Commentary
Pain: What We Have Achieved in the Past 25 Years
Dr. Ashina is Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, and Director of the Headache Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York,...
SAN FRANCISCO—Greater occipital nerve blocks with bupivacaine may be an effective treatment for patients with acute migraine in the emergency department who continue to experience moderate or severe headache after administration of intravenous metoclopramide, according to a presentation at the 60th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Headache Society.
Benjamin W. Friedman, MD
Greater occipital nerve block is thought to be an effective treatment for acute migraine, although no randomized efficacy data have been published for this indication. Benjamin W. Friedman, MD, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, and colleagues hypothesized that bilateral greater occipital nerve block with bupivacaine would provide greater rates of headache freedom than a sham injection among a population of emergency department patients who reported persistence of moderate or severe headache despite standard treatment with intravenous metoclopramide.
Dr. Friedman and colleagues conducted a randomized, sham-controlled trial of bilateral greater occipital nerve blocks with bupivacaine in two urban emergency departments. Patients with acute migraine who reported persistence of a moderate or severe headache for at least one hour or longer after treatment with 10 mg of intravenous metoclopramide were randomized to bilateral greater occipital nerve block with a total of 6 cc of 0.5% bupivacaine or bilateral intradermal scalp injection with a total of 1 cc of 0.5% bupivacaine. The primary outcome was complete headache freedom 30 minutes after the injection. An important secondary outcome was sustained headache relief, defined as achieving a headache level of mild or none in the emergency department and maintaining a level of mild or no headache without the use of any additional medication for 48 hours.
Over a 32-month period, 76 patients were screened for participation and 28 were enrolled, of whom 15 received sham injection and 13 received greater occipital nerve block. The primary outcome, headache freedom at 30 minutes, was achieved by none of the patients in the sham arm and by four patients (31%) in the nerve block arm. The secondary outcome, sustained headache relief for 48 hours, was reported by none of the patients who received sham and by three of the patients (23%) who received greater occipital nerve blocks. Reported side effects did not differ substantially between the two groups.