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Author(s)
Carlos J. Sarriera-Lázaro, MD
Beau DiCicco, MD
Kenneth Shulman, MD

The Diagnosis: Subcutaneous Granuloma Annulare 

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare (SGA), also known as deep GA, is a rare variant of GA that usually occurs in children and young adults. It presents as single or multiple, nontender, deep dermal and/or subcutaneous nodules with normal-appearing skin usually on the anterior lower legs, dorsal aspects of the hands and fingers, scalp, or buttocks.1-3 The pathogenesis of SGA as well as GA is not fully understood, and proposed inciting factors include trauma, insect bite reactions, tuberculin skin testing, vaccines, UV exposure, medications, and viral infections.3-6 A cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to an unknown antigen also has been postulated as a possible mechanism.7 Treatment usually is not necessary, as the nature of the condition is benign and the course often is self-limited. Spontaneous resolution occurs within 2 years in 50% of patients with localized GA.4,8 Surgery usually is not recommended due to the high recurrence rate (40%-75%).4,9  

Absence of epidermal change in this entity obfuscates clinical recognition, and accurate diagnosis often depends on punch or excisional biopsies revealing characteristic histopathology. The histology of SGA consists of palisaded granulomas with central areas of necrobiosis composed of degenerated collagen, mucin deposition, and nuclear dust from neutrophils that extend into the deep dermis and subcutis.2 The periphery of the granulomas is lined by palisading epithelioid histiocytes with occasional multinucleated giant cells.10,11 Eosinophils often are present.12 Colloidal iron and Alcian blue stains can be used to highlight the abundant connective tissue mucin of the granulomas.4  

The histologic differential diagnosis of SGA includes rheumatoid nodule, necrobiosis lipoidica, epithelioid sarcoma, and tophaceous gout.2 Rheumatoid nodules are the most common dermatologic presentation of rheumatoid arthritis and are found in up to 30% to 40% of patients with the disease.13-15 They present as firm, painless, subcutaneous papulonodules on the extensor surfaces and at sites of trauma or pressure. Histologically, rheumatoid nodules exhibit a homogenous and eosinophilic central area of necrobiosis with fibrin deposition and absent mucin deep within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (Figure 1). In contrast, granulomas in SGA usually are pale and basophilic with abundant mucin.2  

Figure 1. Rheumatoid nodule. Large areas of acellular collagen with pink fibrin centrally and basophilic cellular debris with a thin rim of histiocytes peripherally (H&E, original magnification ×100).

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare chronic granulomatous disease of the skin that most commonly occurs in young to middle-aged adults and is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus.16 It clinically presents as yellow to red-brown papules and plaques with a peripheral erythematous to violaceous rim usually on the pretibial area. Over time, lesions become yellowish atrophic patches and plaques that sometimes can ulcerate. Histopathology reveals areas of horizontally arranged, palisaded, and interstitial granulomatous dermatitis intermixed with areas of degenerated collagen and widespread fibrosis extending from the superficial dermis into the subcutis (Figure 2).2 These areas lack mucin and have an increased number of plasma cells. Eosinophils and/or lymphoid nodules occasionally can be seen.17,18 

Figure 2. Necrobiosis lipoidica. Areas of acellular collagen surrounded by multinucleated histiocytes and plasma cells (H&E, original magnification ×100).

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare malignant soft tissue sarcoma that tends to occur on the distal extremities in younger patients, typically aged 20 to 40 years, often with preceding trauma to the area. It usually presents as a solitary, poorly defined, hard, subcutaneous nodule. Histologic analysis shows central areas of necrosis and degenerated collagen surrounded by epithelioid and spindle cells with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei and mitoses (Figure 3).2 These tumor cells express positivity for keratins, vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, and CD34, while they usually are negative for desmin, S-100, and FLI-1 nuclear transcription factor.2,4,19  

Figure 3. Epithelioid sarcoma. Epithelioid cells with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei as well as mitoses and slightly eosinophilic cytoplasms that resemble granulomatous inflammation (H&E, original magnification ×400).

Tophaceous gout results from the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in the skin. It clinically presents as firm, white-yellow, dermal and subcutaneous papulonodules on the helix of the ear and the skin overlying joints. Histopathology reveals palisaded granulomas surrounding an amorphous feathery material that corresponds to the urate crystals that were destroyed with formalin fixation (Figure 4). When the tissue is fixed with ethanol or is incompletely fixed in formalin, birefringent urate crystals are evident with polarization.20

Figure 4. Tophaceous gout. Amorphous material with cleftlike spaces surrounded by histiocytes (H&E, original magnification ×200).

References
  1. Felner EI, Steinberg JB, Weinberg AG. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: a review of 47 cases. Pediatrics. 1997;100:965-967. 
  2. Requena L, Fernández-Figueras MT. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2007;26:96-99.  
  3. Taranu T, Grigorovici M, Constantin M, et al. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2017;25:292-294. 
  4. Rosenbach MA, Wanat KA, Reisenauer A, et al. Non-infectious granulomas. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. Dermatology. 4th ed. China: Elsevier; 2018:1644-1663. 
  5. Mills A, Chetty R. Auricular granuloma annulare: a consequence of trauma? Am J Dermatopathol. 1992;14:431-433. 
  6. Muhlbauer JE. Granuloma annulare. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1980;3:217-230. 
  7. Buechner SA, Winkelmann RK, Banks PM. Identification of T-cell subpopulations in granuloma annulare. Arch Dermatol. 1983;119:125-128. 
  8. Wells RS, Smith MA. The natural history of granuloma annulare. Br J Dermatol. 1963;75:199.  
  9. Davids JR, Kolman BH, Billman GF, et al. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: recognition and treatment. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:582-586. 
  10. Evans MJ, Blessing K, Gray ES. Pseudorheumatoid nodule (deep granuloma annulare) of childhood: clinicopathologic features of twenty patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994;11:6-9. 
  11. Patterson JW. Rheumatoid nodule and subcutaneous granuloma annulare: a comparative histologic study. Am J Dermatopathol. 1988;10:1-8. 
  12. Weedon D. Granuloma annulare. Skin Pathology. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill-Livingstone; 1997:167-170. 
  13. Sayah A, English JC 3rd. Rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the cutaneous manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:191-209. 
  14. Highton J, Hessian PA, Stamp L. The rheumatoid nodule: peripheral or central to rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1385-1387. 
  15. Turesson C, Jacobsson LT. Epidemiology of extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33:65-72. 
  16. Erfurt-Berge C, Dissemond J, Schwede K, et al. Updated results of 100 patients on clinical features and therapeutic options in necrobiosis lipoidica in a retrospective multicenter study. Eur J Dermatol. 2015;25:595-601. 
  17. Kota SK, Jammula S, Kota SK, et al. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: a case-based review of literature. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16:614-620. 
  18. Alegre VA, Winkelmann RK. A new histopathologic feature of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: lymphoid nodules. J Cutan Pathol. 1988;15:75-77. 
  19. Armah HB, Parwani AV. Epithelioid sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133:814-819. 
  20. Shidham V, Chivukula M, Basir Z, et al. Evaluation of crystals in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections for the differential diagnosis pseudogout, gout, and tumoral calcinosis. Mod Pathol. 2001;14:806-810.
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From the Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College (Metropolitan), New York.

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Correspondence: Carlos J. Sarriera-Lázaro, MD, New York Medical College (Metropolitan), NYC Health + Hospitals/Metropolitan, 1901 First Ave, Room 1208, New York, NY 10029 (carlos.sarriera1@gmail.com). 

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Author(s)
Carlos J. Sarriera-Lázaro, MD
Beau DiCicco, MD
Kenneth Shulman, MD
Author(s)
Carlos J. Sarriera-Lázaro, MD
Beau DiCicco, MD
Kenneth Shulman, MD
Author and Disclosure Information

From the Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College (Metropolitan), New York.

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Correspondence: Carlos J. Sarriera-Lázaro, MD, New York Medical College (Metropolitan), NYC Health + Hospitals/Metropolitan, 1901 First Ave, Room 1208, New York, NY 10029 (carlos.sarriera1@gmail.com). 

Author and Disclosure Information

From the Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College (Metropolitan), New York.

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Correspondence: Carlos J. Sarriera-Lázaro, MD, New York Medical College (Metropolitan), NYC Health + Hospitals/Metropolitan, 1901 First Ave, Room 1208, New York, NY 10029 (carlos.sarriera1@gmail.com). 

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The Diagnosis: Subcutaneous Granuloma Annulare 

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare (SGA), also known as deep GA, is a rare variant of GA that usually occurs in children and young adults. It presents as single or multiple, nontender, deep dermal and/or subcutaneous nodules with normal-appearing skin usually on the anterior lower legs, dorsal aspects of the hands and fingers, scalp, or buttocks.1-3 The pathogenesis of SGA as well as GA is not fully understood, and proposed inciting factors include trauma, insect bite reactions, tuberculin skin testing, vaccines, UV exposure, medications, and viral infections.3-6 A cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to an unknown antigen also has been postulated as a possible mechanism.7 Treatment usually is not necessary, as the nature of the condition is benign and the course often is self-limited. Spontaneous resolution occurs within 2 years in 50% of patients with localized GA.4,8 Surgery usually is not recommended due to the high recurrence rate (40%-75%).4,9  

Absence of epidermal change in this entity obfuscates clinical recognition, and accurate diagnosis often depends on punch or excisional biopsies revealing characteristic histopathology. The histology of SGA consists of palisaded granulomas with central areas of necrobiosis composed of degenerated collagen, mucin deposition, and nuclear dust from neutrophils that extend into the deep dermis and subcutis.2 The periphery of the granulomas is lined by palisading epithelioid histiocytes with occasional multinucleated giant cells.10,11 Eosinophils often are present.12 Colloidal iron and Alcian blue stains can be used to highlight the abundant connective tissue mucin of the granulomas.4  

The histologic differential diagnosis of SGA includes rheumatoid nodule, necrobiosis lipoidica, epithelioid sarcoma, and tophaceous gout.2 Rheumatoid nodules are the most common dermatologic presentation of rheumatoid arthritis and are found in up to 30% to 40% of patients with the disease.13-15 They present as firm, painless, subcutaneous papulonodules on the extensor surfaces and at sites of trauma or pressure. Histologically, rheumatoid nodules exhibit a homogenous and eosinophilic central area of necrobiosis with fibrin deposition and absent mucin deep within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (Figure 1). In contrast, granulomas in SGA usually are pale and basophilic with abundant mucin.2  

Figure 1. Rheumatoid nodule. Large areas of acellular collagen with pink fibrin centrally and basophilic cellular debris with a thin rim of histiocytes peripherally (H&E, original magnification ×100).

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare chronic granulomatous disease of the skin that most commonly occurs in young to middle-aged adults and is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus.16 It clinically presents as yellow to red-brown papules and plaques with a peripheral erythematous to violaceous rim usually on the pretibial area. Over time, lesions become yellowish atrophic patches and plaques that sometimes can ulcerate. Histopathology reveals areas of horizontally arranged, palisaded, and interstitial granulomatous dermatitis intermixed with areas of degenerated collagen and widespread fibrosis extending from the superficial dermis into the subcutis (Figure 2).2 These areas lack mucin and have an increased number of plasma cells. Eosinophils and/or lymphoid nodules occasionally can be seen.17,18 

Figure 2. Necrobiosis lipoidica. Areas of acellular collagen surrounded by multinucleated histiocytes and plasma cells (H&E, original magnification ×100).

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare malignant soft tissue sarcoma that tends to occur on the distal extremities in younger patients, typically aged 20 to 40 years, often with preceding trauma to the area. It usually presents as a solitary, poorly defined, hard, subcutaneous nodule. Histologic analysis shows central areas of necrosis and degenerated collagen surrounded by epithelioid and spindle cells with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei and mitoses (Figure 3).2 These tumor cells express positivity for keratins, vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, and CD34, while they usually are negative for desmin, S-100, and FLI-1 nuclear transcription factor.2,4,19  

Figure 3. Epithelioid sarcoma. Epithelioid cells with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei as well as mitoses and slightly eosinophilic cytoplasms that resemble granulomatous inflammation (H&E, original magnification ×400).

Tophaceous gout results from the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in the skin. It clinically presents as firm, white-yellow, dermal and subcutaneous papulonodules on the helix of the ear and the skin overlying joints. Histopathology reveals palisaded granulomas surrounding an amorphous feathery material that corresponds to the urate crystals that were destroyed with formalin fixation (Figure 4). When the tissue is fixed with ethanol or is incompletely fixed in formalin, birefringent urate crystals are evident with polarization.20

Figure 4. Tophaceous gout. Amorphous material with cleftlike spaces surrounded by histiocytes (H&E, original magnification ×200).

The Diagnosis: Subcutaneous Granuloma Annulare 

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare (SGA), also known as deep GA, is a rare variant of GA that usually occurs in children and young adults. It presents as single or multiple, nontender, deep dermal and/or subcutaneous nodules with normal-appearing skin usually on the anterior lower legs, dorsal aspects of the hands and fingers, scalp, or buttocks.1-3 The pathogenesis of SGA as well as GA is not fully understood, and proposed inciting factors include trauma, insect bite reactions, tuberculin skin testing, vaccines, UV exposure, medications, and viral infections.3-6 A cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to an unknown antigen also has been postulated as a possible mechanism.7 Treatment usually is not necessary, as the nature of the condition is benign and the course often is self-limited. Spontaneous resolution occurs within 2 years in 50% of patients with localized GA.4,8 Surgery usually is not recommended due to the high recurrence rate (40%-75%).4,9  

Absence of epidermal change in this entity obfuscates clinical recognition, and accurate diagnosis often depends on punch or excisional biopsies revealing characteristic histopathology. The histology of SGA consists of palisaded granulomas with central areas of necrobiosis composed of degenerated collagen, mucin deposition, and nuclear dust from neutrophils that extend into the deep dermis and subcutis.2 The periphery of the granulomas is lined by palisading epithelioid histiocytes with occasional multinucleated giant cells.10,11 Eosinophils often are present.12 Colloidal iron and Alcian blue stains can be used to highlight the abundant connective tissue mucin of the granulomas.4  

The histologic differential diagnosis of SGA includes rheumatoid nodule, necrobiosis lipoidica, epithelioid sarcoma, and tophaceous gout.2 Rheumatoid nodules are the most common dermatologic presentation of rheumatoid arthritis and are found in up to 30% to 40% of patients with the disease.13-15 They present as firm, painless, subcutaneous papulonodules on the extensor surfaces and at sites of trauma or pressure. Histologically, rheumatoid nodules exhibit a homogenous and eosinophilic central area of necrobiosis with fibrin deposition and absent mucin deep within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (Figure 1). In contrast, granulomas in SGA usually are pale and basophilic with abundant mucin.2  

Figure 1. Rheumatoid nodule. Large areas of acellular collagen with pink fibrin centrally and basophilic cellular debris with a thin rim of histiocytes peripherally (H&E, original magnification ×100).

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare chronic granulomatous disease of the skin that most commonly occurs in young to middle-aged adults and is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus.16 It clinically presents as yellow to red-brown papules and plaques with a peripheral erythematous to violaceous rim usually on the pretibial area. Over time, lesions become yellowish atrophic patches and plaques that sometimes can ulcerate. Histopathology reveals areas of horizontally arranged, palisaded, and interstitial granulomatous dermatitis intermixed with areas of degenerated collagen and widespread fibrosis extending from the superficial dermis into the subcutis (Figure 2).2 These areas lack mucin and have an increased number of plasma cells. Eosinophils and/or lymphoid nodules occasionally can be seen.17,18 

Figure 2. Necrobiosis lipoidica. Areas of acellular collagen surrounded by multinucleated histiocytes and plasma cells (H&E, original magnification ×100).

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare malignant soft tissue sarcoma that tends to occur on the distal extremities in younger patients, typically aged 20 to 40 years, often with preceding trauma to the area. It usually presents as a solitary, poorly defined, hard, subcutaneous nodule. Histologic analysis shows central areas of necrosis and degenerated collagen surrounded by epithelioid and spindle cells with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei and mitoses (Figure 3).2 These tumor cells express positivity for keratins, vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen, and CD34, while they usually are negative for desmin, S-100, and FLI-1 nuclear transcription factor.2,4,19  

Figure 3. Epithelioid sarcoma. Epithelioid cells with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei as well as mitoses and slightly eosinophilic cytoplasms that resemble granulomatous inflammation (H&E, original magnification ×400).

Tophaceous gout results from the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in the skin. It clinically presents as firm, white-yellow, dermal and subcutaneous papulonodules on the helix of the ear and the skin overlying joints. Histopathology reveals palisaded granulomas surrounding an amorphous feathery material that corresponds to the urate crystals that were destroyed with formalin fixation (Figure 4). When the tissue is fixed with ethanol or is incompletely fixed in formalin, birefringent urate crystals are evident with polarization.20

Figure 4. Tophaceous gout. Amorphous material with cleftlike spaces surrounded by histiocytes (H&E, original magnification ×200).

References
  1. Felner EI, Steinberg JB, Weinberg AG. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: a review of 47 cases. Pediatrics. 1997;100:965-967. 
  2. Requena L, Fernández-Figueras MT. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2007;26:96-99.  
  3. Taranu T, Grigorovici M, Constantin M, et al. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2017;25:292-294. 
  4. Rosenbach MA, Wanat KA, Reisenauer A, et al. Non-infectious granulomas. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. Dermatology. 4th ed. China: Elsevier; 2018:1644-1663. 
  5. Mills A, Chetty R. Auricular granuloma annulare: a consequence of trauma? Am J Dermatopathol. 1992;14:431-433. 
  6. Muhlbauer JE. Granuloma annulare. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1980;3:217-230. 
  7. Buechner SA, Winkelmann RK, Banks PM. Identification of T-cell subpopulations in granuloma annulare. Arch Dermatol. 1983;119:125-128. 
  8. Wells RS, Smith MA. The natural history of granuloma annulare. Br J Dermatol. 1963;75:199.  
  9. Davids JR, Kolman BH, Billman GF, et al. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: recognition and treatment. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:582-586. 
  10. Evans MJ, Blessing K, Gray ES. Pseudorheumatoid nodule (deep granuloma annulare) of childhood: clinicopathologic features of twenty patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994;11:6-9. 
  11. Patterson JW. Rheumatoid nodule and subcutaneous granuloma annulare: a comparative histologic study. Am J Dermatopathol. 1988;10:1-8. 
  12. Weedon D. Granuloma annulare. Skin Pathology. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill-Livingstone; 1997:167-170. 
  13. Sayah A, English JC 3rd. Rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the cutaneous manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:191-209. 
  14. Highton J, Hessian PA, Stamp L. The rheumatoid nodule: peripheral or central to rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1385-1387. 
  15. Turesson C, Jacobsson LT. Epidemiology of extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33:65-72. 
  16. Erfurt-Berge C, Dissemond J, Schwede K, et al. Updated results of 100 patients on clinical features and therapeutic options in necrobiosis lipoidica in a retrospective multicenter study. Eur J Dermatol. 2015;25:595-601. 
  17. Kota SK, Jammula S, Kota SK, et al. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: a case-based review of literature. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16:614-620. 
  18. Alegre VA, Winkelmann RK. A new histopathologic feature of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: lymphoid nodules. J Cutan Pathol. 1988;15:75-77. 
  19. Armah HB, Parwani AV. Epithelioid sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133:814-819. 
  20. Shidham V, Chivukula M, Basir Z, et al. Evaluation of crystals in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections for the differential diagnosis pseudogout, gout, and tumoral calcinosis. Mod Pathol. 2001;14:806-810.
References
  1. Felner EI, Steinberg JB, Weinberg AG. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: a review of 47 cases. Pediatrics. 1997;100:965-967. 
  2. Requena L, Fernández-Figueras MT. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2007;26:96-99.  
  3. Taranu T, Grigorovici M, Constantin M, et al. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2017;25:292-294. 
  4. Rosenbach MA, Wanat KA, Reisenauer A, et al. Non-infectious granulomas. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L, eds. Dermatology. 4th ed. China: Elsevier; 2018:1644-1663. 
  5. Mills A, Chetty R. Auricular granuloma annulare: a consequence of trauma? Am J Dermatopathol. 1992;14:431-433. 
  6. Muhlbauer JE. Granuloma annulare. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1980;3:217-230. 
  7. Buechner SA, Winkelmann RK, Banks PM. Identification of T-cell subpopulations in granuloma annulare. Arch Dermatol. 1983;119:125-128. 
  8. Wells RS, Smith MA. The natural history of granuloma annulare. Br J Dermatol. 1963;75:199.  
  9. Davids JR, Kolman BH, Billman GF, et al. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: recognition and treatment. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:582-586. 
  10. Evans MJ, Blessing K, Gray ES. Pseudorheumatoid nodule (deep granuloma annulare) of childhood: clinicopathologic features of twenty patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994;11:6-9. 
  11. Patterson JW. Rheumatoid nodule and subcutaneous granuloma annulare: a comparative histologic study. Am J Dermatopathol. 1988;10:1-8. 
  12. Weedon D. Granuloma annulare. Skin Pathology. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill-Livingstone; 1997:167-170. 
  13. Sayah A, English JC 3rd. Rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the cutaneous manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:191-209. 
  14. Highton J, Hessian PA, Stamp L. The rheumatoid nodule: peripheral or central to rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1385-1387. 
  15. Turesson C, Jacobsson LT. Epidemiology of extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33:65-72. 
  16. Erfurt-Berge C, Dissemond J, Schwede K, et al. Updated results of 100 patients on clinical features and therapeutic options in necrobiosis lipoidica in a retrospective multicenter study. Eur J Dermatol. 2015;25:595-601. 
  17. Kota SK, Jammula S, Kota SK, et al. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: a case-based review of literature. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16:614-620. 
  18. Alegre VA, Winkelmann RK. A new histopathologic feature of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: lymphoid nodules. J Cutan Pathol. 1988;15:75-77. 
  19. Armah HB, Parwani AV. Epithelioid sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133:814-819. 
  20. Shidham V, Chivukula M, Basir Z, et al. Evaluation of crystals in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections for the differential diagnosis pseudogout, gout, and tumoral calcinosis. Mod Pathol. 2001;14:806-810.
Issue
Cutis - 106(6)
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Cutis - 106(6)
Page Number
291, 311-312
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291, 311-312
Publications
MDedge Dermatology
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MDedge Dermatology
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Topics
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Sections
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H&E, original magnification ×40 (clinical presentation [inset]).

H&E, original magnification ×100 (Alcian blue pH 2.5, original magnification ×100 [inset]).
 A 27-year-old man with a history of atopic dermatitis presented with asymptomatic bumps on the right third finger of several years' duration. He noted occasional trauma to the hands, including an incident to the affected finger requiring surgical repair. Physical examination revealed 15 to 20 firm, nontender, subcutaneous papulonodules on the right third digit, mostly on the dorsal and lateral aspects, without any apparent epidermal change. A 4-mm punch biopsy of a representative nodule was performed.  

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