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Practice Points
• Aripiprazole may interact preferentially with distinct conformations of the D2 receptor, leading to a spectrum of pharmacologic effects, including acting as a full agonist, partial agonist, or antagonist.
• Clinical predictors of aripiprazole-associated worsening of psychosis include low baseline level of psychopathology and previous treatment with high-dose antipsychotics.
• Rapid transition from a medication with significant anticholinergic properties to 1 without these properties may result in symptoms of activation, including restlessness, insomnia, and anxiety, which can be mistaken for worsening psychosis.
• Akathisia, a common adverse effect of aripiprazole, may masquerade as treatment-emergent worsening of psychotic symptoms.
Mr. N, age 29, presents to the emergency department at the urging of his family because of poor self-care, bizarre behavior, and disturbed sleep. He first experienced psychiatric symptoms 10 years ago after his mother died. He became dysphoric and paranoid, displaying bizarre responses and behaviors with poor self-care and a gradual functional decline. He has been taking sertraline, 100 mg/d, for 10 years.
Upon arrival at the hospital’s inpatient unit, Mr. N is unkempt, oddly related, and paranoid. His affect is constricted. Mr. N displays thought blocking and possibly is responding to internal stimuli. Sertraline is continued and haloperidol, 1 mg/d, is initiated. For the next 2 weeks, Mr. N continues to be oddly related, irritable, and paranoid, and experiences disturbed sleep and thought blocking. After an episode of impulsive aggression, the treatment team initiates aripiprazole, which is titrated to 30 mg/d for 1 week. Mr. N’s clinical status worsens; he is menacing toward other patients and his thinking is more disorganized, with loose associations and ideas of reference. He requires 4 injections of IM haloperidol, 5 mg, and several visits to the seclusion room over the next week. Haloperidol is increased to 30 mg/d over the next 10 days, then aripiprazole is discontinued because of a putative drug interaction with haloperidol. Following the medication changes Mr. N demonstrates better behavioral control, but still is grossly psychotic. While awaiting transfer to a state hospital, Mr. N receives a trial of olanzapine, 20 to 40 mg/d, for 2 weeks without significant benefit.
Several clinical trials demonstrate a significant reduction in intensity of psychotic symptoms with aripiprazole, which has a unique mechanism of action.1 However, since its FDA approval in 2002, several case reports have described treatment-emergent psychotic symptoms associated with aripiprazole initiation. Over the past 40 years, reports of worsening psychosis associated with antipsychotics have been limited to patients with schizophrenia who were taking high dosages or who had high plasma concentrations, when anticholinergic delirium may have explained increased psychotic symptoms.2-4
How can a drug effectively treat psychotic symptoms and occasionally worsen them? In this article, we discuss the relevant pharmacology and clinical literature on aripiprazole and try to make sense of this apparent paradox.
Unique pharmacologic profile
Antipsychotics have been reported to be either neutral antagonists or inverse agonists at the D2 receptor, based on in vitro data.5 Aripiprazole and its main metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, originally were described as partial agonists at D2 dopamine receptors.6,7 However, it appears aripiprazole’s pharmacologic action is better explained by the concept of functional selectivity. Aripiprazole may interact preferentially with distinct conformations of the D2 receptor, leading to a spectrum of pharmacologic effects, including acting as a full agonist, partial agonist, or antagonistic.5
Researchers have hypothesized that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia may, in part, be caused by dysfunction of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons characterized by an enhanced sensitivity of postsynaptic D2 receptors and increased sensitivity to dopaminergic drugs.8,9 In addition, chronic treatment with a D2 receptor antagonist is associated with increases in postsynaptic dopamine receptor density (ie, an increase in receptor reserve).10,11 Upregulation of D2 receptors may explain several features seen in patients chronically treated with antipsychotics, including tardive dyskinesia12 and rapid psychotic relapse after discontinuing an antipsychotic (supersensitivity psychosis).13 Because chronic antipsychotic treatment leads to high postsynaptic receptor reserve, aripiprazole initiation may produce overactivation of D2 receptors, which might worsen a patient’s condition.14 In vitro data15-18 and clinical observations indicate that aripiprazole has intrinsic efficacy at D2 receptors, as do clinical observations, such as:
- its propensity to reduce serum prolactin19
- a decreased likelihood of producing extrapyramidal side effects despite >80% occupancy of D2 receptors6
- case reports documenting aripiprazole-associated mania,20 improvement of risperidone-associated cognitive impairment,21 and pathologic gambling.22
Emergence or worsening of psychotic symptoms or a marginal antipsychotic effect may occur if aripiprazole is indeed a postsynaptic D2 receptor agonist. An individual patient’s outcome likely would depend on his or her sensitivity to psychosis and concurrent or previous exposure to a D2 receptor antagonist. For example, stimulation of postsynaptic D2 receptors may be further augmented if the dosage of the previous antipsychotic was reduced or withdrawn before initiating aripiprazole because additional receptors would be available for interaction with aripiprazole.