The authors’ observations
Dopamine agonist agents are a standard treatment in the management of Parkinson’s disease and RLS.2-5 Ropinirole, a dopamine receptor agonist, has a high affinity for dopamine D2 and D3 receptor subtypes.4 Published reports have linked dopamine agonists to mania with psychotic features.6,7 In a study by Stoner et al,8 of 95 patients treated with ropinirole, 13 patients developed psychotic features that necessitated the use of antipsychotic medications or a lower dose of ropinirole.
The recommended starting dose for ropinirole is 0.25 mg/d. The dose can be increased to 0.5 mg in the next 2 days, and to 1 mg/d at the end of the first week.9 The mean effective daily dose is 2 mg/d, and maximum recommended dose is 4 mg/d.9 For Mr. X, ropinirole was quickly titrated to 3 mg/d over 1 week, which resulted in mania and psychosis. We suggest that when treating geriatric patients, clinicians should consider prescribing the lowest effective dose of psychotropic medications, such as ropinirole, to prevent adverse effects. Higher doses of dopamine agonists, especially in geriatric patients, increase the risk of common adverse effects, such as nausea (25% to 50%), headache (7% to 22%), fatigue (1% to 19%), dizziness (6% to 18%), and vomiting (5% to 11%).10 When prescribing dopamine agonists, clinicians should educate patients and their caregivers about the rare but potential risk of medication-induced mania and psychosis.
Mr. X’s case emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation and medical workup to rule out a wide differential diagnosis when approaching new-onset mania and psychosis in geriatric patients.11 Our case contributes to the evidence that dopamine agonist medications are associated with mania and psychotic symptoms.
OUTCOME A return to baseline
On Day 12, Mr. X is discharged home in a stable condition. Two weeks later, at an outpatient follow-up visit, Mr. X is asymptomatic and has returned to his baseline functioning.
Bottom Line
When approaching new-onset mania and psychosis in geriatric patients, a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation and medical workup are necessary to rule out a wide differential diagnosis. Ropinirole use can lead to mania and psychotic symptoms, especially in geriatric patients. As should be done with all other dopaminergic agents, increase the dose of ropinirole with caution, and be vigilant for the emergence of signs of mania and/or psychosis.
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