In children hospitalized for asthma exacerbations, does adding ipratropium bromide to albuterol and corticosteroids improve outcome?

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Adding 2 to 3 doses of ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) to conventional therapy with inhaled β-agonists and systemic corticosteroids improves lung function and decreases hospital admissions when given in the emergency department (ED). This study evaluated whether ipratropium bromide administration improves outcomes in children who require subsequent hospitalization.

POPULATION STUDIED: The authors enrolled 80 children aged 1 to 18 years with a history of asthma admitted to the pediatric inpatient unit of a tertiary-care urban hospital. Children had to have moderate to severe symptoms upon admission, defined as requiring inhaled β₂-agonists at least every 2 hours, having a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) of 25% to 80% of predicted, or having a clinical asthma score of 3 to 9 out of a possible 10. The clinical asthma score is a total of 5 items—respiratory rate, wheezing, inspiratory–expiratory ratio, retracting, and observed dyspnea—scored on a 3-point scale. Excluded patients had coexisting cardiac, neurologic, immunosuppressive, or other chronic pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity to the study drugs, or known ocular abnormalities. Children were excluded if their asthma score was 10, if they needed airway intervention, or if more than 12 hours had elapsed between the first nebulizer treatment and admission.

STUDY DESIGN AND VALIDITY: This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Study patients received frequent nebulized albuterol at 0.15 mg/kg as well as either IV hydrocortisone at 4 to 6 mg/kg every 6 hours or oral prednisone 1 mg/kg once daily. Attending physicians determined nebulizer treatment frequency, ranging from 30 minutes to 4 hours. Subjects were randomized to receive either ipratropium bromide or normal saline, matched to the albuterol dosing interval. Participants were stratified by age (less than 5 years vs 5 years or more) and by the number of ipratropium bromide doses they received in the ED (3 or less vs more than 3). Investigators used an intention-to-treat analysis and allocation was concealed.

OUTCOMES MEASURED: The primary outcome was the clinical asthma score, measured at baseline and every 6 hours until discharge. The clinical score is reproducible, valid, and predictive. Secondary outcomes included oxygen saturation, FEV₁, length of stay, time to a 4-hour albuterol dosing interval, and readmission to the hospital or ED within 72 hours of discharge.

RESULTS: Of the 212 patients assessed for the trial, only 99 were eligible. Of these, 84 parents consented to enroll their children (4 children were later determined not to meet inclusion criteria and were excluded). The ipratropium and placebo groups were essentially the same. There was no difference in the asthma score between treatment and control groups in 3 of the 4 subgroups. In one subgroup—those who had fewer than 3 doses of ipratropium bromide in the ED—ipratropium provided a slight benefit. The difference in change in scores was 0.5 on the clinical asthma score, a statistically but not clinically important change. There were no differences in the secondary outcomes. The average heart rate was 6 to 10 beats per minute greater in the ipratropium group. The authors noted no transient anisocoria, a potential adverse effect of ipratropium bromide in children.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Adding 2 to 3 doses of ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) to conventional therapy with inhaled β-agonists and systemic corticosteroids improves lung function and decreases hospital admissions when given in the emergency department (ED). This study evaluated whether ipratropium bromide administration improves outcomes in children who require subsequent hospitalization.

POPULATION STUDIED: The authors enrolled 80 children aged 1 to 18 years with a history of asthma admitted to the pediatric inpatient unit of a tertiary-care urban hospital. Children had to have moderate to severe symptoms upon admission, defined as requiring inhaled β₂-agonists at least every 2 hours, having a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) of 25% to 80% of predicted, or having a clinical asthma score of 3 to 9 out of a possible 10. The clinical asthma score is a total of 5 items—respiratory rate, wheezing, inspiratory–expiratory ratio, retracting, and observed dyspnea—scored on a 3-point scale. Excluded patients had coexisting cardiac, neurologic, immunosuppressive, or other chronic pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity to the study drugs, or known ocular abnormalities. Children were excluded if their asthma score was 10, if they needed airway intervention, or if more than 12 hours had elapsed between the first nebulizer treatment and admission.

STUDY DESIGN AND VALIDITY: This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Study patients received frequent nebulized albuterol at 0.15 mg/kg as well as either IV hydrocortisone at 4 to 6 mg/kg every 6 hours or oral prednisone 1 mg/kg once daily. Attending physicians determined nebulizer treatment frequency, ranging from 30 minutes to 4 hours. Subjects were randomized to receive either ipratropium bromide or normal saline, matched to the albuterol dosing interval. Participants were stratified by age (less than 5 years vs 5 years or more) and by the number of ipratropium bromide doses they received in the ED (3 or less vs more than 3). Investigators used an intention-to-treat analysis and allocation was concealed.

OUTCOMES MEASURED: The primary outcome was the clinical asthma score, measured at baseline and every 6 hours until discharge. The clinical score is reproducible, valid, and predictive. Secondary outcomes included oxygen saturation, FEV₁, length of stay, time to a 4-hour albuterol dosing interval, and readmission to the hospital or ED within 72 hours of discharge.

RESULTS: Of the 212 patients assessed for the trial, only 99 were eligible. Of these, 84 parents consented to enroll their children (4 children were later determined not to meet inclusion criteria and were excluded). The ipratropium and placebo groups were essentially the same. There was no difference in the asthma score between treatment and control groups in 3 of the 4 subgroups. In one subgroup—those who had fewer than 3 doses of ipratropium bromide in the ED—ipratropium provided a slight benefit. The difference in change in scores was 0.5 on the clinical asthma score, a statistically but not clinically important change. There were no differences in the secondary outcomes. The average heart rate was 6 to 10 beats per minute greater in the ipratropium group. The authors noted no transient anisocoria, a potential adverse effect of ipratropium bromide in children.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Adding 2 to 3 doses of ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) to conventional therapy with inhaled β-agonists and systemic corticosteroids improves lung function and decreases hospital admissions when given in the emergency department (ED). This study evaluated whether ipratropium bromide administration improves outcomes in children who require subsequent hospitalization.

POPULATION STUDIED: The authors enrolled 80 children aged 1 to 18 years with a history of asthma admitted to the pediatric inpatient unit of a tertiary-care urban hospital. Children had to have moderate to severe symptoms upon admission, defined as requiring inhaled β₂-agonists at least every 2 hours, having a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) of 25% to 80% of predicted, or having a clinical asthma score of 3 to 9 out of a possible 10. The clinical asthma score is a total of 5 items—respiratory rate, wheezing, inspiratory–expiratory ratio, retracting, and observed dyspnea—scored on a 3-point scale. Excluded patients had coexisting cardiac, neurologic, immunosuppressive, or other chronic pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity to the study drugs, or known ocular abnormalities. Children were excluded if their asthma score was 10, if they needed airway intervention, or if more than 12 hours had elapsed between the first nebulizer treatment and admission.

STUDY DESIGN AND VALIDITY: This was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Study patients received frequent nebulized albuterol at 0.15 mg/kg as well as either IV hydrocortisone at 4 to 6 mg/kg every 6 hours or oral prednisone 1 mg/kg once daily. Attending physicians determined nebulizer treatment frequency, ranging from 30 minutes to 4 hours. Subjects were randomized to receive either ipratropium bromide or normal saline, matched to the albuterol dosing interval. Participants were stratified by age (less than 5 years vs 5 years or more) and by the number of ipratropium bromide doses they received in the ED (3 or less vs more than 3). Investigators used an intention-to-treat analysis and allocation was concealed.

OUTCOMES MEASURED: The primary outcome was the clinical asthma score, measured at baseline and every 6 hours until discharge. The clinical score is reproducible, valid, and predictive. Secondary outcomes included oxygen saturation, FEV₁, length of stay, time to a 4-hour albuterol dosing interval, and readmission to the hospital or ED within 72 hours of discharge.

RESULTS: Of the 212 patients assessed for the trial, only 99 were eligible. Of these, 84 parents consented to enroll their children (4 children were later determined not to meet inclusion criteria and were excluded). The ipratropium and placebo groups were essentially the same. There was no difference in the asthma score between treatment and control groups in 3 of the 4 subgroups. In one subgroup—those who had fewer than 3 doses of ipratropium bromide in the ED—ipratropium provided a slight benefit. The difference in change in scores was 0.5 on the clinical asthma score, a statistically but not clinically important change. There were no differences in the secondary outcomes. The average heart rate was 6 to 10 beats per minute greater in the ipratropium group. The authors noted no transient anisocoria, a potential adverse effect of ipratropium bromide in children.