Progressive Democrats have rallied around “Medicare-for-all,” a single-payer health plan popularized by Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.). Now, some of Washington’s official bean counters are trying to add a new framework around what it might look like. The picture they offer highlights just how complicated that shift might be.
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A report released May 1 by the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office outlined a laundry list of options and technicalities lawmakers would need to consider if they are serious about such a proposal.
“The conversation about single-payer is getting more in the weeds, more detailed, which is a good thing because it’s such a complicated issue,” said Jodi Liu, an associate policy researcher at the Rand Corp. who studies single-payer proposals.
The takeaway: There’s a lot left to be answered about the concepts of Medicare-for-all specifically and the category of single-payer more broadly before policymakers and voters can come close to understanding what it would mean in practice. The term “single-payer” generally refers to a system in which health care is paid for by a single public authority.
“Even single-payer systems around the globe vary from each other in many, many ways,” said John McDonough, a Harvard health policy professor who helped draft the Affordable Care Act. “There’s just so many aspects of it that differ from a Canada to a Sweden to a Taiwan – and those are all intensely consequential.”
The report comes as this once-lefty pipe dream becomes officially mainstream.
Medicare-for-all has been name-checked by Democrats running for president. On April 30, Democrats and Republicans alike put the proposal under the microscope at a House Rules Committee hearing. And that won’t be the last time that happens. House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Richard Neal (D-Mass.) said he, too, intends to hold a hearing on the issue this session. Meanwhile, Sanders’ latest Medicare-for-all bill, reintroduced in the Senate in April, and a similar House bill, have 14 and 108 cosponsors, respectively.
Let’s break down the most crucial issues raised by the CBO report – what single-payer might cover, why “what it would cost” isn’t easy to determine, and what it could mean for how Americans get their health care.
Medicare-for-all backers say the program would cover all medically necessary services. But what does that truly mean?
What may seem obvious – the notion of medical necessity – isn’t so easy to distill into policy rules. And different single-payer systems around the world handle the benefits question differently, the CBO noted.
For instance, Canada doesn’t cover prescription drugs, but the United Kingdom and Sweden do. Of those three, only Sweden fully covers long-term support services, according to the report.
There are two questions at the heart of it, said Robert Berenson, a health policy analyst at the Urban Institute, a left-leaning think tank.
What benefits would be covered? Would it include dental care or prescription drugs or vision, as Sanders’ bill would? And, how does one determine the discrete services included within those benefits categories?
Single-payer architects could look at existing standards, such as the so-called essential health benefits that govern Obamacare health plans, to determine what’s covered. They could be more generous by including long-term care, which isn’t currently covered by Medicare or most private insurance plans.
Even the two “Medicare-for-all” bills in Congress have slightly different takes. Though both provide for long-term support and services, they diverge on how to pay for it. Sanders’ bill covers only at-home long-term care and keeps Medicaid intact for services provided in institutions. The House bill by Rep. Pramila Jayapal (D-Wash.) covers both.
And there are questions about new medical treatments, and how to determine whether they provide added value. The CBO report suggested some kind of “cost-effectiveness criterion” could determine what the government is willing to cover. In practice, though, that standard could be difficult to develop and could fall victim to political lobbying or trigger contentious debate.
Separately from the CBO report, Mr. McDonough noted, controversial medical services could bring up different kinds of political baggage – whether this plan would cover abortion, for instance, likely would change the single-payer debate.