1. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney International Suppl . 2013;3:1-150.
2. Brazie M. Finding the sweet spot: trouble-shooting diabetic dilemmas. Oral presentation at NKF Spring Clinical Meetings; May 2012, Washington, DC.
3. Estimated cost of diabetes care $245 billion in U.S. in 2012. Renal & Urology News . March 9, 2013. www.renalandurologynews.com/estimated-cost-of-diabetes-245-billion-in-us-in-2012/article/283616/. Accessed January 17, 2013.
4. Grams ME, Chow EK, Segev DL, Coresh J. Lifetime incidence of CKD stages 3-5 in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis . 2013;62(2):245-252.
5. Greenberg A, ed. National Kidney Foundation Primer of Kidney Diseases . 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009.
6. Spann SJ, Nutting PA, Galliher JM, et al. Management of type 2 diabetes in the primary care setting: a practice-based research study. Ann Fam Med . 2006;4(1):23-31.
7. Hsu CY, Chertow GM. Chronic renal confusion: insufficiency, failure, dysfunction, or disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;49(3):482-496.
8. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis . 2002;39(suppl 1):S1-S266.
9. Hudson JQ, Nyman HA. Use of the estimated glomerular filtration rate for drug dosing in the chronic kidney disease patient. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens . 2011;20:482-491.
10. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(6):461-470.
11. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604-612.
12. NKF-KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD, guideline 2: management of hyperglycemia and general diabetes care in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis . 2012;60(5):850-886. www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guideline_diabetes/guide2.htm. Accessed January 2, 2014.
13. Abe M, Okada K, Soma M. Antidiabetic agents in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease on dialysis: metabolism and clinical practice. Curr Drug Metab . 2011;12(1):57-69.
14. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. N Engl J Med . 2000;342:381-389.
15. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ . 2000;321:405-411.
16. Perkovic V, Heerspink HL, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive glucose control improves kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2013;83(3):517-23.
17. Metformin [package insert]. US Department of Health and Human Services, US Food and Drug Administration. www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/02/May02/053102/800471e6.pdf. Accessed January 17, 2013.
18. Triplitt CL, Reasner CA. Chapter 83. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Wells BG, ed. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach . 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
19. FDA. Guidance for industry: pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired renal function—study design, data analysis, and impact on dosing and labeling. www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulato ryInformation/Guidances/ucm072127.pdf. Accessed January 17, 2013.
20. Lacy CF, Armstrong LL, Goldman MP, Lance LL. Drug Information Handbook . 20th ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp, Inc.; 2011.
21. Rocha A, Almeida M, Santos J, Carvalho A. Metformin in patients with chronic kidney disease: strengths and weaknesses. J Nephrol . 2013; 26(10):55-60.
22. Gilbert SJ, Weiner DE, eds. National Kidney Foundation Primer on Kidney Diseases . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014.
23. Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Berns JS, et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure: Dosing Guidelines for Adults and Children . 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians; 2007.
24. Valentine V. The role of the kidney and the sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibition in diabetes management. Clin Diabetes. 2012;30(4):151-155.
25. Invokana [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Pharmaceuticals; 2013.
26. McGill JB, Sloan L, Newman J, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe renal impairment. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(2):237-244.
27. National Kidney Disease and Education Program (NKDEP). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) info sheet. NIH publication No.10-6286, March 2010.
28. Thummel K, Shen D, Isoherranen N, et al. Design and optimization of dosage regimens: pharmacokinetic data. In: Hardman J, Limbird L, Goodman G (eds). Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics . 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006.
29. Snyder RW, Berns JS. Use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications in patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2004;17(5):365-70.
30. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare program: revisions to payment policies under the Physician Fee Schedule, Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule & other revisions to Part B for CY 2014; Final Rule. Federal Register . 2009;74(226):61738-62188. www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2009-11-25/html/E9-26502.htm. Accessed January 17, 2013.
31. Zuber K, Davis J. Kidney disease education: a niche for PAs and NPs. JAAPA . 2013;26(7):42-47.
32. Zuber K, Davis J. Stories from the trenches: the first year experience with kidney disease education. Nephrol News Issues. 2012;26(2):20-21.