Head CT for the Inpatient With Delirium

Delirium is a common and costly problem in hospitalized medical patients. It is present on admission in 10% to 31% of cases and develops in up to 56% of patients during hospitalization.[1, 2] Prompt identification and treatment of the cause of delirium is important, because delirium is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, long‐term cognitive impairment, higher cost of care, increased length of stay, and more frequent discharge to an extended care facility.[3, 4, 5, 6]

Delirium can be caused or worsened by a variety of factors including adverse drug events, metabolic abnormalities, infections, immobilization, the use of tethers (eg, physical restraints, bladder catheters, telemetry), and disruption of sleepwake cycle.[7] An appropriate history, medication review, physical examination, and tailored laboratory evaluation is sufficient workup in the majority of cases.[8] However, neurologic processes, such as intracranial mass, intracranial hemorrhage, or stroke, can also present as delirium and require head imaging for diagnosis.

Because head imaging is a costly limited resource, a number of studies have aimed to determine which patients with delirium require this evaluation. The majority of research has focused on head computed tomography (CT) in patients presenting for evaluation to the emergency department (ED). In ED patients presenting with delirium, acute confusion, or altered mental status, head imaging identifies acute intracranial pathologic findings in 14% to 39% of cases.[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] Only 2 studies have evaluated patients with delirium who have already been admitted to the hospital. One study involved patients admitted to a neurology unit with acute confusion and found that the yield of head imaging (head CT and magnetic resonance imaging) was 14% for acute intracranial pathology.[15] Another study reviewed patients admitted to an acute delirium unit and found a similar rate of positive findings on head CT (14.5%).[16] Neither study specified whether the head imaging occurred during initial presentation or later in the hospitalization.

Factors that increase the likelihood that delirium is caused by acute intracranial pathology include acute neurologic deficit, recent history of fall or head trauma, and significantly impaired consciousness.[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17] Based on these findings, current guidelines and expert clinical statements recommend head imaging for patients with acute neurologic deficit, recent head trauma, or recent fall.[18, 19, 20]

Expert clinical statements also recommend imaging in cases where the cause is unidentified after appropriate medical testing or where delirium continues despite treatment.[8, 21] Yet the utility of head CT performed for nonresolving delirium or delirium that develops during hospitalization in the absence of recent fall, head trauma, or new neurologic deficits is not known. Our study aimed to determine the diagnostic yield of performing a head CT in this patient population. We hypothesized that the diagnostic yield of head CT in this population would be low.

METHODS

RESULTS

Of 1714 head CT studies performed on hospitalized medical patients from January 1, 2010 to November 30, 2012, 398 studies were performed for an indication of delirium, altered mental status, confusion, encephalopathy, somnolence, or unresponsiveness in patients who were admitted for >24 hours. One hundred seventy‐eight studies were excluded (137 for admitting diagnosis of intracranial process, recent fall, or head trauma, and 41 for new neurologic deficit). There were 220 scans included in the study performed on 210 patients.

Table 1 displays characteristics of the 210 patients who underwent CT head imaging. Of the 42 patients on anticoagulation, 15 were potentially supratherapeutic; 10 were on warfarin (INR range, 3.37.7) and 5 were on intravenous heparin infusion (PTT range, 101>150 seconds). None of these individuals had positive or equivocal findings on head CT.

The main outcomes of the 220 included head CT scans and a separate analysis of the 60 head CT scans performed for indications of somnolence or unresponsiveness are shown in Table 2. The 6 (2.7%) positive and 4 (1.8%) equivocal head CT findings are listed in Table 3. Of the 3 positive results in patients on anticoagulation, 2 were on warfarin with an INR of 2.1 and 2.4, respectively, and another was on warfarin and therapeutic enoxaparin (dosed 1 mg/kg twice daily) with an INR of 1.6. The median time from admission to positive head CT was 8 days, with a range of 2 to 28 days. All of the positive head CT studies resulted in change of management. All equivocal head CT studies resulted in repeat imaging. None of these repeat head imaging studies diagnosed acute intracranial pathology. Chronic findings identified included 111 (50.5%) involution or atrophy, 95 (43.2%) small vessel ischemic disease, 31 (14.1%) prior stroke, and 18 (8.2%) other chronic abnormalities (eg, cyst or meningioma).

DISCUSSION

In this retrospective review, we determined that there is a low diagnostic yield of head CT imaging for identifying the cause of nonresolving or new‐onset delirium in hospitalized medical patients. Only 2.7% of head CT scans resulted in identifying an acute intracranial process. Because of the low number of positive results, no risk factor associations could be made from our study.

The low diagnostic yield of head imaging in hospitalized patients with delirium is particularly important for clinicians who care for hospitalized medical patients. Prior to this study, the yield of head CT scans in hospitalized medical patients with nonresolving or new‐onset delirium was unknown. In cases with known risk factors, such as recent fall, head trauma, or acute neurologic deficit, the guidelines recommend head CT imaging.[18, 19, 20] However, in the absence of these findings, the guidelines do not make any recommendation regarding when and in whom to perform head imaging. Expert statements recommend considering head CT imaging when the cause is not identified after appropriate testing or delirium continues despite treatment.[8, 21] Given these recommendations and lack of data, there is no clear standard of care for ordering head CT imaging when hospitalized patients experience delirium in the absence of known risk factors. The low diagnostic yield in this study suggests that head CT imaging is unlikely to diagnose the cause of delirium in hospitalized patients with nonresolving or new‐onset delirium.

The diagnostic yield of head CT for diagnosis of acute intracranial process in delirium was lower in our study than prior studies, which found between 14.0 and 39.1%.[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16] This was expected, as our study excluded patients with new neurologic deficits, recent fall or trauma, or an admitting diagnosis of an intracranial process. Even with these exclusions, we still allowed for a number of findings that prior studies considered to be high risk for intracranial pathology, such as age over 73 years, use of anticoagulation, and deterioration in consciousness level or Glasgow coma score under 14.[10, 11, 16] The inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed to create a generalizable study population without a clear standard of care based on current guidelines and expert statements.

Though the rate of positive findings found in our study is low, it likely overestimates the overall yield of head CT in hospitalized patients with delirium. This is because most hospitalized patients with delirium never receive head imaging. Presumably, ordering clinicians have deemed these patients to be at higher risk for intracranial processes than the average hospitalized patient with delirium who does not receive a head CT. Thus, the true rate of positive findings in head CT imaging in delirious hospitalized medical patients is likely lower than what we identified.

Although head CT had a low diagnostic yield, the positive and equivocal studies had a high impact on clinical care. All of the positive and equivocal head CT results produced a change in management. The equivocal findings led to repeat head imaging; however, none of the repeat images identified the cause of delirium. The positive results produced a more significant change in management, ranging from a higher platelet transfusion target, reversal of anticoagulation, repeat advanced head imaging, neurosurgery consultation, and a change in goals of care to a focus on comfort. No patients in our study underwent neurosurgical intervention.

The challenge for inpatient clinicians is to weigh the low diagnostic yield of head CT with the consequences of a missed or delayed diagnosis of an acute intracranial process. The low diagnostic yield leads to unnecessary cost, resource utilization, radiation exposure, and downstream evaluation of insignificant or indeterminate results when head CT is performed. Alternatively, a missed or delayed diagnosis can lead to potentially reversible morbidity and mortality. Given this, we feel that the routine use of head CT in the evaluation of delirium in hospitalized patients is unnecessary. However, there may be a subset of patients with delirium with an increased risk of acute intracranial processes that would benefit from head imaging. Further research is needed to identify this high‐risk population.

There are a number of limitations to our study. It is a retrospective chart review, which introduces a possibility of bias and relies on proper and thorough documentation. In addition, the diagnosis of delirium was made by individual clinicians without the use of a standardized delirium assessment tool. Furthermore, it is possible there may have been CT scans that were not identified due to mischaracterization of indication, or studies may have been included in individuals with new neurologic deficit or recent fall or trauma that were not documented or clinically appreciated. Finally, the study was conducted on medicine and medical subspecialty patients at a single academic tertiary care institution, potentially limiting the generalizability to patients in other settings.

In conclusion, our study suggests that the diagnostic yield of head CT to evaluate delirium in hospitalized patients in the absence of recent fall, head trauma, or new neurologic deficit is low. The routine use of head CT in evaluation of these individuals is unnecessary. However, there may be a subset of high‐risk individuals in which head CT imaging would be indicated. Further research is needed to identify these high‐risk individuals.

Delirium is a common and costly problem in hospitalized medical patients. It is present on admission in 10% to 31% of cases and develops in up to 56% of patients during hospitalization.[1, 2] Prompt identification and treatment of the cause of delirium is important, because delirium is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, long‐term cognitive impairment, higher cost of care, increased length of stay, and more frequent discharge to an extended care facility.[3, 4, 5, 6]

Delirium can be caused or worsened by a variety of factors including adverse drug events, metabolic abnormalities, infections, immobilization, the use of tethers (eg, physical restraints, bladder catheters, telemetry), and disruption of sleepwake cycle.[7] An appropriate history, medication review, physical examination, and tailored laboratory evaluation is sufficient workup in the majority of cases.[8] However, neurologic processes, such as intracranial mass, intracranial hemorrhage, or stroke, can also present as delirium and require head imaging for diagnosis.

Because head imaging is a costly limited resource, a number of studies have aimed to determine which patients with delirium require this evaluation. The majority of research has focused on head computed tomography (CT) in patients presenting for evaluation to the emergency department (ED). In ED patients presenting with delirium, acute confusion, or altered mental status, head imaging identifies acute intracranial pathologic findings in 14% to 39% of cases.[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] Only 2 studies have evaluated patients with delirium who have already been admitted to the hospital. One study involved patients admitted to a neurology unit with acute confusion and found that the yield of head imaging (head CT and magnetic resonance imaging) was 14% for acute intracranial pathology.[15] Another study reviewed patients admitted to an acute delirium unit and found a similar rate of positive findings on head CT (14.5%).[16] Neither study specified whether the head imaging occurred during initial presentation or later in the hospitalization.

Factors that increase the likelihood that delirium is caused by acute intracranial pathology include acute neurologic deficit, recent history of fall or head trauma, and significantly impaired consciousness.[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17] Based on these findings, current guidelines and expert clinical statements recommend head imaging for patients with acute neurologic deficit, recent head trauma, or recent fall.[18, 19, 20]

Expert clinical statements also recommend imaging in cases where the cause is unidentified after appropriate medical testing or where delirium continues despite treatment.[8, 21] Yet the utility of head CT performed for nonresolving delirium or delirium that develops during hospitalization in the absence of recent fall, head trauma, or new neurologic deficits is not known. Our study aimed to determine the diagnostic yield of performing a head CT in this patient population. We hypothesized that the diagnostic yield of head CT in this population would be low.

METHODS

RESULTS

Of 1714 head CT studies performed on hospitalized medical patients from January 1, 2010 to November 30, 2012, 398 studies were performed for an indication of delirium, altered mental status, confusion, encephalopathy, somnolence, or unresponsiveness in patients who were admitted for >24 hours. One hundred seventy‐eight studies were excluded (137 for admitting diagnosis of intracranial process, recent fall, or head trauma, and 41 for new neurologic deficit). There were 220 scans included in the study performed on 210 patients.

Table 1 displays characteristics of the 210 patients who underwent CT head imaging. Of the 42 patients on anticoagulation, 15 were potentially supratherapeutic; 10 were on warfarin (INR range, 3.37.7) and 5 were on intravenous heparin infusion (PTT range, 101>150 seconds). None of these individuals had positive or equivocal findings on head CT.

The main outcomes of the 220 included head CT scans and a separate analysis of the 60 head CT scans performed for indications of somnolence or unresponsiveness are shown in Table 2. The 6 (2.7%) positive and 4 (1.8%) equivocal head CT findings are listed in Table 3. Of the 3 positive results in patients on anticoagulation, 2 were on warfarin with an INR of 2.1 and 2.4, respectively, and another was on warfarin and therapeutic enoxaparin (dosed 1 mg/kg twice daily) with an INR of 1.6. The median time from admission to positive head CT was 8 days, with a range of 2 to 28 days. All of the positive head CT studies resulted in change of management. All equivocal head CT studies resulted in repeat imaging. None of these repeat head imaging studies diagnosed acute intracranial pathology. Chronic findings identified included 111 (50.5%) involution or atrophy, 95 (43.2%) small vessel ischemic disease, 31 (14.1%) prior stroke, and 18 (8.2%) other chronic abnormalities (eg, cyst or meningioma).

DISCUSSION

In this retrospective review, we determined that there is a low diagnostic yield of head CT imaging for identifying the cause of nonresolving or new‐onset delirium in hospitalized medical patients. Only 2.7% of head CT scans resulted in identifying an acute intracranial process. Because of the low number of positive results, no risk factor associations could be made from our study.

The low diagnostic yield of head imaging in hospitalized patients with delirium is particularly important for clinicians who care for hospitalized medical patients. Prior to this study, the yield of head CT scans in hospitalized medical patients with nonresolving or new‐onset delirium was unknown. In cases with known risk factors, such as recent fall, head trauma, or acute neurologic deficit, the guidelines recommend head CT imaging.[18, 19, 20] However, in the absence of these findings, the guidelines do not make any recommendation regarding when and in whom to perform head imaging. Expert statements recommend considering head CT imaging when the cause is not identified after appropriate testing or delirium continues despite treatment.[8, 21] Given these recommendations and lack of data, there is no clear standard of care for ordering head CT imaging when hospitalized patients experience delirium in the absence of known risk factors. The low diagnostic yield in this study suggests that head CT imaging is unlikely to diagnose the cause of delirium in hospitalized patients with nonresolving or new‐onset delirium.

The diagnostic yield of head CT for diagnosis of acute intracranial process in delirium was lower in our study than prior studies, which found between 14.0 and 39.1%.[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16] This was expected, as our study excluded patients with new neurologic deficits, recent fall or trauma, or an admitting diagnosis of an intracranial process. Even with these exclusions, we still allowed for a number of findings that prior studies considered to be high risk for intracranial pathology, such as age over 73 years, use of anticoagulation, and deterioration in consciousness level or Glasgow coma score under 14.[10, 11, 16] The inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed to create a generalizable study population without a clear standard of care based on current guidelines and expert statements.

Though the rate of positive findings found in our study is low, it likely overestimates the overall yield of head CT in hospitalized patients with delirium. This is because most hospitalized patients with delirium never receive head imaging. Presumably, ordering clinicians have deemed these patients to be at higher risk for intracranial processes than the average hospitalized patient with delirium who does not receive a head CT. Thus, the true rate of positive findings in head CT imaging in delirious hospitalized medical patients is likely lower than what we identified.

Although head CT had a low diagnostic yield, the positive and equivocal studies had a high impact on clinical care. All of the positive and equivocal head CT results produced a change in management. The equivocal findings led to repeat head imaging; however, none of the repeat images identified the cause of delirium. The positive results produced a more significant change in management, ranging from a higher platelet transfusion target, reversal of anticoagulation, repeat advanced head imaging, neurosurgery consultation, and a change in goals of care to a focus on comfort. No patients in our study underwent neurosurgical intervention.

The challenge for inpatient clinicians is to weigh the low diagnostic yield of head CT with the consequences of a missed or delayed diagnosis of an acute intracranial process. The low diagnostic yield leads to unnecessary cost, resource utilization, radiation exposure, and downstream evaluation of insignificant or indeterminate results when head CT is performed. Alternatively, a missed or delayed diagnosis can lead to potentially reversible morbidity and mortality. Given this, we feel that the routine use of head CT in the evaluation of delirium in hospitalized patients is unnecessary. However, there may be a subset of patients with delirium with an increased risk of acute intracranial processes that would benefit from head imaging. Further research is needed to identify this high‐risk population.

There are a number of limitations to our study. It is a retrospective chart review, which introduces a possibility of bias and relies on proper and thorough documentation. In addition, the diagnosis of delirium was made by individual clinicians without the use of a standardized delirium assessment tool. Furthermore, it is possible there may have been CT scans that were not identified due to mischaracterization of indication, or studies may have been included in individuals with new neurologic deficit or recent fall or trauma that were not documented or clinically appreciated. Finally, the study was conducted on medicine and medical subspecialty patients at a single academic tertiary care institution, potentially limiting the generalizability to patients in other settings.

In conclusion, our study suggests that the diagnostic yield of head CT to evaluate delirium in hospitalized patients in the absence of recent fall, head trauma, or new neurologic deficit is low. The routine use of head CT in evaluation of these individuals is unnecessary. However, there may be a subset of high‐risk individuals in which head CT imaging would be indicated. Further research is needed to identify these high‐risk individuals.

Delirium is a common and costly problem in hospitalized medical patients. It is present on admission in 10% to 31% of cases and develops in up to 56% of patients during hospitalization.[1, 2] Prompt identification and treatment of the cause of delirium is important, because delirium is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, long‐term cognitive impairment, higher cost of care, increased length of stay, and more frequent discharge to an extended care facility.[3, 4, 5, 6]

Delirium can be caused or worsened by a variety of factors including adverse drug events, metabolic abnormalities, infections, immobilization, the use of tethers (eg, physical restraints, bladder catheters, telemetry), and disruption of sleepwake cycle.[7] An appropriate history, medication review, physical examination, and tailored laboratory evaluation is sufficient workup in the majority of cases.[8] However, neurologic processes, such as intracranial mass, intracranial hemorrhage, or stroke, can also present as delirium and require head imaging for diagnosis.

Because head imaging is a costly limited resource, a number of studies have aimed to determine which patients with delirium require this evaluation. The majority of research has focused on head computed tomography (CT) in patients presenting for evaluation to the emergency department (ED). In ED patients presenting with delirium, acute confusion, or altered mental status, head imaging identifies acute intracranial pathologic findings in 14% to 39% of cases.[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] Only 2 studies have evaluated patients with delirium who have already been admitted to the hospital. One study involved patients admitted to a neurology unit with acute confusion and found that the yield of head imaging (head CT and magnetic resonance imaging) was 14% for acute intracranial pathology.[15] Another study reviewed patients admitted to an acute delirium unit and found a similar rate of positive findings on head CT (14.5%).[16] Neither study specified whether the head imaging occurred during initial presentation or later in the hospitalization.

Factors that increase the likelihood that delirium is caused by acute intracranial pathology include acute neurologic deficit, recent history of fall or head trauma, and significantly impaired consciousness.[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17] Based on these findings, current guidelines and expert clinical statements recommend head imaging for patients with acute neurologic deficit, recent head trauma, or recent fall.[18, 19, 20]

Expert clinical statements also recommend imaging in cases where the cause is unidentified after appropriate medical testing or where delirium continues despite treatment.[8, 21] Yet the utility of head CT performed for nonresolving delirium or delirium that develops during hospitalization in the absence of recent fall, head trauma, or new neurologic deficits is not known. Our study aimed to determine the diagnostic yield of performing a head CT in this patient population. We hypothesized that the diagnostic yield of head CT in this population would be low.

METHODS

RESULTS

Of 1714 head CT studies performed on hospitalized medical patients from January 1, 2010 to November 30, 2012, 398 studies were performed for an indication of delirium, altered mental status, confusion, encephalopathy, somnolence, or unresponsiveness in patients who were admitted for >24 hours. One hundred seventy‐eight studies were excluded (137 for admitting diagnosis of intracranial process, recent fall, or head trauma, and 41 for new neurologic deficit). There were 220 scans included in the study performed on 210 patients.

Table 1 displays characteristics of the 210 patients who underwent CT head imaging. Of the 42 patients on anticoagulation, 15 were potentially supratherapeutic; 10 were on warfarin (INR range, 3.37.7) and 5 were on intravenous heparin infusion (PTT range, 101>150 seconds). None of these individuals had positive or equivocal findings on head CT.

The main outcomes of the 220 included head CT scans and a separate analysis of the 60 head CT scans performed for indications of somnolence or unresponsiveness are shown in Table 2. The 6 (2.7%) positive and 4 (1.8%) equivocal head CT findings are listed in Table 3. Of the 3 positive results in patients on anticoagulation, 2 were on warfarin with an INR of 2.1 and 2.4, respectively, and another was on warfarin and therapeutic enoxaparin (dosed 1 mg/kg twice daily) with an INR of 1.6. The median time from admission to positive head CT was 8 days, with a range of 2 to 28 days. All of the positive head CT studies resulted in change of management. All equivocal head CT studies resulted in repeat imaging. None of these repeat head imaging studies diagnosed acute intracranial pathology. Chronic findings identified included 111 (50.5%) involution or atrophy, 95 (43.2%) small vessel ischemic disease, 31 (14.1%) prior stroke, and 18 (8.2%) other chronic abnormalities (eg, cyst or meningioma).

DISCUSSION

In this retrospective review, we determined that there is a low diagnostic yield of head CT imaging for identifying the cause of nonresolving or new‐onset delirium in hospitalized medical patients. Only 2.7% of head CT scans resulted in identifying an acute intracranial process. Because of the low number of positive results, no risk factor associations could be made from our study.

The low diagnostic yield of head imaging in hospitalized patients with delirium is particularly important for clinicians who care for hospitalized medical patients. Prior to this study, the yield of head CT scans in hospitalized medical patients with nonresolving or new‐onset delirium was unknown. In cases with known risk factors, such as recent fall, head trauma, or acute neurologic deficit, the guidelines recommend head CT imaging.[18, 19, 20] However, in the absence of these findings, the guidelines do not make any recommendation regarding when and in whom to perform head imaging. Expert statements recommend considering head CT imaging when the cause is not identified after appropriate testing or delirium continues despite treatment.[8, 21] Given these recommendations and lack of data, there is no clear standard of care for ordering head CT imaging when hospitalized patients experience delirium in the absence of known risk factors. The low diagnostic yield in this study suggests that head CT imaging is unlikely to diagnose the cause of delirium in hospitalized patients with nonresolving or new‐onset delirium.

The diagnostic yield of head CT for diagnosis of acute intracranial process in delirium was lower in our study than prior studies, which found between 14.0 and 39.1%.[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16] This was expected, as our study excluded patients with new neurologic deficits, recent fall or trauma, or an admitting diagnosis of an intracranial process. Even with these exclusions, we still allowed for a number of findings that prior studies considered to be high risk for intracranial pathology, such as age over 73 years, use of anticoagulation, and deterioration in consciousness level or Glasgow coma score under 14.[10, 11, 16] The inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed to create a generalizable study population without a clear standard of care based on current guidelines and expert statements.

Though the rate of positive findings found in our study is low, it likely overestimates the overall yield of head CT in hospitalized patients with delirium. This is because most hospitalized patients with delirium never receive head imaging. Presumably, ordering clinicians have deemed these patients to be at higher risk for intracranial processes than the average hospitalized patient with delirium who does not receive a head CT. Thus, the true rate of positive findings in head CT imaging in delirious hospitalized medical patients is likely lower than what we identified.

Although head CT had a low diagnostic yield, the positive and equivocal studies had a high impact on clinical care. All of the positive and equivocal head CT results produced a change in management. The equivocal findings led to repeat head imaging; however, none of the repeat images identified the cause of delirium. The positive results produced a more significant change in management, ranging from a higher platelet transfusion target, reversal of anticoagulation, repeat advanced head imaging, neurosurgery consultation, and a change in goals of care to a focus on comfort. No patients in our study underwent neurosurgical intervention.

The challenge for inpatient clinicians is to weigh the low diagnostic yield of head CT with the consequences of a missed or delayed diagnosis of an acute intracranial process. The low diagnostic yield leads to unnecessary cost, resource utilization, radiation exposure, and downstream evaluation of insignificant or indeterminate results when head CT is performed. Alternatively, a missed or delayed diagnosis can lead to potentially reversible morbidity and mortality. Given this, we feel that the routine use of head CT in the evaluation of delirium in hospitalized patients is unnecessary. However, there may be a subset of patients with delirium with an increased risk of acute intracranial processes that would benefit from head imaging. Further research is needed to identify this high‐risk population.

There are a number of limitations to our study. It is a retrospective chart review, which introduces a possibility of bias and relies on proper and thorough documentation. In addition, the diagnosis of delirium was made by individual clinicians without the use of a standardized delirium assessment tool. Furthermore, it is possible there may have been CT scans that were not identified due to mischaracterization of indication, or studies may have been included in individuals with new neurologic deficit or recent fall or trauma that were not documented or clinically appreciated. Finally, the study was conducted on medicine and medical subspecialty patients at a single academic tertiary care institution, potentially limiting the generalizability to patients in other settings.

In conclusion, our study suggests that the diagnostic yield of head CT to evaluate delirium in hospitalized patients in the absence of recent fall, head trauma, or new neurologic deficit is low. The routine use of head CT in evaluation of these individuals is unnecessary. However, there may be a subset of high‐risk individuals in which head CT imaging would be indicated. Further research is needed to identify these high‐risk individuals.