patients with HIV has evolved over the years. He explained that the emphasis in physical therapy used to be on exercises that would help to maintain lean body mass, because it was a predictor of survivability and helped patients avoid opportunistic infections.

After that, the role of the PT focused largely on helping patients deal with the adverse effects of medications. DeArman explained that back in the days of azathioprine (AZT), for example, many patients developed peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, and low cervical fat deposition leading to neck pain. PTs also helped patients deal with the complications of surviving with HIV, including the effects of meningitis and stroke. "But we don't see much of that anymore because the medications are so much better,” DeArman said. “That's not the profile for HIV anymore."

But now patients are dealing with chronic pain

DeArman reported that 80% to 90% of people with HIV/AIDS have chronic pain for at least 2 months, if not much longer. He said, "PT can be an alternative to opioids," and explained that his efforts are twofold. "Graded activity to slowly build peoples' ability to do aerobic exercise is a really good way to manage pain,” he said, “but the other half of it is a lot of counseling and education, talking about how pain works and doesn't work, and how what you're told and what you believe and experience and your expectations can affect the experience of pain and the level of pain at any given moment."

He remarked that now about 60% of this professional time is devoted to the counseling and educational aspects of pain and 40% to movement and exercise: "It's not really the kind of therapist I trained to be, and it's not what most people think of as physical therapy work, but it's falling in our lap."

He said that as a society, we rely heavily on more formal counseling by psychotherapists and counselors, for example, to manage depression and anxiety, but that few others in the medical realm are picking up the slack when it comes to pain education for patients with HIV.

Tools for talking

DeArman discussed some of the tools and techniques he uses when talking to patients about their pain, such as motivational interviewing and assessing readiness for change. He uses the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) to uncover how a patient's fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity may be affecting their pain. He also assesses levels of catastrophization, or how seriously a patient interprets a physical symptom; a high level correlates with greater pain states. Similarly, those with low self-efficacy—feelings about how well you can control your destiny and situations—are more likely to experience chronic pain states than those with high self-efficacy.

Continue to: He said that using...

He said that using these tools has made a huge difference in the way he and others in his field approach pain and its outcomes. He says that not only are they helping people get better, but "we are giving patients a way to manage their pain before they go down the road of pharmacologic solutions."

DeArman said his main message is "to think about physical therapy for your patients with chronic pain." He pointed out that there's a new generation of PTs coming out of school that have a much better understanding of how to manage chronic pain, so "expect [this type of treatment] to be available from those PTs to whom you refer patients. Just realize it may still take a little looking to find it."

PORTLAND—A lot of health care providers involved in the care of patients with HIV/AIDS think physical therapists (PTs) have a very narrow role to play in chronic pain when in actuality, "we have a very big footprint," says Michael DeArman, DPT, Fellow of the American Association of Orthopedic Manual Therapists.

In his session, "Physical therapy alternatives for people living with HIV and persistent pain," he reviewed how his role in the care of patients with HIV has evolved over the years. He explained that the emphasis in physical therapy used to be on exercises that would help to maintain lean body mass, because it was a predictor of survivability and helped patients avoid opportunistic infections.

After that, the role of the PT focused largely on helping patients deal with the adverse effects of medications. DeArman explained that back in the days of azathioprine (AZT), for example, many patients developed peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy, and low cervical fat deposition leading to neck pain. PTs also helped patients deal with the complications of surviving with HIV, including the effects of meningitis and stroke. "But we don't see much of that anymore because the medications are so much better,” DeArman said. “That's not the profile for HIV anymore."

But now patients are dealing with chronic pain

DeArman reported that 80% to 90% of people with HIV/AIDS have chronic pain for at least 2 months, if not much longer. He said, "PT can be an alternative to opioids," and explained that his efforts are twofold. "Graded activity to slowly build peoples' ability to do aerobic exercise is a really good way to manage pain,” he said, “but the other half of it is a lot of counseling and education, talking about how pain works and doesn't work, and how what you're told and what you believe and experience and your expectations can affect the experience of pain and the level of pain at any given moment."

He remarked that now about 60% of this professional time is devoted to the counseling and educational aspects of pain and 40% to movement and exercise: "It's not really the kind of therapist I trained to be, and it's not what most people think of as physical therapy work, but it's falling in our lap."

He said that as a society, we rely heavily on more formal counseling by psychotherapists and counselors, for example, to manage depression and anxiety, but that few others in the medical realm are picking up the slack when it comes to pain education for patients with HIV.

Tools for talking

DeArman discussed some of the tools and techniques he uses when talking to patients about their pain, such as motivational interviewing and assessing readiness for change. He uses the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) to uncover how a patient's fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity may be affecting their pain. He also assesses levels of catastrophization, or how seriously a patient interprets a physical symptom; a high level correlates with greater pain states. Similarly, those with low self-efficacy—feelings about how well you can control your destiny and situations—are more likely to experience chronic pain states than those with high self-efficacy.

Continue to: He said that using...

He said that using these tools has made a huge difference in the way he and others in his field approach pain and its outcomes. He says that not only are they helping people get better, but "we are giving patients a way to manage their pain before they go down the road of pharmacologic solutions."

DeArman said his main message is "to think about physical therapy for your patients with chronic pain." He pointed out that there's a new generation of PTs coming out of school that have a much better understanding of how to manage chronic pain, so "expect [this type of treatment] to be available from those PTs to whom you refer patients. Just realize it may still take a little looking to find it."

PORTLAND—The investigational drug islatravir “could be a game changer in the field of HIV," said David H. Spach, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, in a session called, "Antiretroviral therapy 2019 update: Mechanism of action, new medications, current guidelines, and controversies."

Dr. Spach reported that islatravir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI), is highly potent, is well tolerated, has a high genetic barrier to resistance, and has an extremely long half-life, according to the findings of preliminary studies. Its long half-life enables subdermal implantation and maintenance of therapeutic levels even after a year in place. Researchers are studying the compound in combination with other agents for treatment and independently for preexposure prophylaxis.

Another noteworthy investigational agent, according to Dr. Spach, is cabotegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) with the potential for intramuscular administration every 4 to 8 weeks. Dr. Spach explained that researchers are studying the agent in 3 different clinical situations: oral cabotegravir in combination with rilpivirine for lead-in therapy; an extended-release injectable of cabotegravir and rilpivirine for maintenance antiretroviral (ARV) treatment every 4 weeks; and an extended-release cabotegravir injectable for preexposure prophylaxis every 8 weeks. The agent is highly potent, with a high genetic barrier to resistance.

ARV: The current state of affairs

"We are in an era now where everyone who is living with HIV ideally should be receiving fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy," remarked Dr. Spach. He explained that not only does this benefit the person living with HIV by reducing the onset and progression of chronic inflammatory disease states that occur along with HIV, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer, but also "fully suppressive ARV therapy virtually eliminates sexual transmission of HIV to another person."

Spach explained that the most recent (2018) Health and Human Services ARV therapy guidelines have greatly simplified the choices for ARV therapy. The current recommendations for initial ARV therapy for most people are to use a 2-drug backbone regimen, consisting of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), combined with a single anchor drug, which should be an INSTI. The INSTI should have the highest potency and highest genetic barrier to resistance available, which effectively means using a regimen that contains either dolutegravir or bictegravir. The latter is available only in combination with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide as a single-tablet regimen.

Spach also explained that "the guidelines have moved away from using boosted regimens for initial therapy, so elvitegravir boosted with cobicistat and protease inhibitors (PIs) boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat are no longer recommended as preferred initial therapy, although boosted PIs are still very useful as second- or third-line therapies."

Newer medications

Doravirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), was approved by the FDA in 2018. "It probably won't have a big impact on initial therapy, but it is likely to have a significant effect on second- and third-line therapy," Dr. Spach said. "Because of its high potency and high genetic barrier to resistance, those taking etravirine twice a day, for example, may be able to simplify to once-a-day doravirine." In addition, "Doravirine may have advantages over rilpivirine in that it has no restrictions when used with acid-suppressing agents such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors."

Continue to: Ibalizumab

Ibalizumab. Another newer agent “worth mentioning,” according to Dr. Spach, is ibalizumab. This monoclonal antibody has a unique mechanism of action. It is 1 of only 2 drugs used for HIV treatment that targets human receptors (all of the others work by inhibiting either an HIV enzyme or binding to the HIV virus itself). Ibalizumab targets the D2 region of the CD4 receptor. It is an injectable (intravenous) compound administered with an initial loading dose and then every 2 weeks thereafter. Dr. Spach reported that the data surrounding ibalizumab show that it is effective as an add-on medication in more advanced resistant settings. Also, it provides an option for people who can't take oral drugs, such as those who have had major surgery or trauma.

Remaining questions

Dr. Spach explained that 1 of the questions that remains is whether to prescribe ARV therapy for patients who are viremic controllers (those who inherently control HIV through their own immunologic response to a level < 200 copies) or elite controllers (those whose own immunologic response controls the virus to a level < 50 copies, which is in the undetectable range). Both of these groups still have a higher risk for hospitalization and for HIV-related inflammatory conditions such as heart disease, according to Dr. Spach. Current thinking among most experts is to initiate and maintain therapy as long as it is tolerated well.

3 drugs to 2? Another question that remains is whether to switch patients who are doing well on 3-drug maintenance therapy to 2-drug maintenance therapy. According to Dr Spach, studies involving the combination dolutegravir/rilpivirine indicate that patients who have suppressed HIV RNA levels for at least 6 months on a 3-drug maintenance regimen do well after switching to the 2-drug combination dolutegravir/rilpivirine, as long as they do not have baseline resistance to either dolutegravir or rilpivirine. But he questioned the need for the change if the individual is tolerating a 3-drug regimen well, saying that given the safety of current regimens, the only broader motivating force may be cost savings. For now, he said, if patients are without complaints or tolerability issues on 3 drugs, leave them alone.

INSTIs and weight gain. The last issue is weight gain with the use of INSTIs. Preliminary data suggest disproportionate weight gain with these drugs (on the order of about 6 kg over a year and half, which may be 2-3 kg greater than that which occurs with PI-based and NNRTI-based regimens). At this point, experts do not recommend avoiding these agents, mainly because of the tremendous benefits that have been observed with INSTIs. Dr. Spach concluded, "Although we will continue to use INSTIs widely in clinical practice, there may be a subset of individuals taking an INSTI who have pronounced weight gain and may need to switch to another regimen that does not contain an INSTI.”

PORTLAND—The investigational drug islatravir “could be a game changer in the field of HIV," said David H. Spach, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, in a session called, "Antiretroviral therapy 2019 update: Mechanism of action, new medications, current guidelines, and controversies."

Dr. Spach reported that islatravir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI), is highly potent, is well tolerated, has a high genetic barrier to resistance, and has an extremely long half-life, according to the findings of preliminary studies. Its long half-life enables subdermal implantation and maintenance of therapeutic levels even after a year in place. Researchers are studying the compound in combination with other agents for treatment and independently for preexposure prophylaxis.

Another noteworthy investigational agent, according to Dr. Spach, is cabotegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) with the potential for intramuscular administration every 4 to 8 weeks. Dr. Spach explained that researchers are studying the agent in 3 different clinical situations: oral cabotegravir in combination with rilpivirine for lead-in therapy; an extended-release injectable of cabotegravir and rilpivirine for maintenance antiretroviral (ARV) treatment every 4 weeks; and an extended-release cabotegravir injectable for preexposure prophylaxis every 8 weeks. The agent is highly potent, with a high genetic barrier to resistance.

ARV: The current state of affairs

"We are in an era now where everyone who is living with HIV ideally should be receiving fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy," remarked Dr. Spach. He explained that not only does this benefit the person living with HIV by reducing the onset and progression of chronic inflammatory disease states that occur along with HIV, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer, but also "fully suppressive ARV therapy virtually eliminates sexual transmission of HIV to another person."

Spach explained that the most recent (2018) Health and Human Services ARV therapy guidelines have greatly simplified the choices for ARV therapy. The current recommendations for initial ARV therapy for most people are to use a 2-drug backbone regimen, consisting of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), combined with a single anchor drug, which should be an INSTI. The INSTI should have the highest potency and highest genetic barrier to resistance available, which effectively means using a regimen that contains either dolutegravir or bictegravir. The latter is available only in combination with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide as a single-tablet regimen.

Spach also explained that "the guidelines have moved away from using boosted regimens for initial therapy, so elvitegravir boosted with cobicistat and protease inhibitors (PIs) boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat are no longer recommended as preferred initial therapy, although boosted PIs are still very useful as second- or third-line therapies."

Newer medications

Doravirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), was approved by the FDA in 2018. "It probably won't have a big impact on initial therapy, but it is likely to have a significant effect on second- and third-line therapy," Dr. Spach said. "Because of its high potency and high genetic barrier to resistance, those taking etravirine twice a day, for example, may be able to simplify to once-a-day doravirine." In addition, "Doravirine may have advantages over rilpivirine in that it has no restrictions when used with acid-suppressing agents such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors."

Continue to: Ibalizumab

Ibalizumab. Another newer agent “worth mentioning,” according to Dr. Spach, is ibalizumab. This monoclonal antibody has a unique mechanism of action. It is 1 of only 2 drugs used for HIV treatment that targets human receptors (all of the others work by inhibiting either an HIV enzyme or binding to the HIV virus itself). Ibalizumab targets the D2 region of the CD4 receptor. It is an injectable (intravenous) compound administered with an initial loading dose and then every 2 weeks thereafter. Dr. Spach reported that the data surrounding ibalizumab show that it is effective as an add-on medication in more advanced resistant settings. Also, it provides an option for people who can't take oral drugs, such as those who have had major surgery or trauma.

Remaining questions

Dr. Spach explained that 1 of the questions that remains is whether to prescribe ARV therapy for patients who are viremic controllers (those who inherently control HIV through their own immunologic response to a level < 200 copies) or elite controllers (those whose own immunologic response controls the virus to a level < 50 copies, which is in the undetectable range). Both of these groups still have a higher risk for hospitalization and for HIV-related inflammatory conditions such as heart disease, according to Dr. Spach. Current thinking among most experts is to initiate and maintain therapy as long as it is tolerated well.

3 drugs to 2? Another question that remains is whether to switch patients who are doing well on 3-drug maintenance therapy to 2-drug maintenance therapy. According to Dr Spach, studies involving the combination dolutegravir/rilpivirine indicate that patients who have suppressed HIV RNA levels for at least 6 months on a 3-drug maintenance regimen do well after switching to the 2-drug combination dolutegravir/rilpivirine, as long as they do not have baseline resistance to either dolutegravir or rilpivirine. But he questioned the need for the change if the individual is tolerating a 3-drug regimen well, saying that given the safety of current regimens, the only broader motivating force may be cost savings. For now, he said, if patients are without complaints or tolerability issues on 3 drugs, leave them alone.

INSTIs and weight gain. The last issue is weight gain with the use of INSTIs. Preliminary data suggest disproportionate weight gain with these drugs (on the order of about 6 kg over a year and half, which may be 2-3 kg greater than that which occurs with PI-based and NNRTI-based regimens). At this point, experts do not recommend avoiding these agents, mainly because of the tremendous benefits that have been observed with INSTIs. Dr. Spach concluded, "Although we will continue to use INSTIs widely in clinical practice, there may be a subset of individuals taking an INSTI who have pronounced weight gain and may need to switch to another regimen that does not contain an INSTI.”

PORTLAND—The investigational drug islatravir “could be a game changer in the field of HIV," said David H. Spach, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, in a session called, "Antiretroviral therapy 2019 update: Mechanism of action, new medications, current guidelines, and controversies."

Dr. Spach reported that islatravir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor (NRTTI), is highly potent, is well tolerated, has a high genetic barrier to resistance, and has an extremely long half-life, according to the findings of preliminary studies. Its long half-life enables subdermal implantation and maintenance of therapeutic levels even after a year in place. Researchers are studying the compound in combination with other agents for treatment and independently for preexposure prophylaxis.

Another noteworthy investigational agent, according to Dr. Spach, is cabotegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) with the potential for intramuscular administration every 4 to 8 weeks. Dr. Spach explained that researchers are studying the agent in 3 different clinical situations: oral cabotegravir in combination with rilpivirine for lead-in therapy; an extended-release injectable of cabotegravir and rilpivirine for maintenance antiretroviral (ARV) treatment every 4 weeks; and an extended-release cabotegravir injectable for preexposure prophylaxis every 8 weeks. The agent is highly potent, with a high genetic barrier to resistance.

ARV: The current state of affairs

"We are in an era now where everyone who is living with HIV ideally should be receiving fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy," remarked Dr. Spach. He explained that not only does this benefit the person living with HIV by reducing the onset and progression of chronic inflammatory disease states that occur along with HIV, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer, but also "fully suppressive ARV therapy virtually eliminates sexual transmission of HIV to another person."

Spach explained that the most recent (2018) Health and Human Services ARV therapy guidelines have greatly simplified the choices for ARV therapy. The current recommendations for initial ARV therapy for most people are to use a 2-drug backbone regimen, consisting of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), combined with a single anchor drug, which should be an INSTI. The INSTI should have the highest potency and highest genetic barrier to resistance available, which effectively means using a regimen that contains either dolutegravir or bictegravir. The latter is available only in combination with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide as a single-tablet regimen.

Spach also explained that "the guidelines have moved away from using boosted regimens for initial therapy, so elvitegravir boosted with cobicistat and protease inhibitors (PIs) boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat are no longer recommended as preferred initial therapy, although boosted PIs are still very useful as second- or third-line therapies."

Newer medications

Doravirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), was approved by the FDA in 2018. "It probably won't have a big impact on initial therapy, but it is likely to have a significant effect on second- and third-line therapy," Dr. Spach said. "Because of its high potency and high genetic barrier to resistance, those taking etravirine twice a day, for example, may be able to simplify to once-a-day doravirine." In addition, "Doravirine may have advantages over rilpivirine in that it has no restrictions when used with acid-suppressing agents such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors."

Continue to: Ibalizumab

Ibalizumab. Another newer agent “worth mentioning,” according to Dr. Spach, is ibalizumab. This monoclonal antibody has a unique mechanism of action. It is 1 of only 2 drugs used for HIV treatment that targets human receptors (all of the others work by inhibiting either an HIV enzyme or binding to the HIV virus itself). Ibalizumab targets the D2 region of the CD4 receptor. It is an injectable (intravenous) compound administered with an initial loading dose and then every 2 weeks thereafter. Dr. Spach reported that the data surrounding ibalizumab show that it is effective as an add-on medication in more advanced resistant settings. Also, it provides an option for people who can't take oral drugs, such as those who have had major surgery or trauma.

Remaining questions

Dr. Spach explained that 1 of the questions that remains is whether to prescribe ARV therapy for patients who are viremic controllers (those who inherently control HIV through their own immunologic response to a level < 200 copies) or elite controllers (those whose own immunologic response controls the virus to a level < 50 copies, which is in the undetectable range). Both of these groups still have a higher risk for hospitalization and for HIV-related inflammatory conditions such as heart disease, according to Dr. Spach. Current thinking among most experts is to initiate and maintain therapy as long as it is tolerated well.

3 drugs to 2? Another question that remains is whether to switch patients who are doing well on 3-drug maintenance therapy to 2-drug maintenance therapy. According to Dr Spach, studies involving the combination dolutegravir/rilpivirine indicate that patients who have suppressed HIV RNA levels for at least 6 months on a 3-drug maintenance regimen do well after switching to the 2-drug combination dolutegravir/rilpivirine, as long as they do not have baseline resistance to either dolutegravir or rilpivirine. But he questioned the need for the change if the individual is tolerating a 3-drug regimen well, saying that given the safety of current regimens, the only broader motivating force may be cost savings. For now, he said, if patients are without complaints or tolerability issues on 3 drugs, leave them alone.

INSTIs and weight gain. The last issue is weight gain with the use of INSTIs. Preliminary data suggest disproportionate weight gain with these drugs (on the order of about 6 kg over a year and half, which may be 2-3 kg greater than that which occurs with PI-based and NNRTI-based regimens). At this point, experts do not recommend avoiding these agents, mainly because of the tremendous benefits that have been observed with INSTIs. Dr. Spach concluded, "Although we will continue to use INSTIs widely in clinical practice, there may be a subset of individuals taking an INSTI who have pronounced weight gain and may need to switch to another regimen that does not contain an INSTI.”

The gender wage gap in physician compensation persists but is narrowing. According to information gleaned from self-reported compensation surveys, collected by Doximity and completed by 90,000 full-time, US-licensed physicians, while wages for men idled between 2017 and 2018, they increased for women by 2%.¹ So, whereas the gender wage gap was 27.7% in 2017, it dropped to 25.2% in 2018. This translates to female physicians making $90,490 less than male counterparts in 2018 vs $105,000 less in 2017.¹

Gender wage gap and geography. Metropolitan areas with the smallest gender wage gaps according to the Doximity report include Birmingham, Alabama (9%); Bridgeport, Connecticut (10%); and Seattle, Washington (15%). Areas with the largest gender wage gap include Louisville/Jefferson County, Kentucky-Indiana (40%); New Orleans, Louisiana (32%); and Austin, Texas (31%).¹

Gender wage gap and specialty. Specialties with the widest gender wage gaps are pediatric pulmonology (23%), otolaryngology (22%), and urology (22%). Those with the narrowest gaps are hematology (4%), rheumatology (8%), and radiation oncology (9%).¹

Interestingly, although female physicians continue to earn less than men across the board, women were the slight majority of US medical school applicants (50.9%) and matriculants (51.6%) in 2018.²

What are physicians earning?

The overall average salary for physicians in 2019 is $313,000, according to a Medscape report, and the average annual compensation for ObGyns is $303,000, up from $300,000 in 2018.³ Doximity’s figure was slightly different; it reported average annual compensation for ObGyns to be $335,000 in 2018, ranking ObGyns 20th in specialties with the highest annual compensation.¹

Compensation by specialty. The specialties with the highest average annual compensation in 2018 according to the Doximity report were neurosurgery ($617K), thoracic surgery ($584K), and orthopedic surgery ($526K). Those with the lowest were pediatric infectious disease ($186K), pediatric endocrinology ($201K), and general pediatrics ($223K).¹

While women make up 61% of the ObGyn workforce, fewer than 15% of cardiologists, urologists, and orthopedists—some of the highest paying specialties—are women, although this alone does not explain the gender wage gap.³

Compensation by employment type. While average annual compensation increased from 2017 to 2018 for physicians working in single specialty groups (1%), multispecialty groups (1%), solo practices (3%), and industry/pharmaceutical (17%), compensation decreased for those working in health maintenance organizations (-1%), hospitals (-7%), and academia (-9%).¹ Only 14% of private practices are owned by female physicians (TABLE 1).¹

Satisfaction with compensation. Exactly half (50%) of ObGyns report feeling fairly compensated.³ Those physicians working in public health and preventive medicine are the most likely to feel fairly compensated (73%), while those working in infectious disease are least likely (42%).³
 

table_1_image.png

Location matters and may surprise you

Contrary to what many believe, less populated metropolitan areas tend to pay better than larger, more populated cities.¹ This may be because metropolitan areas without academic institutions or nationally renowned health systems tend to offer slightly higher compensation than those with such facilities. The reason? The presence of large or prestigious medical schools ensures a pipeline of viable physician candidates for limited jobs, resulting in institutions and practices needing to pay less for qualified applicants.¹

The 5 markets paying the highest physician salaries in 2018 were (from highest to lowest) Milwaukee; New Orleans; Riverside, California; Minneapolis; and Charlotte, North Carolina. Those paying the lowest were Durham, North Carolina; Providence, Rhode Island; San Antonio; Virginia Beach; and New Haven, Connecticut.¹ Rural areas continue to have problems luring physicians (see “Cures for the famine of rural physicians?”^3,4).

Job satisfaction

ObGyns rank 16th in terms of specialists who are happiest at work; 27% responded that they were very or extremely happy. Plastic surgeons ranked first in happiness on the job (41%), while those in physical medicine and rehabilitation ranked last (19%).⁵

Physicians as a whole report that the most rewarding part of the job is the gratitude from and relationships with patients, followed by “being good at a what I do”/finding answers/diagnoses, and “knowing that I’m making the world a better place.”³ Three-quarters (74%) of ObGyns would choose medicine again, and 75% would choose the same specialty. Those most likely to choose medicine again are those in infectious disease (84%), while those least likely work in physical medicine and rehabilitation (62%). Those most satisfied with their chosen specialty are ophthalmologists; 96% would choose the specialty again, whereas only 62% of internists would do so.³

Burnout. In a Medscape survey of 15,000 physicians in 29 specialties, 45% of ObGyns reported being burned out.⁵ Another 15% reported being “colloquially” depressed (sad, despondent, but not clinically depressed), and 7% reported clinical depression. While physicians overall most frequently engage in exercise as a coping mechanism, ObGyns most frequently report isolating themselves from others (47%)(TABLE 2).⁶

table_2_image.png

Across all specialties, more female physicians report being burned out than men (50% vs 39%). The 3 highest contributors to burnout are too many bureaucratic tasks (charting, paperwork), spending too many hours at work/insufficient compensation, and the increasing computerization of practices (electronic health records [EHRs])(TABLE 3).⁶ While 44% of ObGyns report that their feelings of being burned out or depressed do not affect their interactions with patients, 39% say such feelings make them easily exasperated with their patients.⁶ One in five (20%) responding ObGyns reported having had thoughts of suicide (vs 14% for physicians as a whole).^5,6

table_3_image.png

Sources of frustration on the job

Long hours. Physicians responding to the Medscape survey say that the most frustrating part of their job is having so many rules and regulations, followed by having to work with an EHR, and having to work long hours.³

As for the latter, 60% of responding ObGyns reported working long hours, which places obstetrics/gynecology in the 11th position on a list of specialties with physicians reporting working too many hours.⁵ Surgeons were number 1 with 77% reporting working long hours, and emergency medicine physicians were last with only 13% reporting working long hours.

Paper and administrative tasks. Thirty-eight percent of the physicians responding to the Medscape survey report spending 10 to 19 hours per week on paperwork; another 36% report spending 20 hours or more.³ This is almost identical to last year when the figures were 38% and 32%, respectively. However, the trend in the last few years has been dramatic. In 2017, the total percentage of physicians spending 10 of more hours on paperwork per week was 57%, compared with this year’s 74%.³
 

The gender wage gap in physician compensation persists but is narrowing. According to information gleaned from self-reported compensation surveys, collected by Doximity and completed by 90,000 full-time, US-licensed physicians, while wages for men idled between 2017 and 2018, they increased for women by 2%.¹ So, whereas the gender wage gap was 27.7% in 2017, it dropped to 25.2% in 2018. This translates to female physicians making $90,490 less than male counterparts in 2018 vs $105,000 less in 2017.¹

Gender wage gap and geography. Metropolitan areas with the smallest gender wage gaps according to the Doximity report include Birmingham, Alabama (9%); Bridgeport, Connecticut (10%); and Seattle, Washington (15%). Areas with the largest gender wage gap include Louisville/Jefferson County, Kentucky-Indiana (40%); New Orleans, Louisiana (32%); and Austin, Texas (31%).¹

Gender wage gap and specialty. Specialties with the widest gender wage gaps are pediatric pulmonology (23%), otolaryngology (22%), and urology (22%). Those with the narrowest gaps are hematology (4%), rheumatology (8%), and radiation oncology (9%).¹

Interestingly, although female physicians continue to earn less than men across the board, women were the slight majority of US medical school applicants (50.9%) and matriculants (51.6%) in 2018.²

What are physicians earning?

The overall average salary for physicians in 2019 is $313,000, according to a Medscape report, and the average annual compensation for ObGyns is $303,000, up from $300,000 in 2018.³ Doximity’s figure was slightly different; it reported average annual compensation for ObGyns to be $335,000 in 2018, ranking ObGyns 20th in specialties with the highest annual compensation.¹

Compensation by specialty. The specialties with the highest average annual compensation in 2018 according to the Doximity report were neurosurgery ($617K), thoracic surgery ($584K), and orthopedic surgery ($526K). Those with the lowest were pediatric infectious disease ($186K), pediatric endocrinology ($201K), and general pediatrics ($223K).¹

While women make up 61% of the ObGyn workforce, fewer than 15% of cardiologists, urologists, and orthopedists—some of the highest paying specialties—are women, although this alone does not explain the gender wage gap.³

Compensation by employment type. While average annual compensation increased from 2017 to 2018 for physicians working in single specialty groups (1%), multispecialty groups (1%), solo practices (3%), and industry/pharmaceutical (17%), compensation decreased for those working in health maintenance organizations (-1%), hospitals (-7%), and academia (-9%).¹ Only 14% of private practices are owned by female physicians (TABLE 1).¹

Satisfaction with compensation. Exactly half (50%) of ObGyns report feeling fairly compensated.³ Those physicians working in public health and preventive medicine are the most likely to feel fairly compensated (73%), while those working in infectious disease are least likely (42%).³
 

table_1_image.png

Location matters and may surprise you

Contrary to what many believe, less populated metropolitan areas tend to pay better than larger, more populated cities.¹ This may be because metropolitan areas without academic institutions or nationally renowned health systems tend to offer slightly higher compensation than those with such facilities. The reason? The presence of large or prestigious medical schools ensures a pipeline of viable physician candidates for limited jobs, resulting in institutions and practices needing to pay less for qualified applicants.¹

The 5 markets paying the highest physician salaries in 2018 were (from highest to lowest) Milwaukee; New Orleans; Riverside, California; Minneapolis; and Charlotte, North Carolina. Those paying the lowest were Durham, North Carolina; Providence, Rhode Island; San Antonio; Virginia Beach; and New Haven, Connecticut.¹ Rural areas continue to have problems luring physicians (see “Cures for the famine of rural physicians?”^3,4).

Job satisfaction

ObGyns rank 16th in terms of specialists who are happiest at work; 27% responded that they were very or extremely happy. Plastic surgeons ranked first in happiness on the job (41%), while those in physical medicine and rehabilitation ranked last (19%).⁵

Physicians as a whole report that the most rewarding part of the job is the gratitude from and relationships with patients, followed by “being good at a what I do”/finding answers/diagnoses, and “knowing that I’m making the world a better place.”³ Three-quarters (74%) of ObGyns would choose medicine again, and 75% would choose the same specialty. Those most likely to choose medicine again are those in infectious disease (84%), while those least likely work in physical medicine and rehabilitation (62%). Those most satisfied with their chosen specialty are ophthalmologists; 96% would choose the specialty again, whereas only 62% of internists would do so.³

Burnout. In a Medscape survey of 15,000 physicians in 29 specialties, 45% of ObGyns reported being burned out.⁵ Another 15% reported being “colloquially” depressed (sad, despondent, but not clinically depressed), and 7% reported clinical depression. While physicians overall most frequently engage in exercise as a coping mechanism, ObGyns most frequently report isolating themselves from others (47%)(TABLE 2).⁶

table_2_image.png

Across all specialties, more female physicians report being burned out than men (50% vs 39%). The 3 highest contributors to burnout are too many bureaucratic tasks (charting, paperwork), spending too many hours at work/insufficient compensation, and the increasing computerization of practices (electronic health records [EHRs])(TABLE 3).⁶ While 44% of ObGyns report that their feelings of being burned out or depressed do not affect their interactions with patients, 39% say such feelings make them easily exasperated with their patients.⁶ One in five (20%) responding ObGyns reported having had thoughts of suicide (vs 14% for physicians as a whole).^5,6

table_3_image.png

Sources of frustration on the job

Long hours. Physicians responding to the Medscape survey say that the most frustrating part of their job is having so many rules and regulations, followed by having to work with an EHR, and having to work long hours.³

As for the latter, 60% of responding ObGyns reported working long hours, which places obstetrics/gynecology in the 11th position on a list of specialties with physicians reporting working too many hours.⁵ Surgeons were number 1 with 77% reporting working long hours, and emergency medicine physicians were last with only 13% reporting working long hours.

Paper and administrative tasks. Thirty-eight percent of the physicians responding to the Medscape survey report spending 10 to 19 hours per week on paperwork; another 36% report spending 20 hours or more.³ This is almost identical to last year when the figures were 38% and 32%, respectively. However, the trend in the last few years has been dramatic. In 2017, the total percentage of physicians spending 10 of more hours on paperwork per week was 57%, compared with this year’s 74%.³
 

The gender wage gap in physician compensation persists but is narrowing. According to information gleaned from self-reported compensation surveys, collected by Doximity and completed by 90,000 full-time, US-licensed physicians, while wages for men idled between 2017 and 2018, they increased for women by 2%.¹ So, whereas the gender wage gap was 27.7% in 2017, it dropped to 25.2% in 2018. This translates to female physicians making $90,490 less than male counterparts in 2018 vs $105,000 less in 2017.¹

Gender wage gap and geography. Metropolitan areas with the smallest gender wage gaps according to the Doximity report include Birmingham, Alabama (9%); Bridgeport, Connecticut (10%); and Seattle, Washington (15%). Areas with the largest gender wage gap include Louisville/Jefferson County, Kentucky-Indiana (40%); New Orleans, Louisiana (32%); and Austin, Texas (31%).¹

Gender wage gap and specialty. Specialties with the widest gender wage gaps are pediatric pulmonology (23%), otolaryngology (22%), and urology (22%). Those with the narrowest gaps are hematology (4%), rheumatology (8%), and radiation oncology (9%).¹

Interestingly, although female physicians continue to earn less than men across the board, women were the slight majority of US medical school applicants (50.9%) and matriculants (51.6%) in 2018.²

What are physicians earning?

The overall average salary for physicians in 2019 is $313,000, according to a Medscape report, and the average annual compensation for ObGyns is $303,000, up from $300,000 in 2018.³ Doximity’s figure was slightly different; it reported average annual compensation for ObGyns to be $335,000 in 2018, ranking ObGyns 20th in specialties with the highest annual compensation.¹

Compensation by specialty. The specialties with the highest average annual compensation in 2018 according to the Doximity report were neurosurgery ($617K), thoracic surgery ($584K), and orthopedic surgery ($526K). Those with the lowest were pediatric infectious disease ($186K), pediatric endocrinology ($201K), and general pediatrics ($223K).¹

While women make up 61% of the ObGyn workforce, fewer than 15% of cardiologists, urologists, and orthopedists—some of the highest paying specialties—are women, although this alone does not explain the gender wage gap.³

Compensation by employment type. While average annual compensation increased from 2017 to 2018 for physicians working in single specialty groups (1%), multispecialty groups (1%), solo practices (3%), and industry/pharmaceutical (17%), compensation decreased for those working in health maintenance organizations (-1%), hospitals (-7%), and academia (-9%).¹ Only 14% of private practices are owned by female physicians (TABLE 1).¹

Satisfaction with compensation. Exactly half (50%) of ObGyns report feeling fairly compensated.³ Those physicians working in public health and preventive medicine are the most likely to feel fairly compensated (73%), while those working in infectious disease are least likely (42%).³
 

table_1_image.png

Location matters and may surprise you

Contrary to what many believe, less populated metropolitan areas tend to pay better than larger, more populated cities.¹ This may be because metropolitan areas without academic institutions or nationally renowned health systems tend to offer slightly higher compensation than those with such facilities. The reason? The presence of large or prestigious medical schools ensures a pipeline of viable physician candidates for limited jobs, resulting in institutions and practices needing to pay less for qualified applicants.¹

The 5 markets paying the highest physician salaries in 2018 were (from highest to lowest) Milwaukee; New Orleans; Riverside, California; Minneapolis; and Charlotte, North Carolina. Those paying the lowest were Durham, North Carolina; Providence, Rhode Island; San Antonio; Virginia Beach; and New Haven, Connecticut.¹ Rural areas continue to have problems luring physicians (see “Cures for the famine of rural physicians?”^3,4).

Job satisfaction

ObGyns rank 16th in terms of specialists who are happiest at work; 27% responded that they were very or extremely happy. Plastic surgeons ranked first in happiness on the job (41%), while those in physical medicine and rehabilitation ranked last (19%).⁵

Physicians as a whole report that the most rewarding part of the job is the gratitude from and relationships with patients, followed by “being good at a what I do”/finding answers/diagnoses, and “knowing that I’m making the world a better place.”³ Three-quarters (74%) of ObGyns would choose medicine again, and 75% would choose the same specialty. Those most likely to choose medicine again are those in infectious disease (84%), while those least likely work in physical medicine and rehabilitation (62%). Those most satisfied with their chosen specialty are ophthalmologists; 96% would choose the specialty again, whereas only 62% of internists would do so.³

Burnout. In a Medscape survey of 15,000 physicians in 29 specialties, 45% of ObGyns reported being burned out.⁵ Another 15% reported being “colloquially” depressed (sad, despondent, but not clinically depressed), and 7% reported clinical depression. While physicians overall most frequently engage in exercise as a coping mechanism, ObGyns most frequently report isolating themselves from others (47%)(TABLE 2).⁶

table_2_image.png

Across all specialties, more female physicians report being burned out than men (50% vs 39%). The 3 highest contributors to burnout are too many bureaucratic tasks (charting, paperwork), spending too many hours at work/insufficient compensation, and the increasing computerization of practices (electronic health records [EHRs])(TABLE 3).⁶ While 44% of ObGyns report that their feelings of being burned out or depressed do not affect their interactions with patients, 39% say such feelings make them easily exasperated with their patients.⁶ One in five (20%) responding ObGyns reported having had thoughts of suicide (vs 14% for physicians as a whole).^5,6

table_3_image.png

Sources of frustration on the job

Long hours. Physicians responding to the Medscape survey say that the most frustrating part of their job is having so many rules and regulations, followed by having to work with an EHR, and having to work long hours.³

As for the latter, 60% of responding ObGyns reported working long hours, which places obstetrics/gynecology in the 11th position on a list of specialties with physicians reporting working too many hours.⁵ Surgeons were number 1 with 77% reporting working long hours, and emergency medicine physicians were last with only 13% reporting working long hours.

Paper and administrative tasks. Thirty-eight percent of the physicians responding to the Medscape survey report spending 10 to 19 hours per week on paperwork; another 36% report spending 20 hours or more.³ This is almost identical to last year when the figures were 38% and 32%, respectively. However, the trend in the last few years has been dramatic. In 2017, the total percentage of physicians spending 10 of more hours on paperwork per week was 57%, compared with this year’s 74%.³
 

SAN DIEGO—The first challenge with patients who potentially have coronary artery disease (CAD) is to “appropriately risk stratify them,” began physician assistant Daniel Thomas Thibodeau, MHP, PA-C, DFAAPA, in a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit.

He emphasized the importance of relying on tried and true guidelines, such as those that have been published by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology, to determine a patient’s risk. He explained that providers need to consider patient age; family history; whether the patient has comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, or obesity; whether the patient smokes; and race/ethnicity. “A 65-year-old black male who has hypertension, diabetes, a family history of CAD, and who is a pack-a-day smoker has a high-risk profile for heart disease,” Thibodeau illustrated.

“Then you place that [risk profile] in the context of why the patient is sitting in front of you,” Thibodeau continued at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education. Does the patient have an acute, chronic, or subacute condition? Is the patient presenting with a cardiac complaint of chest pain or pressure?

Match the test to the patient
Then perhaps the biggest challenge, Thibodeau continued, is determining which stress test to order. To choose from the vast array of stress tests available, providers must consider, “What’s the likelihood of getting a positive test? That’s what you’re looking for. You’re looking for disease. What test do I want to order to provoke this patient enough to show that he/she has disease?” Thibodeau explained.

To narrow the testing options, Thibodeau said you begin by answering some basic questions. For example, can the patient exercise? If the patient is young and has some symptoms but her risk is low, then a simple treadmill test will probably suffice. If the patient is older with some orthopedic issues and can’t walk well, then a pharmacologic stress test will probably be necessary, Thibodeau explained. “Or perhaps you have a patient who cannot exercise and has severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and you require a dobutamine stress echocardiography to look at cardiac function and areas of wall motion abnormalities.”  

Thibodeau remarked of his situation, “PAs do all the stress tests in the hospital, and oftentimes you’re sent an order [for a test] that the patient simply can’t do,” underscoring the need to order a test that is appropriate for the patient’s abilities.

Continue to: With treatment don't forget the fundamentals

With treatment don’t forget the fundamentals
Thibodeau said that we need to take “a global approach to treatment” that generally includes daily aspirin, beta blockers, control of hypertension, antiplatelet therapy (or dual antiplatelet therapy when appropriate), and control of dyslipidemia and other comorbidities.

“As much as we advance in the treatment of patients with CAD, it still comes down to fundamentals,” Thibodeau remarked. “We’re making better stents that are smaller and more flexible. We have less bleeding complications [as a result of newer agents], but at the end of the day, it still comes down to educating patients and making sure the patient is adhering to prescribed therapy,” said Thibodeau.

He said that unintentional (eg, forgetting, shift work/work restrictions, confusion, lack of knowledge) and intentional (eg, fear of adverse effects or dependency, mistrust, lack of belief in benefits) obstacles to effective treatment are for the most part “tangible things that we as practitioners can do a better job at by just taking a little bit more time with patients. Talking about expectations and giving them a little bit more of a knowledge base about their disease can go miles when it comes to therapy,” Thibodeau explained.

Of course, with all the newer antiplatelet therapies that are available, providers need to keep up with bleeding profiles, what to do if patients bleed, and when patients should come off agents for procedures. Some of the newer agents are cost-prohibitive, Thibodeau added. But even for those, he explained, there are often assistance programs available for patients so that they can at least get a 90-day supply to, for example, protect a recently placed stent.

“When it comes to stenting patients, all you’re trying to do is protect that stent for the first 90 days so epithelialization can occur to cover the stent and keep the patency going. Once you’re past 90 days, you’re feeling a little bit more at ease,” Thibodeau said.

“But sometimes patients come off the drug a little too early and you really worry about new in-stent stenosis or thrombosis because of adherence problems. So, it’s really a matter of sitting down and educating patients about why those medications are important. And making sure that you keep communicating with them,” Thibodeau continued.

Thibodeau explained that providers also need to speak with patients about the adverse effects they may expect or may be experiencing. “For example, some patients who take ticagrelor experience shortness of breath or cough that usually subsides after a week. So, you have to explain to patients, ‘I know you’re feeling this way, but it will go away, and the benefits very much outweigh the risks.’”

“It’s surprising how as much as stuff changes, so little changes when it comes to all the reasons why we still have trouble. It’s because of simple things—adherence, education, cost. It’s all the same fundamental problems that we’ve experienced for decades. It’s that simple,” Thibodeau concluded.

SAN DIEGO—The first challenge with patients who potentially have coronary artery disease (CAD) is to “appropriately risk stratify them,” began physician assistant Daniel Thomas Thibodeau, MHP, PA-C, DFAAPA, in a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit.

He emphasized the importance of relying on tried and true guidelines, such as those that have been published by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology, to determine a patient’s risk. He explained that providers need to consider patient age; family history; whether the patient has comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, or obesity; whether the patient smokes; and race/ethnicity. “A 65-year-old black male who has hypertension, diabetes, a family history of CAD, and who is a pack-a-day smoker has a high-risk profile for heart disease,” Thibodeau illustrated.

“Then you place that [risk profile] in the context of why the patient is sitting in front of you,” Thibodeau continued at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education. Does the patient have an acute, chronic, or subacute condition? Is the patient presenting with a cardiac complaint of chest pain or pressure?

Match the test to the patient
Then perhaps the biggest challenge, Thibodeau continued, is determining which stress test to order. To choose from the vast array of stress tests available, providers must consider, “What’s the likelihood of getting a positive test? That’s what you’re looking for. You’re looking for disease. What test do I want to order to provoke this patient enough to show that he/she has disease?” Thibodeau explained.

To narrow the testing options, Thibodeau said you begin by answering some basic questions. For example, can the patient exercise? If the patient is young and has some symptoms but her risk is low, then a simple treadmill test will probably suffice. If the patient is older with some orthopedic issues and can’t walk well, then a pharmacologic stress test will probably be necessary, Thibodeau explained. “Or perhaps you have a patient who cannot exercise and has severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and you require a dobutamine stress echocardiography to look at cardiac function and areas of wall motion abnormalities.”  

Thibodeau remarked of his situation, “PAs do all the stress tests in the hospital, and oftentimes you’re sent an order [for a test] that the patient simply can’t do,” underscoring the need to order a test that is appropriate for the patient’s abilities.

Continue to: With treatment don't forget the fundamentals

With treatment don’t forget the fundamentals
Thibodeau said that we need to take “a global approach to treatment” that generally includes daily aspirin, beta blockers, control of hypertension, antiplatelet therapy (or dual antiplatelet therapy when appropriate), and control of dyslipidemia and other comorbidities.

“As much as we advance in the treatment of patients with CAD, it still comes down to fundamentals,” Thibodeau remarked. “We’re making better stents that are smaller and more flexible. We have less bleeding complications [as a result of newer agents], but at the end of the day, it still comes down to educating patients and making sure the patient is adhering to prescribed therapy,” said Thibodeau.

He said that unintentional (eg, forgetting, shift work/work restrictions, confusion, lack of knowledge) and intentional (eg, fear of adverse effects or dependency, mistrust, lack of belief in benefits) obstacles to effective treatment are for the most part “tangible things that we as practitioners can do a better job at by just taking a little bit more time with patients. Talking about expectations and giving them a little bit more of a knowledge base about their disease can go miles when it comes to therapy,” Thibodeau explained.

Of course, with all the newer antiplatelet therapies that are available, providers need to keep up with bleeding profiles, what to do if patients bleed, and when patients should come off agents for procedures. Some of the newer agents are cost-prohibitive, Thibodeau added. But even for those, he explained, there are often assistance programs available for patients so that they can at least get a 90-day supply to, for example, protect a recently placed stent.

“When it comes to stenting patients, all you’re trying to do is protect that stent for the first 90 days so epithelialization can occur to cover the stent and keep the patency going. Once you’re past 90 days, you’re feeling a little bit more at ease,” Thibodeau said.

“But sometimes patients come off the drug a little too early and you really worry about new in-stent stenosis or thrombosis because of adherence problems. So, it’s really a matter of sitting down and educating patients about why those medications are important. And making sure that you keep communicating with them,” Thibodeau continued.

Thibodeau explained that providers also need to speak with patients about the adverse effects they may expect or may be experiencing. “For example, some patients who take ticagrelor experience shortness of breath or cough that usually subsides after a week. So, you have to explain to patients, ‘I know you’re feeling this way, but it will go away, and the benefits very much outweigh the risks.’”

“It’s surprising how as much as stuff changes, so little changes when it comes to all the reasons why we still have trouble. It’s because of simple things—adherence, education, cost. It’s all the same fundamental problems that we’ve experienced for decades. It’s that simple,” Thibodeau concluded.

SAN DIEGO—The first challenge with patients who potentially have coronary artery disease (CAD) is to “appropriately risk stratify them,” began physician assistant Daniel Thomas Thibodeau, MHP, PA-C, DFAAPA, in a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit.

He emphasized the importance of relying on tried and true guidelines, such as those that have been published by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology, to determine a patient’s risk. He explained that providers need to consider patient age; family history; whether the patient has comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, or obesity; whether the patient smokes; and race/ethnicity. “A 65-year-old black male who has hypertension, diabetes, a family history of CAD, and who is a pack-a-day smoker has a high-risk profile for heart disease,” Thibodeau illustrated.

“Then you place that [risk profile] in the context of why the patient is sitting in front of you,” Thibodeau continued at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education. Does the patient have an acute, chronic, or subacute condition? Is the patient presenting with a cardiac complaint of chest pain or pressure?

Match the test to the patient
Then perhaps the biggest challenge, Thibodeau continued, is determining which stress test to order. To choose from the vast array of stress tests available, providers must consider, “What’s the likelihood of getting a positive test? That’s what you’re looking for. You’re looking for disease. What test do I want to order to provoke this patient enough to show that he/she has disease?” Thibodeau explained.

To narrow the testing options, Thibodeau said you begin by answering some basic questions. For example, can the patient exercise? If the patient is young and has some symptoms but her risk is low, then a simple treadmill test will probably suffice. If the patient is older with some orthopedic issues and can’t walk well, then a pharmacologic stress test will probably be necessary, Thibodeau explained. “Or perhaps you have a patient who cannot exercise and has severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and you require a dobutamine stress echocardiography to look at cardiac function and areas of wall motion abnormalities.”  

Thibodeau remarked of his situation, “PAs do all the stress tests in the hospital, and oftentimes you’re sent an order [for a test] that the patient simply can’t do,” underscoring the need to order a test that is appropriate for the patient’s abilities.

Continue to: With treatment don't forget the fundamentals

With treatment don’t forget the fundamentals
Thibodeau said that we need to take “a global approach to treatment” that generally includes daily aspirin, beta blockers, control of hypertension, antiplatelet therapy (or dual antiplatelet therapy when appropriate), and control of dyslipidemia and other comorbidities.

“As much as we advance in the treatment of patients with CAD, it still comes down to fundamentals,” Thibodeau remarked. “We’re making better stents that are smaller and more flexible. We have less bleeding complications [as a result of newer agents], but at the end of the day, it still comes down to educating patients and making sure the patient is adhering to prescribed therapy,” said Thibodeau.

He said that unintentional (eg, forgetting, shift work/work restrictions, confusion, lack of knowledge) and intentional (eg, fear of adverse effects or dependency, mistrust, lack of belief in benefits) obstacles to effective treatment are for the most part “tangible things that we as practitioners can do a better job at by just taking a little bit more time with patients. Talking about expectations and giving them a little bit more of a knowledge base about their disease can go miles when it comes to therapy,” Thibodeau explained.

Of course, with all the newer antiplatelet therapies that are available, providers need to keep up with bleeding profiles, what to do if patients bleed, and when patients should come off agents for procedures. Some of the newer agents are cost-prohibitive, Thibodeau added. But even for those, he explained, there are often assistance programs available for patients so that they can at least get a 90-day supply to, for example, protect a recently placed stent.

“When it comes to stenting patients, all you’re trying to do is protect that stent for the first 90 days so epithelialization can occur to cover the stent and keep the patency going. Once you’re past 90 days, you’re feeling a little bit more at ease,” Thibodeau said.

“But sometimes patients come off the drug a little too early and you really worry about new in-stent stenosis or thrombosis because of adherence problems. So, it’s really a matter of sitting down and educating patients about why those medications are important. And making sure that you keep communicating with them,” Thibodeau continued.

Thibodeau explained that providers also need to speak with patients about the adverse effects they may expect or may be experiencing. “For example, some patients who take ticagrelor experience shortness of breath or cough that usually subsides after a week. So, you have to explain to patients, ‘I know you’re feeling this way, but it will go away, and the benefits very much outweigh the risks.’”

“It’s surprising how as much as stuff changes, so little changes when it comes to all the reasons why we still have trouble. It’s because of simple things—adherence, education, cost. It’s all the same fundamental problems that we’ve experienced for decades. It’s that simple,” Thibodeau concluded.

SAN DIEGO—One of the most significant challenges related to the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to physician assistant Gabriel Ortiz, MPAS, PA-C, DFAAPA, is getting health care providers to use spirometry. “Spirometry is essential to establish the diagnosis,” Ortiz explained in a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit. Yet many providers, he continued, just assume they are dealing with COPD. “The only way to differentiate between COPD and asthma is with spirometry.”

He believes that many health care providers avoid the diagnostic either because they perceive it as being too difficult and/or time-consuming to master or too expensive. But Ortiz insists it is not difficult and that it is “a billable, reimbursable medical expense.” “If providers used it for all of their patients with asthma, COPD, and cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath, the machine would probably be paid for in about 3 months,” he remarked.

Ortiz reported at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education, that COPD, currently the 4th leading cause of death in the world, is projected to be the 3rd leading cause by 2020. Its burden is significant. Limited inspiratory capacity that worsens with activity and that increases the work of breathing significantly impacts quality of life. In fact, reports indicate that 25% to 60% of patients experience depression, Ortiz said.

A most important risk factor
Past or present cigarette smoking remains one of the most important risk factors for COPD, and cessation has the greatest capacity to influence the natural history of the disease, Ortiz said. In fact, Ortiz remarked, “Getting smokers to quit is probably the other biggest challenge with this disease.” He explains that while patients must have the desire to quit and make the decision to do so on their own, “We can provide the option and the information they need.” Ortiz likes to discuss with patients a plan for quitting and agree on a quit date. He says patients will often agree to something like, “I’d like to start reducing right after Thanksgiving,” or “I’d like to be smoke-free by summer.” If effective resources and time are dedicated to smoking cessation, Ortiz reported, long-term quit success rates of up to 25% can be achieved.

Continue to: Treatment changes

Treatment changes
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2018 report (https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf) brings with it a new treatment recommendation, Ortiz said. “We used to recommend, and many providers still do, starting with a long-acting beta-agonist bronchodilator (LABA) and then adding an inhaled corticosteroid, much like we do in asthma,” Ortiz explained. But patients who require more than just a LABA should be given a long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (LAMA). “That’s the preferred treatment,” Ortiz said. An inhaled corticosteroid would then be added as a 3rd agent, if necessary. “So, the order of therapy is now to start with a bronchodilator (either a LABA or LAMA), then add an agent from whichever of these 2 classes was not already started, and then add a corticosteroid,” Ortiz summarized.

Ortiz said that one of the most significant changes in the treatment of COPD is the recent availability of a therapy that combines an inhaled corticosteroid, a LAMA, and a LABA in one inhaler for once-daily dosing.

SAN DIEGO—One of the most significant challenges related to the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to physician assistant Gabriel Ortiz, MPAS, PA-C, DFAAPA, is getting health care providers to use spirometry. “Spirometry is essential to establish the diagnosis,” Ortiz explained in a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit. Yet many providers, he continued, just assume they are dealing with COPD. “The only way to differentiate between COPD and asthma is with spirometry.”

He believes that many health care providers avoid the diagnostic either because they perceive it as being too difficult and/or time-consuming to master or too expensive. But Ortiz insists it is not difficult and that it is “a billable, reimbursable medical expense.” “If providers used it for all of their patients with asthma, COPD, and cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath, the machine would probably be paid for in about 3 months,” he remarked.

Ortiz reported at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education, that COPD, currently the 4th leading cause of death in the world, is projected to be the 3rd leading cause by 2020. Its burden is significant. Limited inspiratory capacity that worsens with activity and that increases the work of breathing significantly impacts quality of life. In fact, reports indicate that 25% to 60% of patients experience depression, Ortiz said.

A most important risk factor
Past or present cigarette smoking remains one of the most important risk factors for COPD, and cessation has the greatest capacity to influence the natural history of the disease, Ortiz said. In fact, Ortiz remarked, “Getting smokers to quit is probably the other biggest challenge with this disease.” He explains that while patients must have the desire to quit and make the decision to do so on their own, “We can provide the option and the information they need.” Ortiz likes to discuss with patients a plan for quitting and agree on a quit date. He says patients will often agree to something like, “I’d like to start reducing right after Thanksgiving,” or “I’d like to be smoke-free by summer.” If effective resources and time are dedicated to smoking cessation, Ortiz reported, long-term quit success rates of up to 25% can be achieved.

Continue to: Treatment changes

Treatment changes
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2018 report (https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf) brings with it a new treatment recommendation, Ortiz said. “We used to recommend, and many providers still do, starting with a long-acting beta-agonist bronchodilator (LABA) and then adding an inhaled corticosteroid, much like we do in asthma,” Ortiz explained. But patients who require more than just a LABA should be given a long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (LAMA). “That’s the preferred treatment,” Ortiz said. An inhaled corticosteroid would then be added as a 3rd agent, if necessary. “So, the order of therapy is now to start with a bronchodilator (either a LABA or LAMA), then add an agent from whichever of these 2 classes was not already started, and then add a corticosteroid,” Ortiz summarized.

Ortiz said that one of the most significant changes in the treatment of COPD is the recent availability of a therapy that combines an inhaled corticosteroid, a LAMA, and a LABA in one inhaler for once-daily dosing.

SAN DIEGO—One of the most significant challenges related to the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to physician assistant Gabriel Ortiz, MPAS, PA-C, DFAAPA, is getting health care providers to use spirometry. “Spirometry is essential to establish the diagnosis,” Ortiz explained in a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit. Yet many providers, he continued, just assume they are dealing with COPD. “The only way to differentiate between COPD and asthma is with spirometry.”

He believes that many health care providers avoid the diagnostic either because they perceive it as being too difficult and/or time-consuming to master or too expensive. But Ortiz insists it is not difficult and that it is “a billable, reimbursable medical expense.” “If providers used it for all of their patients with asthma, COPD, and cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath, the machine would probably be paid for in about 3 months,” he remarked.

Ortiz reported at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education, that COPD, currently the 4th leading cause of death in the world, is projected to be the 3rd leading cause by 2020. Its burden is significant. Limited inspiratory capacity that worsens with activity and that increases the work of breathing significantly impacts quality of life. In fact, reports indicate that 25% to 60% of patients experience depression, Ortiz said.

A most important risk factor
Past or present cigarette smoking remains one of the most important risk factors for COPD, and cessation has the greatest capacity to influence the natural history of the disease, Ortiz said. In fact, Ortiz remarked, “Getting smokers to quit is probably the other biggest challenge with this disease.” He explains that while patients must have the desire to quit and make the decision to do so on their own, “We can provide the option and the information they need.” Ortiz likes to discuss with patients a plan for quitting and agree on a quit date. He says patients will often agree to something like, “I’d like to start reducing right after Thanksgiving,” or “I’d like to be smoke-free by summer.” If effective resources and time are dedicated to smoking cessation, Ortiz reported, long-term quit success rates of up to 25% can be achieved.

Continue to: Treatment changes

Treatment changes
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2018 report (https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf) brings with it a new treatment recommendation, Ortiz said. “We used to recommend, and many providers still do, starting with a long-acting beta-agonist bronchodilator (LABA) and then adding an inhaled corticosteroid, much like we do in asthma,” Ortiz explained. But patients who require more than just a LABA should be given a long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (LAMA). “That’s the preferred treatment,” Ortiz said. An inhaled corticosteroid would then be added as a 3rd agent, if necessary. “So, the order of therapy is now to start with a bronchodilator (either a LABA or LAMA), then add an agent from whichever of these 2 classes was not already started, and then add a corticosteroid,” Ortiz summarized.

Ortiz said that one of the most significant changes in the treatment of COPD is the recent availability of a therapy that combines an inhaled corticosteroid, a LAMA, and a LABA in one inhaler for once-daily dosing.

SAN DIEGO — “It’s very important that we know how to correctly diagnose this disease,” began nurse practitioner, Mary Lou Hayden, RN, MS, FNP-BC, AE-C, referring to the disease of asthma. She explained that correct diagnosis is important partly because the disease is so common, affecting 7.6% of adults and 8.4% of children in the United States, and partly because it is responsible for significant health care utilization, including 6.5% of office visits and 1.6 million emergency department visits.

Correctly and objectively diagnosing asthma is also important, Hayden continued in a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit, because, “We cannot simply rely upon patients’ reports of symptoms. Patients very frequently underreport their symptoms and don’t assume it’s asthma.” She says that while peak flow meters can be helpful, they are not diagnostic. “It’s important that we have objective measures . . . and the most important measure is spirometry.”

“You can buy a small office spirometer for as little as $1000,” Hayden continued at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education, “and as a reimbursable procedure, it pays for itself in a short period of time.” “It actually becomes a revenue center for the practice,” she added.

She explained that she’s seen patients with supposed uncontrolled asthma referred to her practice who don’t, in fact, have asthma at all. “If the [referring] office had had a spirometer, they would have perhaps not needed to refer.”

So important is spirometry to the diagnosis and management of asthma that Hayden offers an annual pre-conference workshop on the test, so that “NPs and PAs can leave the conference having all the tools they need to optimize treatment.”

Selecting therapy
Hayden explained that because the US National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/asthgdln.pdf), commonly known as NAEPP or EPR-3, haven’t been updated since 2007, that it’s important to look to the Global Initiative for Asthma: Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (GINA) (https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/), 2018, which is updated annually, for treatment guidance.

For example, personalized or precision medicine is now heavily influencing the field of asthma. Phenotypes, endotypes, and genotypes are helping to guide treatment of severe asthma with monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic agents, remarked Hayden.

Continue to: Other aspects important to the selection...

Other aspects important to the selection of appropriate therapies include the severity of disease, the level of asthma control, patient preference, and practical issues such as is the patient able to use a particular device, is the patient likely to adhere to the dosing schedule, and, of course, cost. “Cost overlies everything,” said Hayden, “because if a patient can’t afford to buy [a drug], or their insurance doesn’t cover it, or their deductible is so high that it is unlikely that they are going to use it, then we need to think of an alternative that is on their formulary that they are more likely to use.”

At every visit . . .
“We need to measure for control at every visit,” Hayden emphasized, explaining that we assess control in terms of impairment and risk. Impairment includes aspects such as the number of times the patient has had symptoms or used their reliever medication in the past 2 weeks. It can also include results of lung function tests.

Risk includes questions about occurrence of exacerbations, use of systemic corticosteroids, any unscheduled or acute visits for asthma, significant deterioration in lung function, and adverse effects from the medications that have already been prescribed.

Another event that should occur at every visit is review of inhaler technique, said Hayden. She explained that there’s a wide variety of inhalers available that utilize different techniques. “With inhaled medicine, if you are not using the inhaler correctly, you are not going to get good drug deposition in the airways where its meant to be.”

Hayden summarized, “Even people with mild disease can have severe exacerbations following a viral cold or an unfortunate air pollutant exposure, so primary care [practices] need to feel comfortable managing mild to moderate asthma and need to know when to refer those who are not responding appropriately to recommended treatment plans.”

SAN DIEGO — “It’s very important that we know how to correctly diagnose this disease,” began nurse practitioner, Mary Lou Hayden, RN, MS, FNP-BC, AE-C, referring to the disease of asthma. She explained that correct diagnosis is important partly because the disease is so common, affecting 7.6% of adults and 8.4% of children in the United States, and partly because it is responsible for significant health care utilization, including 6.5% of office visits and 1.6 million emergency department visits.

Correctly and objectively diagnosing asthma is also important, Hayden continued in a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit, because, “We cannot simply rely upon patients’ reports of symptoms. Patients very frequently underreport their symptoms and don’t assume it’s asthma.” She says that while peak flow meters can be helpful, they are not diagnostic. “It’s important that we have objective measures . . . and the most important measure is spirometry.”

“You can buy a small office spirometer for as little as $1000,” Hayden continued at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education, “and as a reimbursable procedure, it pays for itself in a short period of time.” “It actually becomes a revenue center for the practice,” she added.

She explained that she’s seen patients with supposed uncontrolled asthma referred to her practice who don’t, in fact, have asthma at all. “If the [referring] office had had a spirometer, they would have perhaps not needed to refer.”

So important is spirometry to the diagnosis and management of asthma that Hayden offers an annual pre-conference workshop on the test, so that “NPs and PAs can leave the conference having all the tools they need to optimize treatment.”

Selecting therapy
Hayden explained that because the US National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/asthgdln.pdf), commonly known as NAEPP or EPR-3, haven’t been updated since 2007, that it’s important to look to the Global Initiative for Asthma: Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (GINA) (https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/), 2018, which is updated annually, for treatment guidance.

For example, personalized or precision medicine is now heavily influencing the field of asthma. Phenotypes, endotypes, and genotypes are helping to guide treatment of severe asthma with monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic agents, remarked Hayden.

Continue to: Other aspects important to the selection...

Other aspects important to the selection of appropriate therapies include the severity of disease, the level of asthma control, patient preference, and practical issues such as is the patient able to use a particular device, is the patient likely to adhere to the dosing schedule, and, of course, cost. “Cost overlies everything,” said Hayden, “because if a patient can’t afford to buy [a drug], or their insurance doesn’t cover it, or their deductible is so high that it is unlikely that they are going to use it, then we need to think of an alternative that is on their formulary that they are more likely to use.”

At every visit . . .
“We need to measure for control at every visit,” Hayden emphasized, explaining that we assess control in terms of impairment and risk. Impairment includes aspects such as the number of times the patient has had symptoms or used their reliever medication in the past 2 weeks. It can also include results of lung function tests.

Risk includes questions about occurrence of exacerbations, use of systemic corticosteroids, any unscheduled or acute visits for asthma, significant deterioration in lung function, and adverse effects from the medications that have already been prescribed.

Another event that should occur at every visit is review of inhaler technique, said Hayden. She explained that there’s a wide variety of inhalers available that utilize different techniques. “With inhaled medicine, if you are not using the inhaler correctly, you are not going to get good drug deposition in the airways where its meant to be.”

Hayden summarized, “Even people with mild disease can have severe exacerbations following a viral cold or an unfortunate air pollutant exposure, so primary care [practices] need to feel comfortable managing mild to moderate asthma and need to know when to refer those who are not responding appropriately to recommended treatment plans.”

SAN DIEGO — “It’s very important that we know how to correctly diagnose this disease,” began nurse practitioner, Mary Lou Hayden, RN, MS, FNP-BC, AE-C, referring to the disease of asthma. She explained that correct diagnosis is important partly because the disease is so common, affecting 7.6% of adults and 8.4% of children in the United States, and partly because it is responsible for significant health care utilization, including 6.5% of office visits and 1.6 million emergency department visits.

Correctly and objectively diagnosing asthma is also important, Hayden continued in a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit, because, “We cannot simply rely upon patients’ reports of symptoms. Patients very frequently underreport their symptoms and don’t assume it’s asthma.” She says that while peak flow meters can be helpful, they are not diagnostic. “It’s important that we have objective measures . . . and the most important measure is spirometry.”

“You can buy a small office spirometer for as little as $1000,” Hayden continued at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education, “and as a reimbursable procedure, it pays for itself in a short period of time.” “It actually becomes a revenue center for the practice,” she added.

She explained that she’s seen patients with supposed uncontrolled asthma referred to her practice who don’t, in fact, have asthma at all. “If the [referring] office had had a spirometer, they would have perhaps not needed to refer.”

So important is spirometry to the diagnosis and management of asthma that Hayden offers an annual pre-conference workshop on the test, so that “NPs and PAs can leave the conference having all the tools they need to optimize treatment.”

Selecting therapy
Hayden explained that because the US National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/asthgdln.pdf), commonly known as NAEPP or EPR-3, haven’t been updated since 2007, that it’s important to look to the Global Initiative for Asthma: Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (GINA) (https://ginasthma.org/2018-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/), 2018, which is updated annually, for treatment guidance.

For example, personalized or precision medicine is now heavily influencing the field of asthma. Phenotypes, endotypes, and genotypes are helping to guide treatment of severe asthma with monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic agents, remarked Hayden.

Continue to: Other aspects important to the selection...

Other aspects important to the selection of appropriate therapies include the severity of disease, the level of asthma control, patient preference, and practical issues such as is the patient able to use a particular device, is the patient likely to adhere to the dosing schedule, and, of course, cost. “Cost overlies everything,” said Hayden, “because if a patient can’t afford to buy [a drug], or their insurance doesn’t cover it, or their deductible is so high that it is unlikely that they are going to use it, then we need to think of an alternative that is on their formulary that they are more likely to use.”

At every visit . . .
“We need to measure for control at every visit,” Hayden emphasized, explaining that we assess control in terms of impairment and risk. Impairment includes aspects such as the number of times the patient has had symptoms or used their reliever medication in the past 2 weeks. It can also include results of lung function tests.

Risk includes questions about occurrence of exacerbations, use of systemic corticosteroids, any unscheduled or acute visits for asthma, significant deterioration in lung function, and adverse effects from the medications that have already been prescribed.

Another event that should occur at every visit is review of inhaler technique, said Hayden. She explained that there’s a wide variety of inhalers available that utilize different techniques. “With inhaled medicine, if you are not using the inhaler correctly, you are not going to get good drug deposition in the airways where its meant to be.”

Hayden summarized, “Even people with mild disease can have severe exacerbations following a viral cold or an unfortunate air pollutant exposure, so primary care [practices] need to feel comfortable managing mild to moderate asthma and need to know when to refer those who are not responding appropriately to recommended treatment plans.”

SAN DIEGO—The first practice changer is with the diagnosis of hypertension, began Leslie L. Davis, PhD, RN, ANP-BC, FAANP, FPCNA, FAHA. “The 2017 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines¹ show us that Stage 1 hypertension is now 130 to 139 mm Hg systolic, and that has always been traditionally 140 mm Hg and above, so this dramatically changes how we diagnose and treat hypertension.”

“That means that another 14% or so of Americans will now fall under the category of Stage 1 hypertension. It doesn’t mean that all of these people will be on medication; however, when we reclassify, that’s a big chunk of the population. We go from about 32% prevalence to about 46% of adults in the United States having hypertension,” Davis said during a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit.

According to the guidelines, normal blood pressure (BP) is now <120 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic. Elevated BP is 120 to 129 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic. And Stage 2 hypertension is ≥140 mm Hg systolic and ≥90 mm Hg diastolic.

“This means we need to be a little more vigilant about screening and about getting patients in the system a little sooner . . . and  potentially about making some critical lifestyle changes because we know that blood pressure over time in men and women will gradually go up,” Davis said at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education. “Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases every year of life on average, and by the fifth decade of life, diastolic will start going down, but systolic will continue to increase. If we can catch folks sooner, we can prevent the poor outcomes associated with having hypertension,” she stated.

Numbers matter
The new guidelines, Davis continued, mean that “more than ever, accuracy in blood pressure measurement really matters.” She said, "It’s essential to take accurate blood pressures,” and to pay attention to things like having patients in a sitting position, at rest, with both feet planted on a flat surface, with back supported, and with arm at heart level for at least 5 minutes when taking BP measurements; to remove constrictive clothing and not just push it up; to make sure the patient hasn’t used caffeine or tobacco for at least 30 minutes prior to the measurement; to use the correct size sphygmomanometer cuff; to have the patient not talk during the measurement; and to consider out-of-office BP measurements in the overall assessment.

"We might have been late in the game in my opinion in the United States of really pushing this issue of using blood pressures from other settings—not just using in-office blood pressure readings,” Davis said making the point that the European and Canadian guidelines incorporated BP readings from other settings in the recommendations for diagnosing hypertension about 5 years ago.

“We need more than just the blood pressure readings we’re getting in the office,” she said, to identify things like white coat hypertension and masked hypertension, which is the opposite of white coat hypertension, meaning a patient’s BP is within normal limits in the office or clinic, but elevated when he/she is away from a medical setting. 

Continue to: When to start meds

When to start meds
Another practice changer, according to Davis, is when to start medications based on the new guidelines. “We are now looking at 10-year atherosclerotic risk, and that hasn’t been part of the management guidelines in the past for hypertension.” Similarly, “Treatment goals now have lower targets,” she said.

She explained that for patients who require secondary prevention of recurrent CVD (or if they have clinical CVD), then 10-year risk is irrelevant, and practitioners should start medication when systolic blood pressure (SBP) is ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is ≥80 mm Hg. If the patient requires primary prevention (ie, no history of CVD or additional markers of increased risk of CVD) and their atherosclerotic 10-year risk is ≥10%, then medication is also warranted when SPB is ≥130 mm Hg or DBP is ≥80 mm Hg. Davis explained, “Some people might say [10% is] not much of a risk, but that’s considered as high a risk as someone who’s had a heart attack or stroke.”

If a patient requires primary prevention (ie, no history of CVD) and they have a 10-year atherosclerotic risk <10%, then health care providers should start medication when the patient’s SBP is ≥140 mm Hg or DBP is ≥90 mm Hg. Yet, Davis added, as with any patient with any elevation of BP, these patients should adopt lifestyle changes to reduce their BP.

In the end, Davis reminded that these are simply evidence-based guidelines, and that practitioners still need to have discussions with patients about when to start pharmacotherapy.

Continue to: Follow-up and nonpharmacologic care

Follow-up and nonpharmacologic care
“If patients have low atherosclerotic risk and an SBP that is 120 to 129 mm Hg, you can repeat the BP measurement after up to 6 months of lifestyle changes,” said Davis. “These guidelines don’t add anything magical about lifestyle changes,” Davis explained. “It’s stuff we’ve known” and been doing for a long time, such as the DASH diet and weight loss, which “are as good as low-dose medication at reducing BP in many cases.”

She cautioned, however, that with patients who are Stage 1 and Stage 2, “Don’t wait too long to bring them back; bring them back within a month.” She said that most patients with Stage 1 hypertension are managed with a combination of lifestyle changes and a medication, while those with Stage 2 hypertension are often started on 2 medications at once, along with lifestyle changes.

Lastly, Davis explained that older adults are defined as those ≥65 years of age, and that this population can range widely from those who are ambulatory and well to those who have many comorbid conditions. As a result, practitioners really need to talk to these patients and perhaps their families to determine through shared decision-making what treatment is necessary.

SAN DIEGO—The first practice changer is with the diagnosis of hypertension, began Leslie L. Davis, PhD, RN, ANP-BC, FAANP, FPCNA, FAHA. “The 2017 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines¹ show us that Stage 1 hypertension is now 130 to 139 mm Hg systolic, and that has always been traditionally 140 mm Hg and above, so this dramatically changes how we diagnose and treat hypertension.”

“That means that another 14% or so of Americans will now fall under the category of Stage 1 hypertension. It doesn’t mean that all of these people will be on medication; however, when we reclassify, that’s a big chunk of the population. We go from about 32% prevalence to about 46% of adults in the United States having hypertension,” Davis said during a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit.

According to the guidelines, normal blood pressure (BP) is now <120 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic. Elevated BP is 120 to 129 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic. And Stage 2 hypertension is ≥140 mm Hg systolic and ≥90 mm Hg diastolic.

“This means we need to be a little more vigilant about screening and about getting patients in the system a little sooner . . . and  potentially about making some critical lifestyle changes because we know that blood pressure over time in men and women will gradually go up,” Davis said at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education. “Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases every year of life on average, and by the fifth decade of life, diastolic will start going down, but systolic will continue to increase. If we can catch folks sooner, we can prevent the poor outcomes associated with having hypertension,” she stated.

Numbers matter
The new guidelines, Davis continued, mean that “more than ever, accuracy in blood pressure measurement really matters.” She said, "It’s essential to take accurate blood pressures,” and to pay attention to things like having patients in a sitting position, at rest, with both feet planted on a flat surface, with back supported, and with arm at heart level for at least 5 minutes when taking BP measurements; to remove constrictive clothing and not just push it up; to make sure the patient hasn’t used caffeine or tobacco for at least 30 minutes prior to the measurement; to use the correct size sphygmomanometer cuff; to have the patient not talk during the measurement; and to consider out-of-office BP measurements in the overall assessment.

"We might have been late in the game in my opinion in the United States of really pushing this issue of using blood pressures from other settings—not just using in-office blood pressure readings,” Davis said making the point that the European and Canadian guidelines incorporated BP readings from other settings in the recommendations for diagnosing hypertension about 5 years ago.

“We need more than just the blood pressure readings we’re getting in the office,” she said, to identify things like white coat hypertension and masked hypertension, which is the opposite of white coat hypertension, meaning a patient’s BP is within normal limits in the office or clinic, but elevated when he/she is away from a medical setting. 

Continue to: When to start meds

When to start meds
Another practice changer, according to Davis, is when to start medications based on the new guidelines. “We are now looking at 10-year atherosclerotic risk, and that hasn’t been part of the management guidelines in the past for hypertension.” Similarly, “Treatment goals now have lower targets,” she said.

She explained that for patients who require secondary prevention of recurrent CVD (or if they have clinical CVD), then 10-year risk is irrelevant, and practitioners should start medication when systolic blood pressure (SBP) is ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is ≥80 mm Hg. If the patient requires primary prevention (ie, no history of CVD or additional markers of increased risk of CVD) and their atherosclerotic 10-year risk is ≥10%, then medication is also warranted when SPB is ≥130 mm Hg or DBP is ≥80 mm Hg. Davis explained, “Some people might say [10% is] not much of a risk, but that’s considered as high a risk as someone who’s had a heart attack or stroke.”

If a patient requires primary prevention (ie, no history of CVD) and they have a 10-year atherosclerotic risk <10%, then health care providers should start medication when the patient’s SBP is ≥140 mm Hg or DBP is ≥90 mm Hg. Yet, Davis added, as with any patient with any elevation of BP, these patients should adopt lifestyle changes to reduce their BP.

In the end, Davis reminded that these are simply evidence-based guidelines, and that practitioners still need to have discussions with patients about when to start pharmacotherapy.

Continue to: Follow-up and nonpharmacologic care

Follow-up and nonpharmacologic care
“If patients have low atherosclerotic risk and an SBP that is 120 to 129 mm Hg, you can repeat the BP measurement after up to 6 months of lifestyle changes,” said Davis. “These guidelines don’t add anything magical about lifestyle changes,” Davis explained. “It’s stuff we’ve known” and been doing for a long time, such as the DASH diet and weight loss, which “are as good as low-dose medication at reducing BP in many cases.”

She cautioned, however, that with patients who are Stage 1 and Stage 2, “Don’t wait too long to bring them back; bring them back within a month.” She said that most patients with Stage 1 hypertension are managed with a combination of lifestyle changes and a medication, while those with Stage 2 hypertension are often started on 2 medications at once, along with lifestyle changes.

Lastly, Davis explained that older adults are defined as those ≥65 years of age, and that this population can range widely from those who are ambulatory and well to those who have many comorbid conditions. As a result, practitioners really need to talk to these patients and perhaps their families to determine through shared decision-making what treatment is necessary.

SAN DIEGO—The first practice changer is with the diagnosis of hypertension, began Leslie L. Davis, PhD, RN, ANP-BC, FAANP, FPCNA, FAHA. “The 2017 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines¹ show us that Stage 1 hypertension is now 130 to 139 mm Hg systolic, and that has always been traditionally 140 mm Hg and above, so this dramatically changes how we diagnose and treat hypertension.”

“That means that another 14% or so of Americans will now fall under the category of Stage 1 hypertension. It doesn’t mean that all of these people will be on medication; however, when we reclassify, that’s a big chunk of the population. We go from about 32% prevalence to about 46% of adults in the United States having hypertension,” Davis said during a presentation at the annual Cardiology, Allergy, and Respiratory Disease Summit.

According to the guidelines, normal blood pressure (BP) is now <120 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic. Elevated BP is 120 to 129 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic. And Stage 2 hypertension is ≥140 mm Hg systolic and ≥90 mm Hg diastolic.

“This means we need to be a little more vigilant about screening and about getting patients in the system a little sooner . . . and  potentially about making some critical lifestyle changes because we know that blood pressure over time in men and women will gradually go up,” Davis said at the conference, held by Global Academy for Medical Education. “Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases every year of life on average, and by the fifth decade of life, diastolic will start going down, but systolic will continue to increase. If we can catch folks sooner, we can prevent the poor outcomes associated with having hypertension,” she stated.

Numbers matter
The new guidelines, Davis continued, mean that “more than ever, accuracy in blood pressure measurement really matters.” She said, "It’s essential to take accurate blood pressures,” and to pay attention to things like having patients in a sitting position, at rest, with both feet planted on a flat surface, with back supported, and with arm at heart level for at least 5 minutes when taking BP measurements; to remove constrictive clothing and not just push it up; to make sure the patient hasn’t used caffeine or tobacco for at least 30 minutes prior to the measurement; to use the correct size sphygmomanometer cuff; to have the patient not talk during the measurement; and to consider out-of-office BP measurements in the overall assessment.

"We might have been late in the game in my opinion in the United States of really pushing this issue of using blood pressures from other settings—not just using in-office blood pressure readings,” Davis said making the point that the European and Canadian guidelines incorporated BP readings from other settings in the recommendations for diagnosing hypertension about 5 years ago.

“We need more than just the blood pressure readings we’re getting in the office,” she said, to identify things like white coat hypertension and masked hypertension, which is the opposite of white coat hypertension, meaning a patient’s BP is within normal limits in the office or clinic, but elevated when he/she is away from a medical setting. 

Continue to: When to start meds

When to start meds
Another practice changer, according to Davis, is when to start medications based on the new guidelines. “We are now looking at 10-year atherosclerotic risk, and that hasn’t been part of the management guidelines in the past for hypertension.” Similarly, “Treatment goals now have lower targets,” she said.

She explained that for patients who require secondary prevention of recurrent CVD (or if they have clinical CVD), then 10-year risk is irrelevant, and practitioners should start medication when systolic blood pressure (SBP) is ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is ≥80 mm Hg. If the patient requires primary prevention (ie, no history of CVD or additional markers of increased risk of CVD) and their atherosclerotic 10-year risk is ≥10%, then medication is also warranted when SPB is ≥130 mm Hg or DBP is ≥80 mm Hg. Davis explained, “Some people might say [10% is] not much of a risk, but that’s considered as high a risk as someone who’s had a heart attack or stroke.”

If a patient requires primary prevention (ie, no history of CVD) and they have a 10-year atherosclerotic risk <10%, then health care providers should start medication when the patient’s SBP is ≥140 mm Hg or DBP is ≥90 mm Hg. Yet, Davis added, as with any patient with any elevation of BP, these patients should adopt lifestyle changes to reduce their BP.

In the end, Davis reminded that these are simply evidence-based guidelines, and that practitioners still need to have discussions with patients about when to start pharmacotherapy.

Continue to: Follow-up and nonpharmacologic care

Follow-up and nonpharmacologic care
“If patients have low atherosclerotic risk and an SBP that is 120 to 129 mm Hg, you can repeat the BP measurement after up to 6 months of lifestyle changes,” said Davis. “These guidelines don’t add anything magical about lifestyle changes,” Davis explained. “It’s stuff we’ve known” and been doing for a long time, such as the DASH diet and weight loss, which “are as good as low-dose medication at reducing BP in many cases.”

She cautioned, however, that with patients who are Stage 1 and Stage 2, “Don’t wait too long to bring them back; bring them back within a month.” She said that most patients with Stage 1 hypertension are managed with a combination of lifestyle changes and a medication, while those with Stage 2 hypertension are often started on 2 medications at once, along with lifestyle changes.

Lastly, Davis explained that older adults are defined as those ≥65 years of age, and that this population can range widely from those who are ambulatory and well to those who have many comorbid conditions. As a result, practitioners really need to talk to these patients and perhaps their families to determine through shared decision-making what treatment is necessary.