Caring for older adults was one of the most rewarding parts of my years practicing as a clinical cardiologist. I appreciated their wisdom, humor, and, very often, their respect and appreciation for physicians. It was always upsetting to see them suffer a mild fall or episode of atrial fibrillation and recognize that it could have major health ramifications.
That is not just a question for geriatric care. With fewer than two practicing geriatricians for every 10,000 older individuals, it is obvious that geriatricians cannot shoulder this responsibility alone. Almost all primary care physicians and subspecialists should prepare to care for older individuals and help them age healthfully.
Susan Friedman, MD, a board-certified geriatrics and lifestyle medicine clinician at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, reviewed the literature on the connection between lifestyle and healthy aging and concluded that the integration of lifestyle medicine into medical care for older adults is key to compressing morbidity. The pillars of lifestyle medicine — optimal nutrition, physical activity, stress management, restorative sleep, positive social connections, and avoidance of risky substances — both individually or as a sum are associated with less chronic disease, improved engagement in life, better physical and cognitive function, less frailty, and less sarcopenia. Framing discussions with patients around the six pillars of lifestyle medicine can be an effective strategy.
Optimal Nutrition
For a variety of reasons, older adults, especially those living alone, often lose the desire to prepare a nourishing meal. Older adults require different protein intake than younger patients to offset age-related sarcopenia, but helping them select healthy sources of protein is imperative. Both adequate protein consumption and eating patterns high in vegetables, legumes, fruit, and nuts and low in saturated fat, red meat, and processed meat can lower the risk of developing frailty.
Asking a patient to share a 24-hour food recall, and based upon that, resourcing nutritional guidance, a lifestyle medicine program or specialist, and insurance or community resources for food-as-medicine services, is a good first step.
Physical Activity
Increasing general physical activity can be a tough ask for many older adults, and joint pain is a common reason they demur. Messaging around targeted exercises to mitigate falls, improve muscle strength, and reduce joint pain may be more appealing. Contemporary research demonstrates that exercise, particularly open-skill exercise that requires quick decisions (such as table tennis) can be powerful. Maintaining cognition, mood enhancement, and independence may also be motivating messages.
The first step is curiosity: What does your patient like to do? Referral to a physical therapist or an exercise specialist to provide stepwise guidance along with resourcing community opportunities can then follow.
Restorative Sleep
“I’m old. I don’t need as much sleep.” We’ve probably all heard older patients say this. But the National Sleep Foundation’s report on sleep health and aging indicates that the need to sleep does not decrease with age. The ability to sleep, however, may decline. Assessing and treating disordered sleep is another example of how each lifestyle medicine pillar, such as nutrition and physical activity, is multidimensional and interacts to support the functional integrity of older patients. It’s hard to feel motivated to go for a walk if you lack adequate sleep.