CHICAGO — Volumetric reduction of the hippocampus has emerged as a promising noninvasive imaging biomarker for prodromal and early stages of Alzheimer's disease, according to a study of 373 patients.
The hippocampus was the site of the most dramatic changes in patients with single-domain mild cognitive impairment (memory loss), compared with normal controls. This part of the brain is therefore one of the most significant regions of interest for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), reported Dr. David S. Karow of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), Medical Center.
Dr. Karow, a radiology resident, and his colleagues analyzed baseline MRI and fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET) images of the cohort of patients. All the patients were participants in the multicenter Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health and by industry.
The finding of hippocampal volume reductions could help pave the way for the development of an objective, noninvasive test for early AD that would enable physicians to prescribe medications sooner in order to slow the progression of the disease, Dr. Karow said in an interview.
“The data we have gives us confidence that hippocampal volume is very promising for the diagnosis of early AD,” he said. “If you were going to pick one region as a noninvasive biomarker, whether it's for mild AD, mild cognitive impairment, or single-domain cognitive impairment, it's likely that the hippocampus is the region to monitor.”
The study revealed significant metabolic as well as structural reductions in the hippocampus, but volumetric reductions were more pronounced, he said.
The findings support a model of AD characterized by a process of downstream deinnervation, in which volume loss in regions of the mesial temporal lobe—the hippocampus in particular—leads to loss of activity in other regions, Dr. Karow said.
In this study, the posterior cingulate cortex surfaced as the region of greatest early metabolic change without structural change. “This region is not the initial site of pathology, but because it's linked neurochemically to the mesial temporal lobe, you'll see metabolic changes there first,” he said. According to the model of AD, once these regions have been deprived of chemical and electrical input, atrophy will ultimately follow, he said.
Dr. Karow noted that, to his knowledge, the study is the first in AD research to combine data from both PET and MRI images, and to look at the relationship between metabolic and structural changes using a region of interest (ROI)-based approach across the whole brain. He presented the findings at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, and won the Trainee Research Prize for this work.
Dr. Karow and his colleagues analyzed data from PET and MRI images for 80 normal controls, 156 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 69 patients with single-domain mild cognitive impairment (SMCI), and 68 patients with AD. Forty-five regions of interest were identified using FreeSurfer, 3D reconstruction and segmentation software that assessed average differences in the volume/thickness and metabolic activity of these regions. Effect sizes for each group of patients were then calculated for each region.
Hippocampal volume reductions in SMCI patients averaged 9.5%, compared with controls. This group of patients also exhibited mean morphometric reductions of 6.2% in the entorhinal cortex, 5.5% in the amygdala, and 4.1% in the parahippocampal cortex. Compared with controls, volumetric losses in these structures were greatest for patients with mild AD, followed by MCI and then SMCI patients.
The largest metabolic differences among SMCI patients were declines of 4.2% in the entorhinal cortex, 3.3% in the posterior cingulate cortex, and 3.1% in the hippocampus, compared with controls.
Although the study revealed regions of the brain with greater metabolic reductions than atrophy in the SMCI, MCI, and AD groups, the magnitude of these changes was not as dramatic as the structural changes taking place in the hippocampus, Dr. Karow said. In terms of effect size, ROIs in the mesial temporal lobe, including the entorhinal cortex and, in particular, the hippocampus, stood out as the most important in all three groups of patients, compared with controls.
Dr. Karow reported that neuroradiologists at UCSD have used the findings to create an imaging protocol that employs a commercial version of the brain imaging software used in this study. The protocol generates an automated segmentation of the patient's brain and compares the volume size of the hippocampus and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle against normal volumes.
Hippocampal volume in patients with AD is typically at least two standard deviations below normal, and volume of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle is typically two standard deviations above normal, Dr. Karow noted.