A new and long-anticipated guideline for diagnosing and managing hypertension by the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, and nine other collaborating societies was finally released last fall. What happens now?
Will the top-line, seismic change that the new guidelines called for – treating many patients with hypertension to a blood pressure below 130/80 mm Hg – become the standard of care for U.S. medicine? And what about the several other novel steps the guideline calls for including more careful and methodical measurement of blood pressure with greater emphasis on out-of-office blood pressure monitoring, increased reliance on lifestyle interventions, running a formal calculation of a patient’s cardiovascular disease risk to identify patients who warrant drug treatment, development and attention to a care plan for each hypertensive patient, and a team approach to management?
In this two-part feature, a potential revolution in care will be explored.
ACC/AHA guidelines: More than just numbers
The ACC and AHA guideline (J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Nov 13. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006) is “comprehensive. It addresses many issues around hypertension, not just what is a good [blood pressure] number and a bad number. This is important because this type of document has not existed for quite some time,” said Donald E. Casey Jr., MD, a member of the guideline-writing panel, an internal medicine physician, and chief clinical affairs officer at Medecision in Wayne, Pa.
“This is the first time that a [blood pressure] guideline has explicitly led with a strategy of calculating a person’s risk using the ACC/AHA risk calculator. It’s not ‘what is your blood pressure?’ but ‘what is your risk?’ This is not a one-size-fits-all guideline.”
The biggest wild card when handicapping the odds that the new guideline will take hold is how U.S. primary care physicians, the clinicians who stand on the front line of U.S. medicine for diagnosing and treating hypertension, respond. Their reaction remained an open issue during the weeks following release of the new guideline, in large part because its headline feature, the treatment target of less than 130/80 mm Hg, is at odds with what a competing guideline released just 8 months earlier from the American College of Physicians (ACP) and the American Academy of Family Practice (AAFP) called for, namely, a hypertension treatment target of less than 150/90 mm Hg in patients aged 60 years or older who need drug intervention (Ann Int Med. 2017 March 21; 166[6]:430-7).
Primary care pushes back
Although a significant part of the ACC/AHA guideline has either received endorsement from or is likely acceptable to the primary care organizations, including recommendations for improved blood pressure measurement and the key role for healthy lifestyle interventions, these two sides seem irreconcilable on the core issue of what is the target blood pressure for many patients when they are on antihypertensive drugs.
That inference turned into a reality in mid-December when the AAFP released a scathing critique of the ACC/AHA guidelines, and reaffirmed its endorsement of the controversial blood pressure target set by the panel appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), which in 2014 recommended a treatment target when using antihypertensive medications of less than 150/90 mm Hg for patients aged 60 years and older (JAMA 2014 Feb 5;311[5]:507-20).
Mitchel L. Zoler/Frontline Medical News
Dr. Paul K. Whelton
A few weeks later, in late January, the ACP issued its own rejection of the core blood pressure target of the ACC/AHA guideline (Ann Int Med. 2018 Jan 23. doi: 10.7326/M17-3293). “Are the harms, costs, and complexity of care associated with this new target justified by the presumed benefits of labeling nearly half the U.S. [adult] population as unwell and subjecting them to treatment? We think not,” declared the statement from the ACP’s Clinical Guidelines Committee.
Although this ACP statement praised the ACC/AHA guideline in its “emphasis on the importance of blood pressure measurement technique and lifestyle changes,” it added that the guideline also “falls short in weighing the potential benefits against potential harms, costs, and anticipated variation in individual patient preferences.”
The statement went on to cite three specific flaws in the notion of using antihypertensive drugs to treat patients to less than 130/80 mm Hg: 1. Clinical trial results have not shown consistent evidence for benefit from a systolic blood pressure target of less than 130 mm Hg in older adults with diabetes or kidney disease. 2. Benefits are often overestimated and harms often underestimated when trial findings are applied to broad primary care populations. 3. No evidence from randomized controlled trials support a diastolic blood pressure target of less than 80 mm Hg.
Dr. Jordana Cohen
Dr. Cohen said she agreed with a general target blood pressure of less than 130 mm Hg, while qualifying it with some caveats, and added that she did not agree that most patients should be treated to less than 80 mm Hg diastolic. “I will be less inclined to push for aggressive management in patients who are poorly functional, or those with many drug side effects or issues with polypharmacy. And given the evidence from ACCORD (N Engl J Med. 2010 April 29;362[17]:1575-85), I do not plan to apply stricter blood pressure control in patients with diabetes, and also not in patients with nonproteinuric chronic kidney disease.”
Stanford Univeristy
Dr. John Ioannidis
Dr. Ioannidis said in his JAMA commentary that the panel that wrote the ACC/AHA guidelines had “no conflicts of interest.” In the interview, he took issue with the AAFP’s objection to intellectual conflicts among some panel members.
“The concern raised by the AAFP is legitimate. Most cardiovascular medicine guidelines until now have been problematic because of overt financial conflicts of interest. Here is a guideline with no obvious financial conflicts of interest.” The ACC/AHA guideline document shows that across the entire list of guideline panel members no one had any financial disclosures.
“Intellectual conflict exists in every person who knows something about a certain field,” continued Dr. Ioannidis. “The only way to get rid of intellectual conflicts is to recruit people who know nothing about the subject. That’s not advisable. The problem is not an intellectual conflict in any one person – everyone has an intellectual conflict. The problem is stacking the membership of a guideline panel in a way that all or almost all have expressed a strong preference for some policy or strategy so that the guideline is bound to stick with this approach. While several members of the ACC/AHA had an intellectual conflict, I doubt there is a case for saying the entire committee was stacked.”