Need a good treatment program for a patient addicted to methamphetamines? Good luck finding one, law enforcement experts say.
“Regrettably, there are not enough treatment beds in any area of the country to offer timely and adequate treatment opportunities,” Steve Bundy, sheriff of Rice County, Kan., said in written testimony at a hearing convened by the House subcommittee on criminal justice, drug policy, and human resources.
Mr. Bundy, who, with his four deputies, serves residents over a 750-square-mile area, said methamphetamine addiction consumes a majority of his time each day.
He is the only one of the five who is qualified to dismantle and clean up methamphetamine production facilities.
Mr. Bundy noted that methamphetamine addiction is particularly problematic for several reasons. First of all, directions for making the drug are readily available. Second, the ingredients can be obtained in any pharmacy and mixed together at home.
Finally, he pointed out that methamphetamine addiction cuts across social, ethnic, and gender boundaries.
From a health care standpoint, methamphetamine addiction only gets worse once it starts, Lonnie Wright, director of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Control for the state of Oklahoma, said at the hearing. “When you can manufacture methamphetamine at home for a fraction of the cost to buy it on the street, and you can have all of it you want and it's basically pure, there's nothing to limit your addiction,” he said.
“Prolonged chronic addiction leads to … methamphetamine psychosis, [which is] clinically indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia, we're told by our medical experts in Oklahoma.”
In fact, the similarities are many between methamphetamine psychosis and paranoid schizophrenia, according to Eugene Wang, M.D., of the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Dr. Wang places something called “amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder” in the same clinical spectrum as schizophrenia and notes that some criminal lawyers have used the insanity defense for clients who were chronically addicted to methamphetamines.
“Some researchers believe that amphetamine psychosis is just a variant of schizophrenia,” Dr. Wang said at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, in Scottsdale, Ariz.
One similarity between the two is that both respond favorably to antipsychotic medications.
But a solid answer is hard to come by. “According to the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, the symptoms cannot be due to a direct physiological effect of a substance,” he noted.
“On the other hand, when someone develops a persistent psychosis following amphetamine use, the diagnosis of the disorder takes into account a new understanding of the effects of amphetamines,” Dr. Wang pointed out.
Marvin Seppala, M.D., who is chief medical officer for the Hazelden Foundation, a large addiction treatment provider, said methamphetamine addicts were difficult to treat because, unlike some other addictions, methamphetamine addiction is often associated with a “significant” psychosis, which is accompanied by agitation and violence.
“That combination leaves families and social services in a difficult situation when it comes to getting people into treatment,” said Dr. Seppala, who is based in Newberg, Ore.
“Families are scared to do anything, because the addict may react to that. And with social services, the person comes in but [may not be] in a position to enter addiction treatment immediately.”
The biggest problem is that there are facilities to handle violence and psychosis–such as psychiatric hospitals–and facilities to handle methamphetamine addiction, but few places that handle both. “If you're violent and require a psychiatric facility, it often doesn't have addiction treatment ready,” Dr. Seppala said. “And if you go to addiction treatment, those facilities are not staffed for acute psychosis and violence.”
Federal and state governments are attacking methamphetamine addiction at several levels, according to experts who spoke at the hearing. On the supply side, the federal Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) has been working to cut off supplies of pseudoephedrine, the principal ingredient in methamphetamine, that are coming from Canada, according to Scott Burns, the ONDCP's deputy director for state and local affairs.
Canadian supplies of the drug are being used by U.S. “superlabs,” each of which produce more than 10 pounds of methamphetamine a day.
“Our approach must be market based, focused on reducing both supply and demand for the drug,” Mr. Burns said at the hearing. “We've seen a shrinking of these superlabs within the United States, and that's good news. However, we believe some of these superlabs are being pushed south of our borders to Mexico. For this reason, we'll continue to work [with the Mexican government] to stop the flow of these chemicals into Mexico.”