There is an increased risk of malignancy after both solid organ transplantation (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In patients who undergo SOT, the second most common malignancy after nonmelanoma skin cancers is post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). The term PTLD includes disorders ranging from benign hyperplasia to malignant lymphomas occurring in the setting of immunosuppression during SOT and HCT. The first cases of PTLD were described in renal transplant recipients in the late 1960s. Since then, PTLD has remained a serious and sometimes fatal complication in the posttransplant setting.
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