Researchers examined electronic health record data in the 5 years prior to diagnosis for 7 possible indicators of early COPD: pneumonia, respiratory disease other than pneumonia, chest radiograph, prescription of oral steroids, prescription of antibiotics for lung infection, prescription to manage respiratory disease symptoms, and lung function measurement. Researchers categorized patients as early diagnosis (≥ 2 indicators prior to diagnosis) or late diagnosis (≥ 3 indicators prior to diagnosis). Compared with early diagnosis (n = 3375), late diagnosis (n = 6783) was associated with a higher annual rate of exacerbations over 3-year follow-up (1.09 vs 0.57; adjusted HR = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.59-1.79; P < .0001; or 1 additional exacerbation in 192 patients in 1 year), shorter mean time to first exacerbation (HR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.38-1.55; P < .0001), and a higher risk of hospitalization within 3 years (rate ratio = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.08-1.28; P = .0001). The researchers did not evaluate for mortality.
Importantly, patients in the late COPD diagnosis group in both trials had higher rates of other severe illnesses that cause dyspnea, including cardiovascular disease and other pulmonary diseases. As a result, dyspnea of other etiologies may have contributed to both the later diagnoses and the poorer clinical outcomes of the late-diagnosis group. Both studies had a high risk of lead-time bias.
Recommendations from others
In 2016, the USPSTF gave a “D” rating (moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits) to screening asymptomatic adults without respiratory symptoms for COPD.4 Likewise, the 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report did not recommend routine screening with spirometry but did advocate trying to make an accurate diagnosis using spirometry in patients with risk factors for COPD and chronic, progressive symptoms.5
Editor’s takeaway
Reasonably good evidence failed to find a benefit from an early COPD diagnosis. Even smoking cessation rates were not improved. Without better disease-modifying treatments, spirometry—the gold standard for confirming a COPD diagnosis—should not be used for screening asymptomatic patients.