COEUR D’ALENE, IDAHO – Conventional wisdom holds that onychomycosis is rare in children. Not so.
Fully one-third of children and adolescents who presented with a nail complaint to a prominent dermatologic nail disorders center were diagnosed with mycologically confirmed onychomycosis, Dr. Julie Jefferson reported at the annual meeting of the Society for Pediatric Dermatology.
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Onychomycosis can affect all age groups, doctors warned.
That’s a substantially higher prevalence than the 15.5% figure reported by Spanish investigators in a 20-year retrospective study (Mycoses 2011;54:450-3). It’s also well below the 47% prevalence recently reported in Denver in a 5-year retrospective study, where Trychophyton rubrum was the most common pathogen, and the highest prevalence of onychomycosis in the pediatric population was seen in 6- to 10-year-olds (Pediatr. Dermatol. 2014;31:106-8), noted Dr. Jefferson of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
The investigators in both Spain and Denver observed that the prevalence of pediatric onychomycosis appears to be increasing in recent years.
Dr. Jefferson presented a retrospective study that included 917 patients up to age 18 years who presented to the Oregon Dermatology and Research Center, Portland, in a recent 6-year period. One or more nail disorders were diagnosed in 11%. The mean age at presentation was 9.4 years, with a mean 2.4-year duration of the condition prior to presentation. Toenails were affected in 47 patients, fingernails in 37, and both in 18. Fourteen patients had two nail disorders, 9 had three, and 2 had four distinct nail disorders.
The etiologies ranged widely, from infections to congenital and hereditary malformations, tumors, inflammatory processes, and systemic diseases.
The most common nail condition was onychomycosis, diagnosed in 34 patients. Thus, 3.7% of all pediatric patients presenting to the dermatology center for any reason were diagnosed with onychomycosis, a higher rate than previously reported by others.
Other conditions included 13 cases of longitudinal melanonychia, 11 of disappearing nail bed, 9 of retronychia, 8 cases of congenital malalignment, 8 cases of trachyonychia, 7 of paronychia, 5 cases of psoriasis, and 2 of lichen planus.
Three of four patients with an ingrown toenail also had congenital malalignment of the affected great toenail, supporting the notion put forth by other investigators that congenital malalignment of the great toenail predisposes to ingrown toenails, according to Dr. Jefferson.
She reported having no financial conflicts related to this study.