Oliver Freudenreich, MD, FACLP Co-Director, MGH Schizophrenia Clinical and Research Program Associate Professor of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
Nicholas Kontos, MD, FACLP Director, Fellowship in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Assistant Professor of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
John Querques, MD Vice Chairman for Hospital Services Department of Psychiatry Tufts Medical Center Associate Professor of Psychiatry Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts
Disclosures Dr. Freudenreich has received grant or research support from Alkermes, Avanir, Janssen, and Otsuka, and has served as a consultant to American Psychiatric Association, Alkermes, Janssen, Neurocrine, Novartis, and Roche. Dr. Kontos and Dr. Querques report no financial relationships with any companies whose products are mentioned in this article, or with manufacturers of competing products.
Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) pose a problem because they require in-person visits. Ideally, during a pandemic, patients should be seen in person as frequently as medically necessary but as infrequently as possible to limit exposure of both patients and staff. Table 4 provides some clinical recommendations on how to use LAIs during the pandemic.39
Supportive psychotherapymay be the most important tool we have in helping patients with loss and uncertainty during these challenging months.40 Simply staying in contact with patients plays a major role in preventing care discontinuity. Even routine interactions have become stressful, with everyone wearing a mask that partially obscures the face. People with impaired hearing may find it even more difficult to understand you.
Education, problem-solving, and a directive, encouraging style are major tools of supportive psychotherapy to reduce symptoms and increase adaptive skills. Clarify that social distancing refers to physical, not emotional, distancing. The judicious and temporary use of anxiolytics is appropriate to reduce anxiety. Concrete help and problem-solving (eg, filling out forms) are examples of proactive crisis intervention.
Telepsychiatry emerged in the pandemic’s early days as the default mode of practice in order to limit in-person contacts.41 Like all new technology, telepsychiatry brings progress and peril.42 While it has gone surprisingly well for most, the “digital divide” does not afford all patients access to the needed technology. The long-term effectiveness and acceptance of telehealth remain to be seen. (Editor’s Note: For more about this topic, see “Telepsychiatry: What you need to know.”Current Psychiatry. 2020;19[6]:16-23.)
Lessons learned and outlook
Infectious outbreaks have historically inflicted long-term disruptions on societies and altered the course of history. However, each disaster is unique, and lessons from previous disasters may only partially apply.43 We do not yet know how this one will end, including how long it will take for the world’s economies to recover. If nothing else, the current public-health emergency has brought to the forefront what psychiatrists have always known: health disparities are partially responsible for different disease risks (in this case, the risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2).5 It may not be a coincidence that the Black Lives Matter movement is becoming a major impetus for social change at a time when the pandemic is exposing health-care inequalities.
