An FP’s guide to caring for patients with seizure and epilepsy

Can antiseizure treatment be stopped?

Current evidence favors continuing ASM therapy in patients whose seizures are under control, although the decision should be tailored to an individual’s circumstances. According to the 2021 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) guidelines, adults who have been seizure free for at least 2 years and discontinue ASMs are possibly still at higher risk for seizure recurrence in the long term (24-60 months), compared with those who continue treatment.²⁹ On the other hand, for adults who have been seizure free for at least 12 months, ASM withdrawal may not increase their risk for status epilepticus, and there are insufficient data to support or refute an effect on mortality or quality of life with ASM withdrawal in this population. The decision to taper or maintain ASM therapy in seizure-free patients also should take into consideration other clinically relevant outcome measures such as the patient’s lifestyle and medication adverse effects. Therefore, this decision should be made after sufficient discussion with patients and their caregivers. (Information for patients can be found at: www.epilepsy.com/treatment/medicines/stopping-medication.)

There are no reliable methods for predicting seizure other than knowing of the several potential risks and recognizing and avoiding these triggers.

For children, the AAN guideline panel recommends discussing with family the small risk (2%) for becoming medication resistant if seizures recur during or after ASM withdrawal. ²⁹ For children who have been seizure free for 18 to 24 months, there is probably not a significant long-term (24-48 months) difference in seizure recurrence in those who taper ASMs vs those who do not. However, presence of epileptiform discharges on EEG before discontinuation of an ASM indicates increased risk for seizure recurrence. ²⁹

Intractable (refractory) epilepsy

While most patients with epilepsy attain complete seizure control with appropriate drug therapy, approximately 30% continue to experience seizures (“drug-resistant” epilepsy, also termed intractable or refractory ). ³⁰ In 2010, the ILAE defined drug-resistant epilepsy as “failure of adequate trials of two tolerated, appropriately chosen and used anti-epileptic drug schedules (whether as monotherapy or in combination) to achieve sustained seizure freedom” (defined as cessation of seizures for at least 3 times the longest pre-intervention inter-seizure interval or 12 months, whichever is longer). ^21,31 It should be noted that drug withdrawal due to adverse effects is not counted as failure of that ASM. Recognition of drug-resistant epilepsy may prompt referral to an epileptologist who can consider rational combination drug therapy or surgical resection of the seizure focus, vagus nerve stimulation, electrical stimulation of the seizure focus, or deep brain (thalamic) stimulation.

Seizure triggers and mitigating factors

Epilepsy mostly affects patients during seizure episodes; however, the unpredictability of these events adds significantly to the burden of disease. There are no reliable methods for predicting seizure other than knowing of the several potential risks and recognizing and avoiding these triggers.

Noncompliance with antiseizure medications is a common seizure trigger affecting up to one-half of patients with epilepsy.³²

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