Given the presence of erythema, lichenification, fissuring, and scale of the hands over the course of more than 3 months with the absence of nail findings is most consistent with a diagnosis of chronic hand eczema.
Michael Haft
Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is an inflammatory dermatitis of the hands or wrists that persists for longer than 3 months or recurs twice or more in a 12-month timespan.1,2 Hand eczema can be a manifestation of atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, or irritant contact dermatitis. Its multifactorial pathogenesis includes epidermal injury and disturbed epidermal barrier function from exogenous factors such as irritants or contact allergens, as well as endogenous factors including atopic dermatitis.3 In pediatrics, it often presents after an acute phase of hand dermatitis with chronic pruritus, erythema, and dry skin with scale.4 Examination findings vary widely with erythema, vesicles, scale, fissures, crusting, hyperkeratosis, and/or lichenification.3,5 Diagnosis is often achieved with careful history, asking about potential exposures that may induce lesions, and physical exam of the entire skin, including the feet. Based upon clinical history or persistent dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis patch testing should be considered.2
What’s the treatment plan?
Given that CHE is an inflammatory disease process, the goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation and allow for skin barrier repair. Unfortunately, only one study has investigated therapeutics for pediatric CHE,6 with the remainder of the literature based on adult CHE. Current CHE guidelines recommend avoidance of allergens, irritants, or other triggers of the disease as well as liberal and regular use of emollients. Because of the relative thickness of hand skin, higher-potency topical corticosteroids are often used as first-line therapy, with lower-strength topical steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, or crisaborole used as maintenance therapy. Other treatment options include phototherapy, and rarely, systemic therapies are utilized for atopic dermatitis.
What’s the differential diagnosis?
The differential diagnosis of CHE includes other scaling or hyperkeratotic skin conditions including psoriasis and tinea manuum. Other skin conditions that localize to extremities including scabies and hand-foot-and-mouth disease are discussed below.
Dr. Lawrence F. Eichenfield
Psoriasis can present on the hands with erythematous, well-demarcated, silver scaling plaques. However, additional plaques may be found on the elbows, knees, scalp, umbilicus, and sacrum. Nails can demonstrate pitting, oil drops, splinter hemorrhages, or onycholysis. First-line treatment includes a combination of topical steroids, topical vitamin D analogues, and keratolytics.
Tinea mannum is a dermatophyte infection of the skin of the hands. Typically, only one hand is affected with concomitant bilateral tinea pedis. It results in a white scaly plaque with dorsal hand involvement demonstrating an annular appearance, elevated edge, and central clearing. KOH prep will demonstrate septate hyphae, and cultures will grow dermatophyte colonies. Treatment includes topical antifungals or systemic antifungals for recalcitrant disease.
Scabies presents with short linear hypopigmented lesions with a black dot on one end as well as erythematous pruritic papules. These appear on the interdigital web spaces, wrists, axilla, buttocks, and genital region. Skin scraping prep with mineral oil can show mites and eggs. All individuals in an affected household should be treated with either topical permethrin or oral ivermectin to avoid reinfection or parasitic spread. All contacted linens must be cleaned with hot water and dried on high heat.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, classically caused by coxsackievirus, is an acute viral illness that results in an eruption of erythematous macules, papules, and vesicles on the ventral hands, soles of the feet, and oral mucosa. Diagnosis is achieved clinically and treatment is symptomatic as the lesions are self-limited.
Our patient underwent patch testing but did not return positive to any allergens. She was started on potent topical corticosteroids, educated on trigger avoidance, and gradually achieved good disease control.
Neither Mr. Haft nor Dr. Eichenfield have any relevant financial disclosures.
Michael Haft is a pediatric dermatology research associate in the division of pediatric and adolescent dermatology at the University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego. He is a 4th year medical student at the University of Rochester (N.Y.). Dr. Eichenfield is vice chair of the department of dermatology and professor of dermatology and pediatrics at the University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children’s Hospital.
References
1. Diepgen TL et al. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(2):353-8.
2. Diepgen TL et al. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2015;13(1):e1-22.
3. Agner T and Elsner P. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34 Suppl 1:4-12.
4. Mortz CG et al. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(3):523-32.
5. Silvestre Salvador JF et al. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2020;111(1):26-40.
6. Luchsinger I et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(5):1037-42.
7. English J et al. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(7):761-9.
8. Elsner P and Agner T. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34 Suppl 1:13-21.