Clinical Review

Current Management of Nephrolithiasis

Emergency Medicine. 2016 March;48(3):106-113 | DOI: 10.12788/emed.2016.0011

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References

Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS; Urologic Diseases in America Project. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012;62(1):160-165.
Pearle MS, Calhoun EA, Curhan GC; Urologic Diseases of America Project: urolithiasis. J Urol. 2005;173(3):848-857.
Luchs JS, Katz DS, Lane MJ et al. Utility of hematuria testing in patients with suspected renal colic: correlation with unenhanced helical CT results. Urology. 2002;59(6):839-842.
Abrahamian FM, Krishnadasan A, Mower WR, Moran GJ, Talan DA. Association of pyuria and clinical characteristics with the presence of urinary tract infection among patients with acute nephrolithiasis. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62(5):526-533.
Yilmaz S, Pekdemir M, Aksu NM, Koyuncu N, Cinar O, Akpinar E. A multicenter case–control study of diagnostic tests for urinary tract infection in the presence of urolithiasis. Urol Res. 2011;40(1):61-65. doi:10.1007/s00240-011-0402-x.
Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z. Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States. Kidney Int. 2013;83(3):479-486. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419.
Lukasiewicz A, Bhargavan-Chatfield M, Coombs L, et al. Radiation dose index of renal colic protocol CT studies in the United States: a report from the American College of Radiology National Radiology Data Registry. Radiology. 2014;271(2):445-451. doi:10.1148/radiol.14131601.
Mettler FA Jr, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog. Radiology. 248(1):254-263.
Amis ES Jr, Butler PF, Applegate KE, et al; American College of Radiology. American College of Radiology white paper on radiation dose in medicine. J Am Coll Radiol. 2007;4(5):272-284.
Hyams ES, Korley FK, Pham JC, Matlaga BR. Trends in imaging use during the emergency department evaluation of flank pain. J Urol. 2011;186(6):2270-2274. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.079.
Ripollés T, Agramunt M, Errando J, Martínez MJ, Coronel B, Morales M. Suspected ureteral colic: plain film and sonography vs unenhanced helical CT. A prospective study in 66 patients. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(1):129-36. doi:10.1007/s00330-003-1924-1926.
Westphalen AC, Hsia RY, Maselli JH, Wang R, Gonzales R. Radiological imaging of patients with suspected urinary tract stones: national trends, diagnoses, and predictors. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(7):699-707. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01103.x.
Moore CL, Daniels B, Singh D, Luty S, Molinaro A. Prevalence and clinical importance of alternative causes of symptoms using a renal colic computed tomography protocol in patients with flank or back pain and absence of pyuria. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(5):470-478. doi:10.1111/acem.12127.
Chen MY, Zagoria RJ. Can noncontrast helical computed tomography replace intravenous urography for evaluation of patients with acute urinary tract colic? J Emerg Med. 1999;17(2):299-303.
American College of Emergency Physicians. Five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely Web site. 2013;10:1-5. Available at: http://www.choosingwisely.org/societies/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/. Accessed February 10, 2016.
Smith-Bindman R, Aubin C, Bailitz J, et al. Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(12):1100-1110. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1404446.
Moore CL, Bomann S, Daniels B, et al. Derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for uncomplicated ureteral stone—the STONE score: retrospective and prospective observational cohort studies. BMJ. 2014;348:g2191. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2191.
Cole RS, Fry CH, Shuttleworth KE. The action of the prostaglandins on isolated human ureteric smooth muscle. Br J Urol. 1988;61(1):19-26.
Afshar K, Jafari S, Marks AJ, Eftekhari R, McNeily AE. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and non-opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6:CD006027. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006027.pub2.
Holdgate A, Pollock T. Systematic review of the relative efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids in the treatment of acute renal colic. BMJ. 2004;328(7453):1401. doi:10.1136/bmj.38119.581991.55.
Safdar B, Degutis LC, Landry K, Vedere SR, Moscovitz HC, D’Onofrio G. Intravenous morphine plus ketorolac is superior to either drug alone for treatment of acute renal colic. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48(2):173-181, 181.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.03.013.
Worster AS, Bhanich Supapol W. Fluids and diuretics for acute ureteric colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;15;2:CD004926. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004926.pub3.
Springhart WP, Marguet CG, Sur RL, et al. Forced versus minimal intravenous hydration in the management of acute renal colic: a randomized trial. J. Endourol. 2006;20(10):713-716. doi:10.1089/end.2006.20.713.
Morse JW, Hill R, Greissinger WP, Patterson JW, Melanson SW, Heller MB. Rapid oral hydration results in hydronephrosis as demonstrated by bedside ultrasound. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34(2):134-140. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70221-0.
Campschroer T, Zhu Y, Duijvesz D, Grobbee DE, Lock MT. Alpha-blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;4:CD008509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008509.pub2.
Radecki R. Sadly inadequate Cochrane review of renal colic. Emergency Medicine Literature of Note. 2014. Available at: http://www.emlitofnote.com/2014/04/sadly-inadequate-cochrane-review-of.html. Accessed February 10, 2016.
Pickard R, Starr K, MacLennan G, et al. Medical expulsive therapy in adults with ureteric colic: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9991):341-349. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60933-3.
Furyk JS, Chu K, Banks C, et al. Distal ureteric stones and tamsulosin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;67(1):86-95.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.06.001.
Kidney stones. American Urological Association Web site. 2016. Available at: https://www.auanet.org/education/kidney-stones.cfm. Accessed February 10, 2016.
Miller OF, Kane CJ. Time to stone passage for observed ureteral calculi: a guide for patient education. J Urol. 1999;162(3 Pt 1):688-690.
Lipkin ME, Preminger GM. Demystifying the medical management of nephrolithiasis. Rev Urol. 2011;13(1):34-38.
Morton AR, Iliescu EA, Wilson JW. Nephrology: 1. Investigation and treatment of recurrent kidney stones. CMAJ. 2002;166(2):213-218.
Koyuncu HH, Yencilek F, Eryildirim B, Sarica K. Family history in stone disease: how important is it for the onset of the disease and the incidence of recurrence? Urol Res. 2010;38(2):105-109. doi:10.1007/s00240-009-0249-6.

References

Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS; Urologic Diseases in America Project. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012;62(1):160-165.
Pearle MS, Calhoun EA, Curhan GC; Urologic Diseases of America Project: urolithiasis. J Urol. 2005;173(3):848-857.
Luchs JS, Katz DS, Lane MJ et al. Utility of hematuria testing in patients with suspected renal colic: correlation with unenhanced helical CT results. Urology. 2002;59(6):839-842.
Abrahamian FM, Krishnadasan A, Mower WR, Moran GJ, Talan DA. Association of pyuria and clinical characteristics with the presence of urinary tract infection among patients with acute nephrolithiasis. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62(5):526-533.
Yilmaz S, Pekdemir M, Aksu NM, Koyuncu N, Cinar O, Akpinar E. A multicenter case–control study of diagnostic tests for urinary tract infection in the presence of urolithiasis. Urol Res. 2011;40(1):61-65. doi:10.1007/s00240-011-0402-x.
Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z. Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States. Kidney Int. 2013;83(3):479-486. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419.
Lukasiewicz A, Bhargavan-Chatfield M, Coombs L, et al. Radiation dose index of renal colic protocol CT studies in the United States: a report from the American College of Radiology National Radiology Data Registry. Radiology. 2014;271(2):445-451. doi:10.1148/radiol.14131601.
Mettler FA Jr, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog. Radiology. 248(1):254-263.
Amis ES Jr, Butler PF, Applegate KE, et al; American College of Radiology. American College of Radiology white paper on radiation dose in medicine. J Am Coll Radiol. 2007;4(5):272-284.
Hyams ES, Korley FK, Pham JC, Matlaga BR. Trends in imaging use during the emergency department evaluation of flank pain. J Urol. 2011;186(6):2270-2274. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.079.
Ripollés T, Agramunt M, Errando J, Martínez MJ, Coronel B, Morales M. Suspected ureteral colic: plain film and sonography vs unenhanced helical CT. A prospective study in 66 patients. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(1):129-36. doi:10.1007/s00330-003-1924-1926.
Westphalen AC, Hsia RY, Maselli JH, Wang R, Gonzales R. Radiological imaging of patients with suspected urinary tract stones: national trends, diagnoses, and predictors. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(7):699-707. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01103.x.
Moore CL, Daniels B, Singh D, Luty S, Molinaro A. Prevalence and clinical importance of alternative causes of symptoms using a renal colic computed tomography protocol in patients with flank or back pain and absence of pyuria. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(5):470-478. doi:10.1111/acem.12127.
Chen MY, Zagoria RJ. Can noncontrast helical computed tomography replace intravenous urography for evaluation of patients with acute urinary tract colic? J Emerg Med. 1999;17(2):299-303.
American College of Emergency Physicians. Five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely Web site. 2013;10:1-5. Available at: http://www.choosingwisely.org/societies/american-college-of-emergency-physicians/. Accessed February 10, 2016.
Smith-Bindman R, Aubin C, Bailitz J, et al. Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(12):1100-1110. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1404446.
Moore CL, Bomann S, Daniels B, et al. Derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for uncomplicated ureteral stone—the STONE score: retrospective and prospective observational cohort studies. BMJ. 2014;348:g2191. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2191.
Cole RS, Fry CH, Shuttleworth KE. The action of the prostaglandins on isolated human ureteric smooth muscle. Br J Urol. 1988;61(1):19-26.
Afshar K, Jafari S, Marks AJ, Eftekhari R, McNeily AE. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and non-opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6:CD006027. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006027.pub2.
Holdgate A, Pollock T. Systematic review of the relative efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids in the treatment of acute renal colic. BMJ. 2004;328(7453):1401. doi:10.1136/bmj.38119.581991.55.
Safdar B, Degutis LC, Landry K, Vedere SR, Moscovitz HC, D’Onofrio G. Intravenous morphine plus ketorolac is superior to either drug alone for treatment of acute renal colic. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48(2):173-181, 181.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.03.013.
Worster AS, Bhanich Supapol W. Fluids and diuretics for acute ureteric colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;15;2:CD004926. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004926.pub3.
Springhart WP, Marguet CG, Sur RL, et al. Forced versus minimal intravenous hydration in the management of acute renal colic: a randomized trial. J. Endourol. 2006;20(10):713-716. doi:10.1089/end.2006.20.713.
Morse JW, Hill R, Greissinger WP, Patterson JW, Melanson SW, Heller MB. Rapid oral hydration results in hydronephrosis as demonstrated by bedside ultrasound. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34(2):134-140. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70221-0.
Campschroer T, Zhu Y, Duijvesz D, Grobbee DE, Lock MT. Alpha-blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;4:CD008509. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008509.pub2.
Radecki R. Sadly inadequate Cochrane review of renal colic. Emergency Medicine Literature of Note. 2014. Available at: http://www.emlitofnote.com/2014/04/sadly-inadequate-cochrane-review-of.html. Accessed February 10, 2016.
Pickard R, Starr K, MacLennan G, et al. Medical expulsive therapy in adults with ureteric colic: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9991):341-349. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60933-3.
Furyk JS, Chu K, Banks C, et al. Distal ureteric stones and tamsulosin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;67(1):86-95.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.06.001.
Kidney stones. American Urological Association Web site. 2016. Available at: https://www.auanet.org/education/kidney-stones.cfm. Accessed February 10, 2016.
Miller OF, Kane CJ. Time to stone passage for observed ureteral calculi: a guide for patient education. J Urol. 1999;162(3 Pt 1):688-690.
Lipkin ME, Preminger GM. Demystifying the medical management of nephrolithiasis. Rev Urol. 2011;13(1):34-38.
Morton AR, Iliescu EA, Wilson JW. Nephrology: 1. Investigation and treatment of recurrent kidney stones. CMAJ. 2002;166(2):213-218.
Koyuncu HH, Yencilek F, Eryildirim B, Sarica K. Family history in stone disease: how important is it for the onset of the disease and the incidence of recurrence? Urol Res. 2010;38(2):105-109. doi:10.1007/s00240-009-0249-6.

Current Management of Nephrolithiasis

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