The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey1,2 (NAMCS) indicates that less than 1 out of 4 (23%) psychiatrists provide smoking cessation counseling to their patients, and even fewer prescribe medications.
What gives? How is it that so many psychiatrists endorse having recently helped a patient quit smoking when the data from large-scale surveys1,2 indicate they do not?
From the “glass is half-full” perspective, the discrepancy might indicate that psychiatrists finally have bought into the message put forth 20 years ago when the American Psychiatric Association first published its clinical practice guidelines for treating nicotine dependence.3 Because the figures I cited from NAMCS reflect data from 2006 to 2010, it is possible that in the last 5 years more psychiatrists have started to help their patients quit smoking. Such an hypothesis is further supported by the increasing number of research papers on smoking cessation in individuals with mental illness published over the past 8 years—a period that coincides with the release of the second edition of the Treating tobacco use and dependence clinical practice guideline from the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, which highlighted the need for more research in this population of smokers.4
Regardless of the reason, the fact that my informal surveys indicate a likely uptick in activity among psychiatrists to help their patients quit smoking is welcome news. With nearly 1 out of 2 cigarettes sold in the United States being smoked by individuals with psychiatric and substance use disorders,5 psychiatrists and other mental health professionals play a vital role in addressing this epidemic. That our patients smoke at rates 2- to 4-times that of the general population and die decades earlier than their non-smoking, non-mentally ill counterparts6 are compelling reasons urging us to end our complacency and help our patients quit smoking.
EAGLES trial results help debunk the latest myth about smoking cessation
In an article that I wrote for Current Psychiatry 11 years ago,7 I attempted to debunk 3 myths that might have influenced some psychiatrists’ approach and motivation to intervene in tobacco dependence. Since that article appeared, a fourth myth has been promulgated—that the non-nicotine smoking cessation medications, bupropion and varenicline, are unsafe to use in patients with stable psychiatric disorders and cause serious neuropsychiatric adverse events (AEs) including suicide. Indeed, that is one implication of the “black-box” warning both of these medications received in July 2009, which caution that, “the risks of Zyban®/Chantix® should be weighed against the benefits of [their] use.”8,9 For an illness that causes 480,000 deaths each year in the United States,10 and nearly 6 million across the globe,11 tobacco treatment specialists find themselves in a quandary when 2 of the only 3 approved medications available—nicotine replacement therapy being the third—carry such a stern warning.
In addition to applying the “black-box” warning, the FDA issued a post-marketing requirement to the manufacturers of bupropion and varenicline to conduct a large randomized controlled trial—Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES)—the top-line results of which were published in The Lancet this spring.12
