COPD: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and the Role of Cigarette Smoke

9. What diagnostic procedures will be helpful in making or excluding the diagnosis of COPD?

What pathology/cytology/genetic studies will be helpful in making or excluding the diagnosis of COPD?

The diagnosis of COPD is not based on cytologic or genetic studies.

If you decide the patient has COPD, how should the patient be managed?

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