Reid A. Sasaki, MD

Clinical Question: What is the validity of commonly held beliefs regarding serotonin syndrome (SS)?

Background: SS is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by serotonin excess in the central nervous system. The authors tested the validity of four widely accepted tenets about SS: that the Hunter criteria are superior, that the onset of SS is rapid compared to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), that hyperthermia is common with SS, and that SS can be distinguished from NMS based on medication history.

Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Setting: PubMed and Web of Science.

Synopsis: Researchers identified 299 case reports from 2004 to 2014 in which SS was the most likely diagnosis based on one of three available diagnostic systems. Rhabdomyolysis with creatine kinase >1,500 and ICU treatment were used as proxies for SS severity. The Hunter criteria (the current gold standard) identified fewer overdoses, episodes of rhabdomyolysis, and ICU cases than the Sternbach or Radomski criteria. Combinations of antidepressants with methylene blue, opiates, or linezolid were the most common reasons for ICU admission. Symptom onset was within six hours in only 27.5% of cases. Hyperthermia was present in only 9.2% of patients with SS.

Hospitalists cannot rely on any one set of criteria to diagnose SS. The typical combinations of opiates or linezolid with antidepressants should raise the level of suspicion for SS. Rigidity and rhabdomyolysis occur commonly in both NMS and SS. Hyperthermia and timing of onset are not good indicators to the diagnosis of SS.

Bottom line: A high index of suspicion rather than reliance on classification systems or anecdotal key symptoms is necessary when considering SS.

Citation: Werneke U, Jamshidi F, Taylor DM, Ott M. Conundrums in neurology: diagnosing serotonin syndrome – a meta-analysis of cases. BMC Neurol. 2016;16:97.

Clinical Question: What is the validity of commonly held beliefs regarding serotonin syndrome (SS)?

Background: SS is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by serotonin excess in the central nervous system. The authors tested the validity of four widely accepted tenets about SS: that the Hunter criteria are superior, that the onset of SS is rapid compared to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), that hyperthermia is common with SS, and that SS can be distinguished from NMS based on medication history.

Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Setting: PubMed and Web of Science.

Synopsis: Researchers identified 299 case reports from 2004 to 2014 in which SS was the most likely diagnosis based on one of three available diagnostic systems. Rhabdomyolysis with creatine kinase >1,500 and ICU treatment were used as proxies for SS severity. The Hunter criteria (the current gold standard) identified fewer overdoses, episodes of rhabdomyolysis, and ICU cases than the Sternbach or Radomski criteria. Combinations of antidepressants with methylene blue, opiates, or linezolid were the most common reasons for ICU admission. Symptom onset was within six hours in only 27.5% of cases. Hyperthermia was present in only 9.2% of patients with SS.

Hospitalists cannot rely on any one set of criteria to diagnose SS. The typical combinations of opiates or linezolid with antidepressants should raise the level of suspicion for SS. Rigidity and rhabdomyolysis occur commonly in both NMS and SS. Hyperthermia and timing of onset are not good indicators to the diagnosis of SS.

Bottom line: A high index of suspicion rather than reliance on classification systems or anecdotal key symptoms is necessary when considering SS.

Citation: Werneke U, Jamshidi F, Taylor DM, Ott M. Conundrums in neurology: diagnosing serotonin syndrome – a meta-analysis of cases. BMC Neurol. 2016;16:97.

Clinical Question: What is the validity of commonly held beliefs regarding serotonin syndrome (SS)?

Background: SS is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by serotonin excess in the central nervous system. The authors tested the validity of four widely accepted tenets about SS: that the Hunter criteria are superior, that the onset of SS is rapid compared to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), that hyperthermia is common with SS, and that SS can be distinguished from NMS based on medication history.

Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Setting: PubMed and Web of Science.

Synopsis: Researchers identified 299 case reports from 2004 to 2014 in which SS was the most likely diagnosis based on one of three available diagnostic systems. Rhabdomyolysis with creatine kinase >1,500 and ICU treatment were used as proxies for SS severity. The Hunter criteria (the current gold standard) identified fewer overdoses, episodes of rhabdomyolysis, and ICU cases than the Sternbach or Radomski criteria. Combinations of antidepressants with methylene blue, opiates, or linezolid were the most common reasons for ICU admission. Symptom onset was within six hours in only 27.5% of cases. Hyperthermia was present in only 9.2% of patients with SS.

Hospitalists cannot rely on any one set of criteria to diagnose SS. The typical combinations of opiates or linezolid with antidepressants should raise the level of suspicion for SS. Rigidity and rhabdomyolysis occur commonly in both NMS and SS. Hyperthermia and timing of onset are not good indicators to the diagnosis of SS.

Bottom line: A high index of suspicion rather than reliance on classification systems or anecdotal key symptoms is necessary when considering SS.

Citation: Werneke U, Jamshidi F, Taylor DM, Ott M. Conundrums in neurology: diagnosing serotonin syndrome – a meta-analysis of cases. BMC Neurol. 2016;16:97.

Clinical Question: Are there particular groups of patients in which lower transfusion thresholds (transfusion only at lower hemoglobin levels) may be harmful?

Background: Previously published meta-analyses have examined transfusion thresholds for critically ill, surgical, and medical patients. By combining these patients, previous meta-analyses are limited in the identification of intervention effects. A more refined understanding of how transfusion thresholds impact outcomes for a variety of patients in different clinical settings is needed.

Study Design: Context-specific systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Setting: Adult patients in perioperative, emergency, or intensive-care settings.

Synopsis: Patient information was extracted from 31 randomized clinical trials. The authors found that among 3,465 elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, those given restrictive transfusion strategies had significantly more events reflecting inadequate oxygen supply (relative risk, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.03–1.92). No statistically significant effect from restrictive transfusions was seen in 3,322 patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing cardiac or vascular procedures; 3,590 mixed medical-surgical patients in emergency and intensive-care settings; and 823 patients in a combined group of postpartum women, hematologic malignancy patients, and younger patients with neurologic injury.

The authors argue that even statistically nonsignificant differences in morbidity and mortality should encourage more liberal transfusion; apart from orthopedic surgery patients, this argument is not well-supported by the available data.

Bottom Line: It remains unclear whether restrictive transfusion strategies have a negative impact on certain types of patients, although the authors argue that there may be a trend in that direction. Further study is needed for specific patient populations.

Citation: Hovaguimian F, Myles PS. Restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy in the perioperative and acute care settings: a context-specific systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Anesthesiology. 2016;125(1):46-61.

Clinical Question: Are there particular groups of patients in which lower transfusion thresholds (transfusion only at lower hemoglobin levels) may be harmful?

Background: Previously published meta-analyses have examined transfusion thresholds for critically ill, surgical, and medical patients. By combining these patients, previous meta-analyses are limited in the identification of intervention effects. A more refined understanding of how transfusion thresholds impact outcomes for a variety of patients in different clinical settings is needed.

Study Design: Context-specific systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Setting: Adult patients in perioperative, emergency, or intensive-care settings.

Synopsis: Patient information was extracted from 31 randomized clinical trials. The authors found that among 3,465 elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, those given restrictive transfusion strategies had significantly more events reflecting inadequate oxygen supply (relative risk, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.03–1.92). No statistically significant effect from restrictive transfusions was seen in 3,322 patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing cardiac or vascular procedures; 3,590 mixed medical-surgical patients in emergency and intensive-care settings; and 823 patients in a combined group of postpartum women, hematologic malignancy patients, and younger patients with neurologic injury.

The authors argue that even statistically nonsignificant differences in morbidity and mortality should encourage more liberal transfusion; apart from orthopedic surgery patients, this argument is not well-supported by the available data.

Bottom Line: It remains unclear whether restrictive transfusion strategies have a negative impact on certain types of patients, although the authors argue that there may be a trend in that direction. Further study is needed for specific patient populations.

Citation: Hovaguimian F, Myles PS. Restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy in the perioperative and acute care settings: a context-specific systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Anesthesiology. 2016;125(1):46-61.

Clinical Question: Are there particular groups of patients in which lower transfusion thresholds (transfusion only at lower hemoglobin levels) may be harmful?

Background: Previously published meta-analyses have examined transfusion thresholds for critically ill, surgical, and medical patients. By combining these patients, previous meta-analyses are limited in the identification of intervention effects. A more refined understanding of how transfusion thresholds impact outcomes for a variety of patients in different clinical settings is needed.

Study Design: Context-specific systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Setting: Adult patients in perioperative, emergency, or intensive-care settings.

Synopsis: Patient information was extracted from 31 randomized clinical trials. The authors found that among 3,465 elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, those given restrictive transfusion strategies had significantly more events reflecting inadequate oxygen supply (relative risk, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.03–1.92). No statistically significant effect from restrictive transfusions was seen in 3,322 patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing cardiac or vascular procedures; 3,590 mixed medical-surgical patients in emergency and intensive-care settings; and 823 patients in a combined group of postpartum women, hematologic malignancy patients, and younger patients with neurologic injury.

The authors argue that even statistically nonsignificant differences in morbidity and mortality should encourage more liberal transfusion; apart from orthopedic surgery patients, this argument is not well-supported by the available data.

Bottom Line: It remains unclear whether restrictive transfusion strategies have a negative impact on certain types of patients, although the authors argue that there may be a trend in that direction. Further study is needed for specific patient populations.

Citation: Hovaguimian F, Myles PS. Restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy in the perioperative and acute care settings: a context-specific systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Anesthesiology. 2016;125(1):46-61.

Clinical Question: What is the incidence of loss of independence (LOI) for older adults after surgery, and is there an association between LOI and readmission or death?

Background: LOI is being increasingly recognized as an important measure of patient-centered care and a potential opportunity for intervention to prevent disablement. This study is the first to examine links between LOI and rates of readmission or death following surgery.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort.

Setting: 26 U.S. hospitals participating in a national quality improvement project.

Synopsis: The authors examined data from 5,077 patients age 65 or older undergoing an inpatient surgical procedure. They examined ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), mobility, and living situation before and after surgery, and they defined LOI as a change in one or more of these factors at the time of discharge.

They found that LOI increased with age, with 49.9% of patients ages 65–74, 67.3% of patients ages 75–84, and 83.9% of patients age 85 or older experiencing LOI. The study also showed an association between LOI and negative outcomes, including readmission (odds ratio, 1.7) and death after discharge (odds ratio, 6.7).

Although this study was retrospective, the findings indicate that LOI is strongly correlated with negative short-term outcomes, especially in older populations. LOI related to surgery is a measure that deserves closer attention and greater future study as a potential target for clinical initiatives and intervention.

Bottom Line: LOI (functional ability, mobility, and living situation) after surgery increases with age and is associated with negative short-term outcomes including readmission and death.

Citation: Berian JR, Mohanty S, Ko CY, Rosenthal RA, Robinson TN. Association of loss of independence with readmission and death after discharge in older patients after surgical procedures. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(9):e161689.

Short Take

Transition to New Electronic Health Records Systems Does Not Increase Adverse Outcomes

An observational study comparing 17 hospitals implementing new electronic health records systems with 399 control hospitals showed no difference in the rate of adverse safety events or readmissions following implementation.

Citation: Barnett ML, Mehrotra A, Jena AB. Adverse inpatient outcomes during the transition to a new electronic health record system: observational study. BMJ. 2016;354:i3835.

Clinical Question: What is the incidence of loss of independence (LOI) for older adults after surgery, and is there an association between LOI and readmission or death?

Background: LOI is being increasingly recognized as an important measure of patient-centered care and a potential opportunity for intervention to prevent disablement. This study is the first to examine links between LOI and rates of readmission or death following surgery.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort.

Setting: 26 U.S. hospitals participating in a national quality improvement project.

Synopsis: The authors examined data from 5,077 patients age 65 or older undergoing an inpatient surgical procedure. They examined ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), mobility, and living situation before and after surgery, and they defined LOI as a change in one or more of these factors at the time of discharge.

They found that LOI increased with age, with 49.9% of patients ages 65–74, 67.3% of patients ages 75–84, and 83.9% of patients age 85 or older experiencing LOI. The study also showed an association between LOI and negative outcomes, including readmission (odds ratio, 1.7) and death after discharge (odds ratio, 6.7).

Although this study was retrospective, the findings indicate that LOI is strongly correlated with negative short-term outcomes, especially in older populations. LOI related to surgery is a measure that deserves closer attention and greater future study as a potential target for clinical initiatives and intervention.

Bottom Line: LOI (functional ability, mobility, and living situation) after surgery increases with age and is associated with negative short-term outcomes including readmission and death.

Citation: Berian JR, Mohanty S, Ko CY, Rosenthal RA, Robinson TN. Association of loss of independence with readmission and death after discharge in older patients after surgical procedures. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(9):e161689.

Short Take

Transition to New Electronic Health Records Systems Does Not Increase Adverse Outcomes

An observational study comparing 17 hospitals implementing new electronic health records systems with 399 control hospitals showed no difference in the rate of adverse safety events or readmissions following implementation.

Citation: Barnett ML, Mehrotra A, Jena AB. Adverse inpatient outcomes during the transition to a new electronic health record system: observational study. BMJ. 2016;354:i3835.

Clinical Question: What is the incidence of loss of independence (LOI) for older adults after surgery, and is there an association between LOI and readmission or death?

Background: LOI is being increasingly recognized as an important measure of patient-centered care and a potential opportunity for intervention to prevent disablement. This study is the first to examine links between LOI and rates of readmission or death following surgery.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort.

Setting: 26 U.S. hospitals participating in a national quality improvement project.

Synopsis: The authors examined data from 5,077 patients age 65 or older undergoing an inpatient surgical procedure. They examined ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs), mobility, and living situation before and after surgery, and they defined LOI as a change in one or more of these factors at the time of discharge.

They found that LOI increased with age, with 49.9% of patients ages 65–74, 67.3% of patients ages 75–84, and 83.9% of patients age 85 or older experiencing LOI. The study also showed an association between LOI and negative outcomes, including readmission (odds ratio, 1.7) and death after discharge (odds ratio, 6.7).

Although this study was retrospective, the findings indicate that LOI is strongly correlated with negative short-term outcomes, especially in older populations. LOI related to surgery is a measure that deserves closer attention and greater future study as a potential target for clinical initiatives and intervention.

Bottom Line: LOI (functional ability, mobility, and living situation) after surgery increases with age and is associated with negative short-term outcomes including readmission and death.

Citation: Berian JR, Mohanty S, Ko CY, Rosenthal RA, Robinson TN. Association of loss of independence with readmission and death after discharge in older patients after surgical procedures. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(9):e161689.

Short Take

Transition to New Electronic Health Records Systems Does Not Increase Adverse Outcomes

An observational study comparing 17 hospitals implementing new electronic health records systems with 399 control hospitals showed no difference in the rate of adverse safety events or readmissions following implementation.

Citation: Barnett ML, Mehrotra A, Jena AB. Adverse inpatient outcomes during the transition to a new electronic health record system: observational study. BMJ. 2016;354:i3835.

Clinical Question: What data are available regarding the attitudes toward and the practice of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS)?

Background: Although controversial, euthanasia and PAS are currently legal in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia, and Canada, while PAS (but not euthanasia) is legal in Switzerland and five states (Oregon, Washington, Montana, Vermont, and California). Knowledge about current practices is limited as only a portion of these jurisdictions have reporting requirements.

Study Design: Literature review with a focus on original data.

Setting: Data from United States, Canada, and Europe.

Synopsis: Published data from 1947 to 2016 were reviewed. U.S. public opinion surveys show a recent decline in support of PAS, from a peak of 75% in 2005 to 64% in 2012. With the exception of the Netherlands and Belgium, physicians in the U.S., Europe, and Australia are less supportive than the general public.

In the U.S., <20% of physicians reported receiving a request for euthanasia or PAS, and <5% complied. Oncologists are most likely to receive a patient request. The typical patient is older, white, insured, well-educated, and enrolled in hospice. Seventy-five percent have cancer, while 15% have neurodegenerative conditions. Loss of autonomy and dignity are common motivators, while <33% of patients cite uncontrolled pain. PAS remains rare, accounting for <0.4% of all deaths. Existing data do not indicate abuse of these practices.

The authors emphasize that existing data are limited and recommend that all countries, not just those where euthanasia and/or PAS are legal, should formally collect information on end-of-life practices.

Bottom Line: Euthanasia and PAS remain relatively rare and primarily involve oncology patients despite increasing legalization.

Citation: Emanuel EJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Urwin JW, Cohen J. Attitudes and practices of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe. JAMA. 2016;316(1):79-90.

Short Take

Peer Support for Physicians May Curb Burnout

This perspective piece outlines a program of one-to-one peer outreach for physicians as a way to mitigate stress especially when dealing with adverse events or litigation, but no data are provided.

Citation: Shapiro J, Galowitz P. Peer support for clinicians: a programmatic approach. Acad Med. 2016;91(9):1200-1204.

Clinical Question: What data are available regarding the attitudes toward and the practice of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS)?

Background: Although controversial, euthanasia and PAS are currently legal in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia, and Canada, while PAS (but not euthanasia) is legal in Switzerland and five states (Oregon, Washington, Montana, Vermont, and California). Knowledge about current practices is limited as only a portion of these jurisdictions have reporting requirements.

Study Design: Literature review with a focus on original data.

Setting: Data from United States, Canada, and Europe.

Synopsis: Published data from 1947 to 2016 were reviewed. U.S. public opinion surveys show a recent decline in support of PAS, from a peak of 75% in 2005 to 64% in 2012. With the exception of the Netherlands and Belgium, physicians in the U.S., Europe, and Australia are less supportive than the general public.

In the U.S., <20% of physicians reported receiving a request for euthanasia or PAS, and <5% complied. Oncologists are most likely to receive a patient request. The typical patient is older, white, insured, well-educated, and enrolled in hospice. Seventy-five percent have cancer, while 15% have neurodegenerative conditions. Loss of autonomy and dignity are common motivators, while <33% of patients cite uncontrolled pain. PAS remains rare, accounting for <0.4% of all deaths. Existing data do not indicate abuse of these practices.

The authors emphasize that existing data are limited and recommend that all countries, not just those where euthanasia and/or PAS are legal, should formally collect information on end-of-life practices.

Bottom Line: Euthanasia and PAS remain relatively rare and primarily involve oncology patients despite increasing legalization.

Citation: Emanuel EJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Urwin JW, Cohen J. Attitudes and practices of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe. JAMA. 2016;316(1):79-90.

Short Take

Peer Support for Physicians May Curb Burnout

This perspective piece outlines a program of one-to-one peer outreach for physicians as a way to mitigate stress especially when dealing with adverse events or litigation, but no data are provided.

Citation: Shapiro J, Galowitz P. Peer support for clinicians: a programmatic approach. Acad Med. 2016;91(9):1200-1204.

Clinical Question: What data are available regarding the attitudes toward and the practice of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS)?

Background: Although controversial, euthanasia and PAS are currently legal in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia, and Canada, while PAS (but not euthanasia) is legal in Switzerland and five states (Oregon, Washington, Montana, Vermont, and California). Knowledge about current practices is limited as only a portion of these jurisdictions have reporting requirements.

Study Design: Literature review with a focus on original data.

Setting: Data from United States, Canada, and Europe.

Synopsis: Published data from 1947 to 2016 were reviewed. U.S. public opinion surveys show a recent decline in support of PAS, from a peak of 75% in 2005 to 64% in 2012. With the exception of the Netherlands and Belgium, physicians in the U.S., Europe, and Australia are less supportive than the general public.

In the U.S., <20% of physicians reported receiving a request for euthanasia or PAS, and <5% complied. Oncologists are most likely to receive a patient request. The typical patient is older, white, insured, well-educated, and enrolled in hospice. Seventy-five percent have cancer, while 15% have neurodegenerative conditions. Loss of autonomy and dignity are common motivators, while <33% of patients cite uncontrolled pain. PAS remains rare, accounting for <0.4% of all deaths. Existing data do not indicate abuse of these practices.

The authors emphasize that existing data are limited and recommend that all countries, not just those where euthanasia and/or PAS are legal, should formally collect information on end-of-life practices.

Bottom Line: Euthanasia and PAS remain relatively rare and primarily involve oncology patients despite increasing legalization.

Citation: Emanuel EJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Urwin JW, Cohen J. Attitudes and practices of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the United States, Canada, and Europe. JAMA. 2016;316(1):79-90.

Short Take

Peer Support for Physicians May Curb Burnout

This perspective piece outlines a program of one-to-one peer outreach for physicians as a way to mitigate stress especially when dealing with adverse events or litigation, but no data are provided.

Citation: Shapiro J, Galowitz P. Peer support for clinicians: a programmatic approach. Acad Med. 2016;91(9):1200-1204.

Clinical Question: How often are goals of care (GOC) discussed during hospitalization of long-term care residents, and what patient characteristics make this more likely to occur?

Background: GOC discussions during hospitalization have the potential to better align patient wishes with care received and to reduce unwanted care. Previous studies have examined barriers to GOC discussions, but less is known about factors associated with GOC discussions occurring and the outcomes of these discussions.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Two academic hospitals in Toronto.

Synopsis: In the review, 665 hospitalized patients during a one-year period were identified as being >65 years old and from a long-term care facility. Of the 665 patients, a random sampling of 200 unique patients was reviewed. Of these, 37.5% had a documented GOC discussion. Lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores and higher respiratory rates were correlated with a higher incidence of GOC discussions. Patients with GOC discussions had higher rates of no resuscitation and comfort care orders; these patients also had higher odds of in-hospital death and one-year mortality. Of patients that had a change in their GOC, 74% did not have this change reflected in the discharge summary.

Although this study is a retrospective review and limited to two Canadian teaching hospitals, there is likely an opportunity for hospitalists to more frequently discuss and document GOC in hospitalized long-term care patients.

Bottom Line: In hospitalized long-term care patients, GOC are infrequently discussed and documented. Frequency of discussions is correlated with illness severity.

Citation: Wong HJ, Wang J, Grinman M, Wu RC. Goals of care discussions among hospitalized long-term care residents: predictors and associated outcomes of care [published online ahead of print July 21, 2016]. J Hosp Med.

Short Take

Sleep-Promoting Interventions Improve Sleep in Hospitalized Patients

A non-blinded, quasi-randomized pilot study of 112 patients demonstrated that sleep-promoting interventions, including education and environmental control to minimize sleep disruption, improved total nighttime sleep time as well as qualitative measures of sleep.

Citation: Gathecha E, Rios R, Buenaver LF, Landis R, Howell E, Wright S. Pilot study aiming to support sleep quality and duration during hospitalizations. J Hosp Med. 2016;11(7):467-472.

Clinical Question: How often are goals of care (GOC) discussed during hospitalization of long-term care residents, and what patient characteristics make this more likely to occur?

Background: GOC discussions during hospitalization have the potential to better align patient wishes with care received and to reduce unwanted care. Previous studies have examined barriers to GOC discussions, but less is known about factors associated with GOC discussions occurring and the outcomes of these discussions.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Two academic hospitals in Toronto.

Synopsis: In the review, 665 hospitalized patients during a one-year period were identified as being >65 years old and from a long-term care facility. Of the 665 patients, a random sampling of 200 unique patients was reviewed. Of these, 37.5% had a documented GOC discussion. Lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores and higher respiratory rates were correlated with a higher incidence of GOC discussions. Patients with GOC discussions had higher rates of no resuscitation and comfort care orders; these patients also had higher odds of in-hospital death and one-year mortality. Of patients that had a change in their GOC, 74% did not have this change reflected in the discharge summary.

Although this study is a retrospective review and limited to two Canadian teaching hospitals, there is likely an opportunity for hospitalists to more frequently discuss and document GOC in hospitalized long-term care patients.

Bottom Line: In hospitalized long-term care patients, GOC are infrequently discussed and documented. Frequency of discussions is correlated with illness severity.

Citation: Wong HJ, Wang J, Grinman M, Wu RC. Goals of care discussions among hospitalized long-term care residents: predictors and associated outcomes of care [published online ahead of print July 21, 2016]. J Hosp Med.

Short Take

Sleep-Promoting Interventions Improve Sleep in Hospitalized Patients

A non-blinded, quasi-randomized pilot study of 112 patients demonstrated that sleep-promoting interventions, including education and environmental control to minimize sleep disruption, improved total nighttime sleep time as well as qualitative measures of sleep.

Citation: Gathecha E, Rios R, Buenaver LF, Landis R, Howell E, Wright S. Pilot study aiming to support sleep quality and duration during hospitalizations. J Hosp Med. 2016;11(7):467-472.

Clinical Question: How often are goals of care (GOC) discussed during hospitalization of long-term care residents, and what patient characteristics make this more likely to occur?

Background: GOC discussions during hospitalization have the potential to better align patient wishes with care received and to reduce unwanted care. Previous studies have examined barriers to GOC discussions, but less is known about factors associated with GOC discussions occurring and the outcomes of these discussions.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Two academic hospitals in Toronto.

Synopsis: In the review, 665 hospitalized patients during a one-year period were identified as being >65 years old and from a long-term care facility. Of the 665 patients, a random sampling of 200 unique patients was reviewed. Of these, 37.5% had a documented GOC discussion. Lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores and higher respiratory rates were correlated with a higher incidence of GOC discussions. Patients with GOC discussions had higher rates of no resuscitation and comfort care orders; these patients also had higher odds of in-hospital death and one-year mortality. Of patients that had a change in their GOC, 74% did not have this change reflected in the discharge summary.

Although this study is a retrospective review and limited to two Canadian teaching hospitals, there is likely an opportunity for hospitalists to more frequently discuss and document GOC in hospitalized long-term care patients.

Bottom Line: In hospitalized long-term care patients, GOC are infrequently discussed and documented. Frequency of discussions is correlated with illness severity.

Citation: Wong HJ, Wang J, Grinman M, Wu RC. Goals of care discussions among hospitalized long-term care residents: predictors and associated outcomes of care [published online ahead of print July 21, 2016]. J Hosp Med.

Short Take

Sleep-Promoting Interventions Improve Sleep in Hospitalized Patients

A non-blinded, quasi-randomized pilot study of 112 patients demonstrated that sleep-promoting interventions, including education and environmental control to minimize sleep disruption, improved total nighttime sleep time as well as qualitative measures of sleep.

Citation: Gathecha E, Rios R, Buenaver LF, Landis R, Howell E, Wright S. Pilot study aiming to support sleep quality and duration during hospitalizations. J Hosp Med. 2016;11(7):467-472.

Clinical Question: Does improving hand hygiene compliance from a high level (>80%) to a very high level (>95%) reduce healthcare-associated infections?

Background: Hand hygiene compliance remains an elusive infection prevention parameter to master. Studies show a correlation in reduction of healthcare-associated infections with improved hand hygiene compliance from a low to medium level, but little data exist on very high rates of hand hygiene compliance.

Study Design: Prospective observational.

Setting: University of North Carolina Hospitals.

Synopsis: Researchers recruited all hospital staff to be hand hygiene monitors, thereby using the Hawthorne effect to drive hand hygiene compliance rates. Over a 17-month period, >4,000 unique observers made >140,000 observations. Data showed a significant increase in hand hygiene compliance rates of about 10% (P<0.001) and a significant decrease in overall healthcare-associated infection rates of about 6% (P=0.0066). A reduction in healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection of 14% was observed in association with the improved hand hygiene compliance. No association with multidrug-resistant organisms was found.

Bottom Line: There is continued correlation between improved hand hygiene compliance and reduced healthcare-associated infection rates even at very high levels (>95%) of hand hygiene compliance.

Citation: Sickbert-Bennett EE, DiBiase LM, Willis TM, Wolak ES, Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Reduction of healthcare-associated infections by exceeding high compliance with hand hygiene practices. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(9):1628-1630.

Short Take

Avoid Fluoroquinolones in Acute Sinusitis, Acute Exacerbations of Bronchitis, and Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections If Other Treatment Options Exist

Because fluoroquinolones have been associated with potentially permanent side effects involving tendons, muscles, joints, and nerves, the FDA recently updated the boxed warning to state that the risk of use likely outweighs the benefit for uncomplicated infections.

Citation: Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Drugs for Systemic Use: Drug Safety Communication - Warnings Updated Due to Disabling Side Effects. FDA website. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Clinical Question: Does improving hand hygiene compliance from a high level (>80%) to a very high level (>95%) reduce healthcare-associated infections?

Background: Hand hygiene compliance remains an elusive infection prevention parameter to master. Studies show a correlation in reduction of healthcare-associated infections with improved hand hygiene compliance from a low to medium level, but little data exist on very high rates of hand hygiene compliance.

Study Design: Prospective observational.

Setting: University of North Carolina Hospitals.

Synopsis: Researchers recruited all hospital staff to be hand hygiene monitors, thereby using the Hawthorne effect to drive hand hygiene compliance rates. Over a 17-month period, >4,000 unique observers made >140,000 observations. Data showed a significant increase in hand hygiene compliance rates of about 10% (P<0.001) and a significant decrease in overall healthcare-associated infection rates of about 6% (P=0.0066). A reduction in healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection of 14% was observed in association with the improved hand hygiene compliance. No association with multidrug-resistant organisms was found.

Bottom Line: There is continued correlation between improved hand hygiene compliance and reduced healthcare-associated infection rates even at very high levels (>95%) of hand hygiene compliance.

Citation: Sickbert-Bennett EE, DiBiase LM, Willis TM, Wolak ES, Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Reduction of healthcare-associated infections by exceeding high compliance with hand hygiene practices. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(9):1628-1630.

Short Take

Avoid Fluoroquinolones in Acute Sinusitis, Acute Exacerbations of Bronchitis, and Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections If Other Treatment Options Exist

Because fluoroquinolones have been associated with potentially permanent side effects involving tendons, muscles, joints, and nerves, the FDA recently updated the boxed warning to state that the risk of use likely outweighs the benefit for uncomplicated infections.

Citation: Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Drugs for Systemic Use: Drug Safety Communication - Warnings Updated Due to Disabling Side Effects. FDA website. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Clinical Question: Does improving hand hygiene compliance from a high level (>80%) to a very high level (>95%) reduce healthcare-associated infections?

Background: Hand hygiene compliance remains an elusive infection prevention parameter to master. Studies show a correlation in reduction of healthcare-associated infections with improved hand hygiene compliance from a low to medium level, but little data exist on very high rates of hand hygiene compliance.

Study Design: Prospective observational.

Setting: University of North Carolina Hospitals.

Synopsis: Researchers recruited all hospital staff to be hand hygiene monitors, thereby using the Hawthorne effect to drive hand hygiene compliance rates. Over a 17-month period, >4,000 unique observers made >140,000 observations. Data showed a significant increase in hand hygiene compliance rates of about 10% (P<0.001) and a significant decrease in overall healthcare-associated infection rates of about 6% (P=0.0066). A reduction in healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection of 14% was observed in association with the improved hand hygiene compliance. No association with multidrug-resistant organisms was found.

Bottom Line: There is continued correlation between improved hand hygiene compliance and reduced healthcare-associated infection rates even at very high levels (>95%) of hand hygiene compliance.

Citation: Sickbert-Bennett EE, DiBiase LM, Willis TM, Wolak ES, Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Reduction of healthcare-associated infections by exceeding high compliance with hand hygiene practices. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(9):1628-1630.

Short Take

Avoid Fluoroquinolones in Acute Sinusitis, Acute Exacerbations of Bronchitis, and Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections If Other Treatment Options Exist

Because fluoroquinolones have been associated with potentially permanent side effects involving tendons, muscles, joints, and nerves, the FDA recently updated the boxed warning to state that the risk of use likely outweighs the benefit for uncomplicated infections.

Citation: Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Drugs for Systemic Use: Drug Safety Communication - Warnings Updated Due to Disabling Side Effects. FDA website. Accessed September 9, 2016.

Clinical Question: Does direct observation underestimate physician compliance with hand hygiene (HH) compared to other professional groups due to the Hawthorne effect?

Background: Although it is well-known that HH is imperative to infection control, physician compliance remains suboptimal and is often reported to be below that of nurses. The Hawthorne effect may be contributing to this perceived difference because nurses, who work on the same unit consistently, may more readily recognize hospital auditors.

Study Design: Observational.

Setting: 800-bed acute-care academic hospital in Canada.

Synopsis: Two students were trained to covertly observe physician and nursing HH compliance on inpatient units. For two months, students rotated units every week to minimize risk of discovery. Their findings were compared with data gathered by hospital auditors over the same time period.

Covertly observed HH compliance was 50% (799/1,597 opportunities) compared with 83.7% (2,769/3,309) reported by hospital auditors (P<0.0002). The difference in physician compliance was 19% (73.2% compliance with overt observation versus 54.2% with covert observation). The difference was much higher for nurses at 40.7% (85.8% compliance with overt observation versus 45.1% with covert observation). Attending physician behaviors heavily influenced team behaviors—79.5% of trainees were compliant if their attending was compliant compared with 18.9% if attending was not (P<0.0002).

Bottom Line: Traditional HH audit findings that physicians are less compliant than nurses may be at least partially due to the Hawthorne effect. Nonetheless, all healthcare providers have substantial room for improvement, and attending physicians are powerful role models to effect this change.

Citation: Kovacs-Litman A, Wong K, Shojania KJ, Callery S, Vearncombe M, Leis J. Do physicians clean their hands? Insights from a covert observational study [published online ahead of print July 5, 2016]. J Hosp Med.

Clinical Question: Does direct observation underestimate physician compliance with hand hygiene (HH) compared to other professional groups due to the Hawthorne effect?

Background: Although it is well-known that HH is imperative to infection control, physician compliance remains suboptimal and is often reported to be below that of nurses. The Hawthorne effect may be contributing to this perceived difference because nurses, who work on the same unit consistently, may more readily recognize hospital auditors.

Study Design: Observational.

Setting: 800-bed acute-care academic hospital in Canada.

Synopsis: Two students were trained to covertly observe physician and nursing HH compliance on inpatient units. For two months, students rotated units every week to minimize risk of discovery. Their findings were compared with data gathered by hospital auditors over the same time period.

Covertly observed HH compliance was 50% (799/1,597 opportunities) compared with 83.7% (2,769/3,309) reported by hospital auditors (P<0.0002). The difference in physician compliance was 19% (73.2% compliance with overt observation versus 54.2% with covert observation). The difference was much higher for nurses at 40.7% (85.8% compliance with overt observation versus 45.1% with covert observation). Attending physician behaviors heavily influenced team behaviors—79.5% of trainees were compliant if their attending was compliant compared with 18.9% if attending was not (P<0.0002).

Bottom Line: Traditional HH audit findings that physicians are less compliant than nurses may be at least partially due to the Hawthorne effect. Nonetheless, all healthcare providers have substantial room for improvement, and attending physicians are powerful role models to effect this change.

Citation: Kovacs-Litman A, Wong K, Shojania KJ, Callery S, Vearncombe M, Leis J. Do physicians clean their hands? Insights from a covert observational study [published online ahead of print July 5, 2016]. J Hosp Med.

Clinical Question: Does direct observation underestimate physician compliance with hand hygiene (HH) compared to other professional groups due to the Hawthorne effect?

Background: Although it is well-known that HH is imperative to infection control, physician compliance remains suboptimal and is often reported to be below that of nurses. The Hawthorne effect may be contributing to this perceived difference because nurses, who work on the same unit consistently, may more readily recognize hospital auditors.

Study Design: Observational.

Setting: 800-bed acute-care academic hospital in Canada.

Synopsis: Two students were trained to covertly observe physician and nursing HH compliance on inpatient units. For two months, students rotated units every week to minimize risk of discovery. Their findings were compared with data gathered by hospital auditors over the same time period.

Covertly observed HH compliance was 50% (799/1,597 opportunities) compared with 83.7% (2,769/3,309) reported by hospital auditors (P<0.0002). The difference in physician compliance was 19% (73.2% compliance with overt observation versus 54.2% with covert observation). The difference was much higher for nurses at 40.7% (85.8% compliance with overt observation versus 45.1% with covert observation). Attending physician behaviors heavily influenced team behaviors—79.5% of trainees were compliant if their attending was compliant compared with 18.9% if attending was not (P<0.0002).

Bottom Line: Traditional HH audit findings that physicians are less compliant than nurses may be at least partially due to the Hawthorne effect. Nonetheless, all healthcare providers have substantial room for improvement, and attending physicians are powerful role models to effect this change.

Citation: Kovacs-Litman A, Wong K, Shojania KJ, Callery S, Vearncombe M, Leis J. Do physicians clean their hands? Insights from a covert observational study [published online ahead of print July 5, 2016]. J Hosp Med.

Clinical Question: Is there a mortality difference in nondiabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) treated with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?

Background: Randomized clinical trials have shown a mortality benefit of CABG over PCI with drug-eluting stents (DES) for diabetic patients. The best strategy for nondiabetics, however, has not been well established.

Study Design: Pooled individual patient data from two large randomized clinical trials.

Setting: Multicenter, multinational (Europe, United States, Asia).

Synopsis: Excluding patients with left main disease, a total of 1,275 nondiabetic patients with two- or three-vessel CAD were analyzed. After median follow-up of 61 months, the CABG group had significantly fewer deaths from any cause (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43–0.98; P=0.039) as well as fewer deaths from cardiac causes (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.25–0.78; P=0.005) when compared to PCI with DES. The benefit was primarily seen at five-year follow-up in patients with intermediate to severe disease, with a nonsignificant difference detected in patients with less severe disease.

Despite the increasing popularity of DES, this study suggests that for nondiabetic patients with CAD, there is a mortality benefit at five years favoring CABG over PCI with DES. However, in this study stents used for PCI included both older and newer generation DES; a study using only newer DES may reduce the differences in outcomes between the groups.

Bottom Line: Five-year mortality is lower in nondiabetic patients with multivessel CAD treated with CABG compared with PCI with DES.

Citation: Chang M, Ahn JM, Lee CW, et al. Long-term mortality after coronary revascularization in nondiabetic patients with multivessel disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(1):29-36.

Clinical Question: Is there a mortality difference in nondiabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) treated with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?

Background: Randomized clinical trials have shown a mortality benefit of CABG over PCI with drug-eluting stents (DES) for diabetic patients. The best strategy for nondiabetics, however, has not been well established.

Study Design: Pooled individual patient data from two large randomized clinical trials.

Setting: Multicenter, multinational (Europe, United States, Asia).

Synopsis: Excluding patients with left main disease, a total of 1,275 nondiabetic patients with two- or three-vessel CAD were analyzed. After median follow-up of 61 months, the CABG group had significantly fewer deaths from any cause (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43–0.98; P=0.039) as well as fewer deaths from cardiac causes (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.25–0.78; P=0.005) when compared to PCI with DES. The benefit was primarily seen at five-year follow-up in patients with intermediate to severe disease, with a nonsignificant difference detected in patients with less severe disease.

Despite the increasing popularity of DES, this study suggests that for nondiabetic patients with CAD, there is a mortality benefit at five years favoring CABG over PCI with DES. However, in this study stents used for PCI included both older and newer generation DES; a study using only newer DES may reduce the differences in outcomes between the groups.

Bottom Line: Five-year mortality is lower in nondiabetic patients with multivessel CAD treated with CABG compared with PCI with DES.

Citation: Chang M, Ahn JM, Lee CW, et al. Long-term mortality after coronary revascularization in nondiabetic patients with multivessel disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(1):29-36.

Clinical Question: Is there a mortality difference in nondiabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) treated with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?

Background: Randomized clinical trials have shown a mortality benefit of CABG over PCI with drug-eluting stents (DES) for diabetic patients. The best strategy for nondiabetics, however, has not been well established.

Study Design: Pooled individual patient data from two large randomized clinical trials.

Setting: Multicenter, multinational (Europe, United States, Asia).

Synopsis: Excluding patients with left main disease, a total of 1,275 nondiabetic patients with two- or three-vessel CAD were analyzed. After median follow-up of 61 months, the CABG group had significantly fewer deaths from any cause (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43–0.98; P=0.039) as well as fewer deaths from cardiac causes (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.25–0.78; P=0.005) when compared to PCI with DES. The benefit was primarily seen at five-year follow-up in patients with intermediate to severe disease, with a nonsignificant difference detected in patients with less severe disease.

Despite the increasing popularity of DES, this study suggests that for nondiabetic patients with CAD, there is a mortality benefit at five years favoring CABG over PCI with DES. However, in this study stents used for PCI included both older and newer generation DES; a study using only newer DES may reduce the differences in outcomes between the groups.

Bottom Line: Five-year mortality is lower in nondiabetic patients with multivessel CAD treated with CABG compared with PCI with DES.

Citation: Chang M, Ahn JM, Lee CW, et al. Long-term mortality after coronary revascularization in nondiabetic patients with multivessel disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(1):29-36.

Clinical Question: What is the incidence of neutropenia in patients treated with prolonged courses of ceftaroline?

Background: Ceftaroline, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, is FDA approved for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Other than a few case reports, previous studies have not assessed the incidence of neutropenia in patients receiving ceftaroline for off-label indications or for prolonged courses.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

Synopsis: The authors identified 67 patients who received ceftaroline for seven or more consecutive days. Overall, ceftaroline exposure for two or more weeks was associated with a 10%–14% incidence of neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count less than 1,800 cells/mm3), and ceftaroline exposure for three or more weeks was associated with a 21% incidence of neutropenia. Both the mean duration of ceftaroline exposure and the total number of ceftaroline doses were associated with incident neutropenia.

This is the first study to systematically assess the incidence of ceftaroline-associated neutropenia. The data support a correlation between cumulative ceftaroline exposure and neutropenia. Hospitalists managing patients with prolonged courses of ceftaroline should carefully monitor hematologic studies during treatment.

Bottom Line: The overall rate of neutropenia in patients receiving prolonged courses of ceftaroline is significant, and it is associated with duration of ceftaroline exposure and total number of doses received.

Citation: Furtek KJ, Kubiak DW, Barra M, Varughese C, Ashbaugh CD, Koo S. High incidence of neutropenia in patients with prolonged ceftaroline exposure. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(7):2010-2013.

Short Take

New Guidelines from IDSA/ATS for Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Can Safely Be Implemented for Hospitalized Patients

A multicenter, non-inferiority randomized clinical trial of 312 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) found that stopping antibiotics after five days was not associated with worse outcomes and may reduce readmissions.

Citation: Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(9):1257-1265.

Clinical Question: What is the incidence of neutropenia in patients treated with prolonged courses of ceftaroline?

Background: Ceftaroline, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, is FDA approved for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Other than a few case reports, previous studies have not assessed the incidence of neutropenia in patients receiving ceftaroline for off-label indications or for prolonged courses.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

Synopsis: The authors identified 67 patients who received ceftaroline for seven or more consecutive days. Overall, ceftaroline exposure for two or more weeks was associated with a 10%–14% incidence of neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count less than 1,800 cells/mm3), and ceftaroline exposure for three or more weeks was associated with a 21% incidence of neutropenia. Both the mean duration of ceftaroline exposure and the total number of ceftaroline doses were associated with incident neutropenia.

This is the first study to systematically assess the incidence of ceftaroline-associated neutropenia. The data support a correlation between cumulative ceftaroline exposure and neutropenia. Hospitalists managing patients with prolonged courses of ceftaroline should carefully monitor hematologic studies during treatment.

Bottom Line: The overall rate of neutropenia in patients receiving prolonged courses of ceftaroline is significant, and it is associated with duration of ceftaroline exposure and total number of doses received.

Citation: Furtek KJ, Kubiak DW, Barra M, Varughese C, Ashbaugh CD, Koo S. High incidence of neutropenia in patients with prolonged ceftaroline exposure. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(7):2010-2013.

Short Take

New Guidelines from IDSA/ATS for Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Can Safely Be Implemented for Hospitalized Patients

A multicenter, non-inferiority randomized clinical trial of 312 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) found that stopping antibiotics after five days was not associated with worse outcomes and may reduce readmissions.

Citation: Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(9):1257-1265.

Clinical Question: What is the incidence of neutropenia in patients treated with prolonged courses of ceftaroline?

Background: Ceftaroline, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, is FDA approved for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Other than a few case reports, previous studies have not assessed the incidence of neutropenia in patients receiving ceftaroline for off-label indications or for prolonged courses.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

Synopsis: The authors identified 67 patients who received ceftaroline for seven or more consecutive days. Overall, ceftaroline exposure for two or more weeks was associated with a 10%–14% incidence of neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count less than 1,800 cells/mm3), and ceftaroline exposure for three or more weeks was associated with a 21% incidence of neutropenia. Both the mean duration of ceftaroline exposure and the total number of ceftaroline doses were associated with incident neutropenia.

This is the first study to systematically assess the incidence of ceftaroline-associated neutropenia. The data support a correlation between cumulative ceftaroline exposure and neutropenia. Hospitalists managing patients with prolonged courses of ceftaroline should carefully monitor hematologic studies during treatment.

Bottom Line: The overall rate of neutropenia in patients receiving prolonged courses of ceftaroline is significant, and it is associated with duration of ceftaroline exposure and total number of doses received.

Citation: Furtek KJ, Kubiak DW, Barra M, Varughese C, Ashbaugh CD, Koo S. High incidence of neutropenia in patients with prolonged ceftaroline exposure. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(7):2010-2013.

Short Take

New Guidelines from IDSA/ATS for Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Can Safely Be Implemented for Hospitalized Patients

A multicenter, non-inferiority randomized clinical trial of 312 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) found that stopping antibiotics after five days was not associated with worse outcomes and may reduce readmissions.

Citation: Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(9):1257-1265.