Pantea Hashemi, MD

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD), which was first described by Crocker¹ in a patient with erythematous patches on the penis and scrotum, is morphologically identical to mammary Paget disease (MPD) of the nipple. The principal difference between EMPD and MPD is anatomic location. Extramammary Paget disease predominantly affects apocrine gland–bearing areas including the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. Although EMPD is not a common condition, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with chronic genital or perianal dermatitis. Primary EMPD must be distinguished from secondary epithelial involvement by an underlying invasive carcinoma that originates from sites such as the gastrointestinal or genitourinary systems (secondary EMPD).

Although multicentric primary EMPD is not uncommon among Eastern Asians, as there have been several reports in the literature from Japan,^2-5 multicentric EMPD in white individuals is rare.⁶ We report a case of primary EMPD that was established when no underlying malignancies were detected.

Case Report
A 63-year-old white man presented to the dermatology clinic with a pruritic rash involving the groin of 8 years’ duration. Over-the-counter antifungal agents provided no improvement. Confluent erythematous and macerated plaques on the scrotum, shaft of the penis, bilateral inguinal areas, and perineum were noted on clinical examination (Figure 1). There also were well-demarcated, 4×5-cm, erythematous, velvety plaques on the right axilla and a small erythematous plaque on the left axilla. Systemic workup including colonoscopy, cystoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and pelvis were unremarkable. A positron emission tomography–computed tomography scan revealed foci of hypermetabolic activity in the bilateral inguinal nodes that were interpreted as evidence of an inflammatory process.

Figure 1. Confluent erythematous and macerated plaques on the scrotum, shaft of the penis, bilateral inguinal areas, and perineum.

Fourteen biopsies were taken from the clinically involved regions in the genital area to delineate the extent of involvement. They all showed intraepidermal carcinoma characterized by large cells with clear cytoplasm and large hyperchromatic nuclei throughout the epidermis, which were more abundant in the basilar and lower portions of the epidermis (Figure 2). There was no evidence of underlying carcinoma in the dermis.

Figure 2. Histopathologic examination of the genital region showed Paget cells with large round and oval hyperchromatic nuclei and abundant pale cytoplasm (H&E, original magnification ×400).

On immunohistochemical staining, the neoplastic cells were diffusely and strongly positive for cytokeratin 7 (Figure 3) and moderately positive for carcinoembryonic antigen, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and ERBB2 (formerly HER-2/neu). Additional immunostaining for cytokeratin 20 and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 were negative. High-molecular-weight keratin staining highlighted background epithelium and spared neoplastic cells. Mucicarmine staining highlighted mucin within the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells. Ultrastructural studies showed evidence of apocrine differentiation in the neoplastic cells with deeply indented, bean-shaped nuclei and clear cytoplasm with inconspicuous organelles. Clinically unaffected skin from the periumbilical region also was biopsied. The histology demonstrated Toker cells characterized by clear cytoplasm, small vesicular nuclei, and the absence of hyperchromasia (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 7 showed diffusely positive clear cells in the epidermis (H&E, original magnification ×200).

The patient was treated with 6 cycles of 5-aminolevulinic acid 20% photodynamic therapy but showed no improvement. Imiquimod cream 5% resulted in mild clinical improvement in the axillae but caused severe irritation in the groin and was discontinued after 3 months. A radiology consultation obtained 6 years prior to presentation determined that the risk associated with radiation therapy outweighed any possible benefits. Although localized disease persisted, repeated biopsies and positron emission tomography–computed tomography scans did not show any evidence of invasion or metastasis, respectively. Three years after initial presentation, groin lesions progressed to become more erythematous and vegetative. The corresponding histology demonstrated EMPD. An ancillary test (polymerase chain reaction analysis) for low- and high-risk human papillomavirus was negative.

Comment
Primary EMPD has been well documented in the literature to have a favorable prognosis if adequately treated. The few cases reported from Japan on EMPD without underlying adenocarcinoma had good outcomes.^2,3 Further reports of multicentric EMPD involving 2 or 3 sites in the axillae and/or genital region did not reveal any progression to invasive carcinomas after adequate follow-up.^3-9 Indeed, many of these cases, particularly those in the genital region, were aggressively treated with surgery, topical chemotherapy, immunomodulatory agents, and radiation; therefore, their natural course is not known.² A Japanese studyconducted at 75 medical institutions (1987-1991) included 46 EMPD patients with multiple (ie, 2 or 3) sites of involvement.¹⁰ Some of the patients with a combination of genital and axillary lesions were followed without any treatment. None of the EMPD patients with axillary involvement developed invasive carcinoma after 4- to 12-year follow-up.¹⁰

Figure 4. Histopathologic examination of clinically unaffected skin of the periumbilical region revealed Toker cells with round nuclei and pale cytoplasm (arrows) scattered in the lower epidermis (H&E, original magnification ×400).

Toker cells, which were first described in 1970,¹¹ have been recognized as precursors to EMPD.^12-14 Toker cells are intraepithelial cells with clear to pale-staining cytoplasm that are smaller in size than Paget cells but larger than neighboring keratinocytes. They are found in approximately 10% of normal nipples.^11,14 Toker cells show vesicular chromatin, whereas Paget cells are hyperchromatic with prominent nucleoli.¹² Willman et al¹⁵ examined 11 vulvectomies for the presence of Toker cells in association with mammarylike glands of the vulva. They demonstrated the presence of Toker cells in 4 (36%) of the samples.¹⁵ Additionally, Van der Putte et al¹⁶ observed Toker cells in an areolar lesion in a 47-year-old woman with MPD without underlying adenocarcinoma, suggesting that cases of MPD and EMPD confined to epithelial cells may be derived from Toker cells. Toker cells have been associated in the pathogenesis of 2 other benign entities, including clear cell papulosis^17,18 and cutaneous hamartoma with pagetoid cells.¹⁹

Primary EMPD has the potential to develop in several regions of the skin that contain apocrine glands. Our patient presented with persistent genital lesions for many years without any concerns of axillary disease. Interestingly, biopsies from normal-appearing skin in the periumbilical region revealed clear cells (Figure 4). Likewise, Toker cells have been described in biopsies from clinically unaffected skin of the axillae in some cases where EMPD was identified in the genital regions.^3,5 Genital lesions were the main clinical presentation and preceded axillary involvement in most instances.^3,5,9 Therefore, biopsies from uninvolved apocrine sites (ie, axillary and periumbilical skin) should be considered in these patients. Based on our observation, we speculate that multicentric primary EMPD starts with Toker cell hyperplasia with a propensity to evolve into neoplasia in sites with apocrine or mammarylike glands.

Primary and secondary EMPD cannot be distinguished by histopathology and immunohistochemistry has a limited role.^20,21 However, immunostaining with CDX2 (a caudal-type homeobox protein) might be helpful in differentiating primary EMPD from secondary EMPD extending from underlying anorectal adenocarcinomas.²² Primary EMPD has been treated with surgical excision.^2,3,8 Despite the high recurrence rate after surgery, the prognosis for localized primary EMPD disease has been favorable.

Conclusion
Our case suggests that Toker cell hyperplasia is a precursor to primary EMPD. In patients with established EMPD, other apocrine gland–bearing areas should be examined for multicentric disease. Lastly, the clinical course in our patient supports the hypothesis that primary multicentric EMPD has a favorable outcome. The Table lists the characteristics of MPD and EMPD and describes their development with respect to Toker cells. More studies are required to further outline the cytologic characteristics of Toker cells and to distinguish primary EMPD from secondary EMPD.

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD), which was first described by Crocker¹ in a patient with erythematous patches on the penis and scrotum, is morphologically identical to mammary Paget disease (MPD) of the nipple. The principal difference between EMPD and MPD is anatomic location. Extramammary Paget disease predominantly affects apocrine gland–bearing areas including the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. Although EMPD is not a common condition, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with chronic genital or perianal dermatitis. Primary EMPD must be distinguished from secondary epithelial involvement by an underlying invasive carcinoma that originates from sites such as the gastrointestinal or genitourinary systems (secondary EMPD).

Although multicentric primary EMPD is not uncommon among Eastern Asians, as there have been several reports in the literature from Japan,^2-5 multicentric EMPD in white individuals is rare.⁶ We report a case of primary EMPD that was established when no underlying malignancies were detected.

Case Report
A 63-year-old white man presented to the dermatology clinic with a pruritic rash involving the groin of 8 years’ duration. Over-the-counter antifungal agents provided no improvement. Confluent erythematous and macerated plaques on the scrotum, shaft of the penis, bilateral inguinal areas, and perineum were noted on clinical examination (Figure 1). There also were well-demarcated, 4×5-cm, erythematous, velvety plaques on the right axilla and a small erythematous plaque on the left axilla. Systemic workup including colonoscopy, cystoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and pelvis were unremarkable. A positron emission tomography–computed tomography scan revealed foci of hypermetabolic activity in the bilateral inguinal nodes that were interpreted as evidence of an inflammatory process.

Figure 1. Confluent erythematous and macerated plaques on the scrotum, shaft of the penis, bilateral inguinal areas, and perineum.

Fourteen biopsies were taken from the clinically involved regions in the genital area to delineate the extent of involvement. They all showed intraepidermal carcinoma characterized by large cells with clear cytoplasm and large hyperchromatic nuclei throughout the epidermis, which were more abundant in the basilar and lower portions of the epidermis (Figure 2). There was no evidence of underlying carcinoma in the dermis.

Figure 2. Histopathologic examination of the genital region showed Paget cells with large round and oval hyperchromatic nuclei and abundant pale cytoplasm (H&E, original magnification ×400).

On immunohistochemical staining, the neoplastic cells were diffusely and strongly positive for cytokeratin 7 (Figure 3) and moderately positive for carcinoembryonic antigen, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and ERBB2 (formerly HER-2/neu). Additional immunostaining for cytokeratin 20 and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 were negative. High-molecular-weight keratin staining highlighted background epithelium and spared neoplastic cells. Mucicarmine staining highlighted mucin within the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells. Ultrastructural studies showed evidence of apocrine differentiation in the neoplastic cells with deeply indented, bean-shaped nuclei and clear cytoplasm with inconspicuous organelles. Clinically unaffected skin from the periumbilical region also was biopsied. The histology demonstrated Toker cells characterized by clear cytoplasm, small vesicular nuclei, and the absence of hyperchromasia (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 7 showed diffusely positive clear cells in the epidermis (H&E, original magnification ×200).

The patient was treated with 6 cycles of 5-aminolevulinic acid 20% photodynamic therapy but showed no improvement. Imiquimod cream 5% resulted in mild clinical improvement in the axillae but caused severe irritation in the groin and was discontinued after 3 months. A radiology consultation obtained 6 years prior to presentation determined that the risk associated with radiation therapy outweighed any possible benefits. Although localized disease persisted, repeated biopsies and positron emission tomography–computed tomography scans did not show any evidence of invasion or metastasis, respectively. Three years after initial presentation, groin lesions progressed to become more erythematous and vegetative. The corresponding histology demonstrated EMPD. An ancillary test (polymerase chain reaction analysis) for low- and high-risk human papillomavirus was negative.

Comment
Primary EMPD has been well documented in the literature to have a favorable prognosis if adequately treated. The few cases reported from Japan on EMPD without underlying adenocarcinoma had good outcomes.^2,3 Further reports of multicentric EMPD involving 2 or 3 sites in the axillae and/or genital region did not reveal any progression to invasive carcinomas after adequate follow-up.^3-9 Indeed, many of these cases, particularly those in the genital region, were aggressively treated with surgery, topical chemotherapy, immunomodulatory agents, and radiation; therefore, their natural course is not known.² A Japanese studyconducted at 75 medical institutions (1987-1991) included 46 EMPD patients with multiple (ie, 2 or 3) sites of involvement.¹⁰ Some of the patients with a combination of genital and axillary lesions were followed without any treatment. None of the EMPD patients with axillary involvement developed invasive carcinoma after 4- to 12-year follow-up.¹⁰

Figure 4. Histopathologic examination of clinically unaffected skin of the periumbilical region revealed Toker cells with round nuclei and pale cytoplasm (arrows) scattered in the lower epidermis (H&E, original magnification ×400).

Toker cells, which were first described in 1970,¹¹ have been recognized as precursors to EMPD.^12-14 Toker cells are intraepithelial cells with clear to pale-staining cytoplasm that are smaller in size than Paget cells but larger than neighboring keratinocytes. They are found in approximately 10% of normal nipples.^11,14 Toker cells show vesicular chromatin, whereas Paget cells are hyperchromatic with prominent nucleoli.¹² Willman et al¹⁵ examined 11 vulvectomies for the presence of Toker cells in association with mammarylike glands of the vulva. They demonstrated the presence of Toker cells in 4 (36%) of the samples.¹⁵ Additionally, Van der Putte et al¹⁶ observed Toker cells in an areolar lesion in a 47-year-old woman with MPD without underlying adenocarcinoma, suggesting that cases of MPD and EMPD confined to epithelial cells may be derived from Toker cells. Toker cells have been associated in the pathogenesis of 2 other benign entities, including clear cell papulosis^17,18 and cutaneous hamartoma with pagetoid cells.¹⁹

Primary EMPD has the potential to develop in several regions of the skin that contain apocrine glands. Our patient presented with persistent genital lesions for many years without any concerns of axillary disease. Interestingly, biopsies from normal-appearing skin in the periumbilical region revealed clear cells (Figure 4). Likewise, Toker cells have been described in biopsies from clinically unaffected skin of the axillae in some cases where EMPD was identified in the genital regions.^3,5 Genital lesions were the main clinical presentation and preceded axillary involvement in most instances.^3,5,9 Therefore, biopsies from uninvolved apocrine sites (ie, axillary and periumbilical skin) should be considered in these patients. Based on our observation, we speculate that multicentric primary EMPD starts with Toker cell hyperplasia with a propensity to evolve into neoplasia in sites with apocrine or mammarylike glands.

Primary and secondary EMPD cannot be distinguished by histopathology and immunohistochemistry has a limited role.^20,21 However, immunostaining with CDX2 (a caudal-type homeobox protein) might be helpful in differentiating primary EMPD from secondary EMPD extending from underlying anorectal adenocarcinomas.²² Primary EMPD has been treated with surgical excision.^2,3,8 Despite the high recurrence rate after surgery, the prognosis for localized primary EMPD disease has been favorable.

Conclusion
Our case suggests that Toker cell hyperplasia is a precursor to primary EMPD. In patients with established EMPD, other apocrine gland–bearing areas should be examined for multicentric disease. Lastly, the clinical course in our patient supports the hypothesis that primary multicentric EMPD has a favorable outcome. The Table lists the characteristics of MPD and EMPD and describes their development with respect to Toker cells. More studies are required to further outline the cytologic characteristics of Toker cells and to distinguish primary EMPD from secondary EMPD.

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD), which was first described by Crocker¹ in a patient with erythematous patches on the penis and scrotum, is morphologically identical to mammary Paget disease (MPD) of the nipple. The principal difference between EMPD and MPD is anatomic location. Extramammary Paget disease predominantly affects apocrine gland–bearing areas including the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. Although EMPD is not a common condition, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with chronic genital or perianal dermatitis. Primary EMPD must be distinguished from secondary epithelial involvement by an underlying invasive carcinoma that originates from sites such as the gastrointestinal or genitourinary systems (secondary EMPD).

Although multicentric primary EMPD is not uncommon among Eastern Asians, as there have been several reports in the literature from Japan,^2-5 multicentric EMPD in white individuals is rare.⁶ We report a case of primary EMPD that was established when no underlying malignancies were detected.

Case Report
A 63-year-old white man presented to the dermatology clinic with a pruritic rash involving the groin of 8 years’ duration. Over-the-counter antifungal agents provided no improvement. Confluent erythematous and macerated plaques on the scrotum, shaft of the penis, bilateral inguinal areas, and perineum were noted on clinical examination (Figure 1). There also were well-demarcated, 4×5-cm, erythematous, velvety plaques on the right axilla and a small erythematous plaque on the left axilla. Systemic workup including colonoscopy, cystoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and pelvis were unremarkable. A positron emission tomography–computed tomography scan revealed foci of hypermetabolic activity in the bilateral inguinal nodes that were interpreted as evidence of an inflammatory process.

Figure 1. Confluent erythematous and macerated plaques on the scrotum, shaft of the penis, bilateral inguinal areas, and perineum.

Fourteen biopsies were taken from the clinically involved regions in the genital area to delineate the extent of involvement. They all showed intraepidermal carcinoma characterized by large cells with clear cytoplasm and large hyperchromatic nuclei throughout the epidermis, which were more abundant in the basilar and lower portions of the epidermis (Figure 2). There was no evidence of underlying carcinoma in the dermis.

Figure 2. Histopathologic examination of the genital region showed Paget cells with large round and oval hyperchromatic nuclei and abundant pale cytoplasm (H&E, original magnification ×400).

On immunohistochemical staining, the neoplastic cells were diffusely and strongly positive for cytokeratin 7 (Figure 3) and moderately positive for carcinoembryonic antigen, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and ERBB2 (formerly HER-2/neu). Additional immunostaining for cytokeratin 20 and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 were negative. High-molecular-weight keratin staining highlighted background epithelium and spared neoplastic cells. Mucicarmine staining highlighted mucin within the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells. Ultrastructural studies showed evidence of apocrine differentiation in the neoplastic cells with deeply indented, bean-shaped nuclei and clear cytoplasm with inconspicuous organelles. Clinically unaffected skin from the periumbilical region also was biopsied. The histology demonstrated Toker cells characterized by clear cytoplasm, small vesicular nuclei, and the absence of hyperchromasia (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 7 showed diffusely positive clear cells in the epidermis (H&E, original magnification ×200).

The patient was treated with 6 cycles of 5-aminolevulinic acid 20% photodynamic therapy but showed no improvement. Imiquimod cream 5% resulted in mild clinical improvement in the axillae but caused severe irritation in the groin and was discontinued after 3 months. A radiology consultation obtained 6 years prior to presentation determined that the risk associated with radiation therapy outweighed any possible benefits. Although localized disease persisted, repeated biopsies and positron emission tomography–computed tomography scans did not show any evidence of invasion or metastasis, respectively. Three years after initial presentation, groin lesions progressed to become more erythematous and vegetative. The corresponding histology demonstrated EMPD. An ancillary test (polymerase chain reaction analysis) for low- and high-risk human papillomavirus was negative.

Comment
Primary EMPD has been well documented in the literature to have a favorable prognosis if adequately treated. The few cases reported from Japan on EMPD without underlying adenocarcinoma had good outcomes.^2,3 Further reports of multicentric EMPD involving 2 or 3 sites in the axillae and/or genital region did not reveal any progression to invasive carcinomas after adequate follow-up.^3-9 Indeed, many of these cases, particularly those in the genital region, were aggressively treated with surgery, topical chemotherapy, immunomodulatory agents, and radiation; therefore, their natural course is not known.² A Japanese studyconducted at 75 medical institutions (1987-1991) included 46 EMPD patients with multiple (ie, 2 or 3) sites of involvement.¹⁰ Some of the patients with a combination of genital and axillary lesions were followed without any treatment. None of the EMPD patients with axillary involvement developed invasive carcinoma after 4- to 12-year follow-up.¹⁰

Figure 4. Histopathologic examination of clinically unaffected skin of the periumbilical region revealed Toker cells with round nuclei and pale cytoplasm (arrows) scattered in the lower epidermis (H&E, original magnification ×400).

Toker cells, which were first described in 1970,¹¹ have been recognized as precursors to EMPD.^12-14 Toker cells are intraepithelial cells with clear to pale-staining cytoplasm that are smaller in size than Paget cells but larger than neighboring keratinocytes. They are found in approximately 10% of normal nipples.^11,14 Toker cells show vesicular chromatin, whereas Paget cells are hyperchromatic with prominent nucleoli.¹² Willman et al¹⁵ examined 11 vulvectomies for the presence of Toker cells in association with mammarylike glands of the vulva. They demonstrated the presence of Toker cells in 4 (36%) of the samples.¹⁵ Additionally, Van der Putte et al¹⁶ observed Toker cells in an areolar lesion in a 47-year-old woman with MPD without underlying adenocarcinoma, suggesting that cases of MPD and EMPD confined to epithelial cells may be derived from Toker cells. Toker cells have been associated in the pathogenesis of 2 other benign entities, including clear cell papulosis^17,18 and cutaneous hamartoma with pagetoid cells.¹⁹

Primary EMPD has the potential to develop in several regions of the skin that contain apocrine glands. Our patient presented with persistent genital lesions for many years without any concerns of axillary disease. Interestingly, biopsies from normal-appearing skin in the periumbilical region revealed clear cells (Figure 4). Likewise, Toker cells have been described in biopsies from clinically unaffected skin of the axillae in some cases where EMPD was identified in the genital regions.^3,5 Genital lesions were the main clinical presentation and preceded axillary involvement in most instances.^3,5,9 Therefore, biopsies from uninvolved apocrine sites (ie, axillary and periumbilical skin) should be considered in these patients. Based on our observation, we speculate that multicentric primary EMPD starts with Toker cell hyperplasia with a propensity to evolve into neoplasia in sites with apocrine or mammarylike glands.

Primary and secondary EMPD cannot be distinguished by histopathology and immunohistochemistry has a limited role.^20,21 However, immunostaining with CDX2 (a caudal-type homeobox protein) might be helpful in differentiating primary EMPD from secondary EMPD extending from underlying anorectal adenocarcinomas.²² Primary EMPD has been treated with surgical excision.^2,3,8 Despite the high recurrence rate after surgery, the prognosis for localized primary EMPD disease has been favorable.

Conclusion
Our case suggests that Toker cell hyperplasia is a precursor to primary EMPD. In patients with established EMPD, other apocrine gland–bearing areas should be examined for multicentric disease. Lastly, the clinical course in our patient supports the hypothesis that primary multicentric EMPD has a favorable outcome. The Table lists the characteristics of MPD and EMPD and describes their development with respect to Toker cells. More studies are required to further outline the cytologic characteristics of Toker cells and to distinguish primary EMPD from secondary EMPD.