1. CASCADE Collaboration. Survival after introduction of HAART in people with known duration of HIV-1 infection. Lancet 2000;355:1158–9.
2. Brooks JT, Buchaz K, Gebo KA, Mermin J. HIV infection and older Americans: the public health perspective. Am J Pub Health 2012;102:1516–26.
3. Munster K, Helm P, Schmidt L. Secondary amenorrhea: Prevalence and medical contract–A cross sectional study from a Danish county. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1992;99:430–3.
4. Vyver E, Steinegger C, Katzman DK, et al. Eating disorders and menstrual dysfunction in adolescents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1135:253–64.
5. Abs R, Verhelst J, Maeyaert J, et al. Endocrine consequences of long-term intrathecal administration of opioids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2215–22.
6. Pelosi MA, Sama JC, Caterini H, et al. Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome associated with heroin addiction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974;118:966–70.
7. Bai J, Greenwald E, Caterini H, et al. Drug-related menstrual aberrations. Obstet Gynecol 1974;44:713–9.
8. Chirgwin KD, Feldman J, Muneyyirci-Delale O, et al. Menstrual function in HIV-infected women without AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996;12:489–94.
9. Clark RA, Mulligan K, Stamenovic E, et al. Frequency of anovulation and early menopause among women enrolled in selected adult AIDS clinical trials group studies. J Infect Dis 2001;184:1325–7.
10. Watts DH, Spino C, Zaborski L. Comparison of gynecologic history and laboratory results in HIV-positive women with CDR+ lymphocyte counts between 200 and 500 cells/µl and below 100 cells/ µl. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999;20:455–62.
11. Ellerbrock TV, Wrig TC, Bush TJ, et al. Characteristics of menstruation in women infected with HIV. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:1030–4.
12. Shah PN, Smith JR, Wells C, et al. Menstrual symptoms in women infected by the HIV. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:397–400.
13. Harlow SC, Schuman P, Cohen M, et al. Effect of HIV infection on menstrual cycle length. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 2000;24:68–75.
14. Grinspoon S, Corocran C, Miller K, et al. Bone composition and endocrine function in women with AIDS wasting. J Clin Edocrinol Metab 1997;82:1332–7.
15. Research on the menopause in the 1990s. Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1996;866:1–107.
16. Cejtin HE, Kalinowski A, Bacchetti P. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus on protracted amenorrhea and ovarian dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:1423–31.
17. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Garcia CR, et al. Follicular phase hormone levels and menstrual bleeding status in the approach to menopause. Fertil Steril 2005;83:383–92.
18. Soules MR, Sherman S, Parrott E, et al. Executive summary: Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW). Fertil Steril 2001;76:874–8.
19. Gold EB, Crawford SL, Avis NE, et al. Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN. Am J Epidemiol 2013;178:70–83.
20. Thomas F, Renaud F, Benefice E, et al. International variability of ages at menarche and menopause: patterns and main determinants. Hum Biol 2001;73:271–90.
21. Shuster LT, Rhodes DJ, Gostout BS, et al. Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences. Maturitas 2010;65:161–6.
22. Carr MC. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2404–11.
23. Wellons M, Ouyang P, Schreiner PJ, et al. Early menopause predicts future coronary heart disease and stroke: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Menopause 2012;19:1081–7.
24. Rocca WA, Grossardt BR, Miller VM, et al. Premature menopause or early menopause and risk of ischemic stroke. Menopause 2012;19:272–7.
25. Svejme O, Ahlborg HG, Nilsson JA, et al. Early menopause and risk of osteoporosis, fracture and mortality: a 34-year prospective observational study in 390 women. BJOG 2012;119:810–6.
26. Cooper GS, Sandler DP, Bohlig M. Active and passive smoking and the occurrence of natural menopause. Epidemiology 1999;10:771–3.
27. Luoto R, Kaprio J, Uutela A. Age at natural menopause and socioeconomic status in Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:64–76.
28. Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Kuller LH, et al. Prospective study of the determinants of age at menopause. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:24–33.
29. Gold EB, Crawford SL, Avis NE, et al. Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN. Am J Epidemiol 2013;178:70–83.
30. Tziomalos K, Charsoulis F. Endocrine effects of tobacco smoking. Clin Endocrinol 2004;61:664–74.
31. Potter DA, Moreno A, Luther MF, et al. Effects of follicular-phase cocaine administration on menstrual and ovarian cyclicity in rhesus monkeys. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:118–25.
32. Mdodo R, Frazier EL, Dube SR, et al. Cigarette smoking prevalence among adults with HIV compared with the general adult population in the United States: Cross-sectional survey. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:335–44.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: current cigarette smoking among adults aged ≥ 18 years–United States, 2005-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:1207–12.
34. Feldman J, Mikoff H, Schneider M, et al. Association of cigarette smoking with HIV prognosis among women in the HAART era: A report from the Women’s Interagency HIV study. Am J Public Health 2006:96:1060–5.
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV incidence among adults and adolescents in the United States, 2007–2010. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report 2012;17(4).
36. Galea S, Ahren J, Vlahov D. Contextual determinants of drug use risk behavior: a theoretical framework. J Urban Health 2003;80:50–8.
37. de Pommerol M, Hessamfar M, Lawson-Ayayi S, et al. Menopause and HIV infection: age at onset and associated factors, ANRS CO3 Aquitaine cohort. Int J STD AIDS 2011;22:67–72.
38. Ferreira CE, Pinto-Neto AM, Conde DM, et al. Menopausal symptoms in women infected with HIV: prevalence and associated factors. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007;23:198–205.
39. Clark RA, Cohn SE, Jarck C, et al. Perimenopausal symptomatology among HIV infected women at least 40 years of age. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 2000;23:99–100.
40. Fantry L, Zhan M, Taylor G, et al. Age at menopause and menopausal symptoms in HIV-infected women. AIDS Patient Care STD 2005;19:703–11.
41. Calvet G, Grinsztejn G. Predictors of early menopause in HIV infected women: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:765.
42. Boonyanurak P, Bunupuradah T, Wilawan K, et al. Age at menopause and menopause-related symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Thai women. Menopause 2012;19:820–4.
43. Cejtin SH, Taylor R, Watts DH. Assessment of menopausal status among women in the Women’s Interagency HIV study (WIHS). Proceedings of the 57th International AIDS Conference 2004; Bangkok, Thailand.
44. WIHS Data Management and Analysis Center (WDMAC). Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) Dossier. October 2014. Available at https://statepiaps.jhsph.edu/wihs/invest-info/dossier.pdf.
45. Schoenbaum E, Hartel D, Lo Y, et al. HIV infection, drug use, and onset of natural menopause. Clinical Infect Dis 2005;41:1517–24.
46. Taffe JR, Dennerstein L. Menstrual patterns leading to the final menstrual period. Menopause 2002;9:32–40.
47. Miro F, Parker SW, Aspinall LJ, et al. Origins and consequences of the elongation of the human menstrual cycle during the menopausal transition: the FREEDOM Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:4910–5.
48. Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, et al. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1159–68.
49. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Gracia CR, et al. Follicular phase hormone levels and menstrual bleeding status in the approach to menopause. Fertil Steril 2005;83:383–92.
50. Burger HG, Hale GE, Dennerstein L, Robertson DM. Cycle and hormone changes during perimenopause: the key role of ovarian function. Menopause 2008;15:603–12.
51. McKinlay SM, Brambilla DJ, Posner JG. The normal menopause transition. Maturitas 1992;14:103–15.
52. Szoeke CE, Cicuttini F, Guthrie J, Dennerstein L. Self-reported arthritis and the menopause. Climacteric 2005;8:49–55.
53. Blümel JE, Chedraui P, Baron G, et al. Menopause could be involved in the pathogenesis of muscle and joint aches in mid-aged women. Maturitas 2013;75:94–100.
54. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptoms interference with work and relationships during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause 2011;18:654–61.
55. Johnson TM, Cohen HW, Howard AA, et al. Attribution of menopause symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus–infected or at-risk drug-using women Menopause 2008;15:551–7.
56. Miller SA, Santoro N, Lo Y. Menopausal symptoms in HIV-infected and drug-using women. Menopause 2005;12:348–56.
57. Looby S, Shifren J, Corless I. Increased hot flash severity and related interference in perimenopausal HIV-infected women. Menopause 2014;21:403–9.
58. Thurston RC, Joffe H. Vasomotor symptoms and menopause: findings from the Study of Women’s Health across the Nation. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2011;38:489–501.
59. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptoms during the perimenopause: prevalence, severity, trajectory, and significance in women’s lives. Am J Med 2005;118 Suppl 12B:14.
60. Maki PM, Rubin LH, Cohen M, et al. Depressive symptoms are increased in the early perimenopausal stage in ethnically diverse human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected women. Menopause 2012;19:1215–33.
61. Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, et al. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:351–8.
62. Palma F, Volpe A, Villa P, et al. Vaginal atrophy of women in postmenopause. Results from a multicentric observational study: The AGATA study. Maturitas 2015 Sep 14.
63. Cutler WB, Garcia CR, McCoy N. Perimenopausal sexuality. Arch Sex Behav 1987;16:225–34.
64. Moreira ED, Glasser DB, Nicolosi A, et al. GSSAB Investigators’ Group. Sexual problems and help-seeking behavior in adults in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. BJU Int 2008;101:1005–11.
65. MacBride MB, Rhodes DJ, Shuster LT. Vulvovaginal atrophy. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85:87–94.
66. Nappi RE, Kokot-Kierepa M. Women’s voices in the menopause: results from an international survey on vaginal atrophy. Maturitas 2010;67:233–8.
67. Santoro N, Komi J. Prevalence and impact of vaginal symptoms among postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 2009;6:2133–42.
68. Levine KB, Williams RE, Hartmann KE. Vulvovaginal atrophy is strongly associated with female sexual dysfunction among sexually active post-menopausal women. Menopause 2008;15(4 Pt 1):661–6.
69. Cumming GP, Currie HD, Moncur R, Lee AJ. Web-based survey on the effect of menopause on women’s libido in a computer-literate population. Menopause Int 2009;15:8–12.
70. Valadares AL, Pinto-Neto AM, Conde DM, et al. A population-based study of dyspareunia in a cohort of middle-aged Brazilian women. Menopause 2008;15:1184–90.
71. Latthe P, Migini L, Gray R, et al. Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: a systemic review. BMJ 2006;332:749–55.
72. Valadares AL, Pinto-Neto AM, Gomes D, et al. Dyspareunia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative middle-aged women: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2014;4:e004974.
73. Bromberger JT, Meyer PM, Kravitz HM, et al. Psychologic distress and natural menopause: a multiethnic community study. Am J Public Health 2001;91:1435–42.
74. Avis NE, Brambilla D, McKinlay SM, Vass K. A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression. Results from the Massachusetts Women’s Health Study. Ann Epidemiol 1994;4:214–20.
75. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Joffe H. Diagnosis and management of mood disorders during the menopausal transition. Am J Med 2005;118 Suppl 12B:93–7.
76. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Nelson DB. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:375–82.
77. Eller LS, Corless I, Bunch EH, et al. Self-care strategies for depressive symptoms in people with HIV disease. J Adv Nurs 2005;51:119–30.
78. Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Lee SJ, et al. A longitudinal study of cognition change during early menopausal transition in a rural community. Maturitas 2006;53:447–53.
79. Greendale GA, Huang MH, Wight RG, et al. Effects of the menopause transition and hormone use on cognitive performance in midlife women. Neurology 2009;72:1850–7.
80. Hinkin CH, Castellon SA, Atkinson JH, et al. Neuropsychiatric aspects of HIV infection among older adults. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54:S44–52.
81. Kravitz HM, Ganz PA, Bromberger J, et al. Sleep difficulty in women at midlife: a community survey of sleep and the menopausal transition. Menopause 2003;10:19–28.
82. Freedman RR, Roehrs TA. Effects of REM sleep and ambient temperature on hot flash-induced sleep disturbance. Menopause 2006;13:576–83.
83. Erlik Y, Tataryn IV, Meldrum DR, et al. Association of waking episodes with menopausal hot flushes. JAMA 1981; 245:1741–4.
84. Freedman RR, Roehrs TA. Sleep disturbance in menopause. Menopause 2007;14:826–9.
85. Lui-Filho JF, Valadares AR, Gomes D, et al. Menopausal symptoms and associated factors in HIV-positive women. Maturitas 2013;76:172–8.
86. Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Ghanem KG, et al, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:e1–34.
87. The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2007;14:357–69.
88. Dorr MB, Nelson AL, Mayer PR, et al. Plasma estrogen concentrations after oral and vaginal estrogen administration in women with atrophic vaginitis. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2365–8.
89. El-Ibiary SY, Cocohoba JM. Effects of antiretrovirals on the pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraception. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2008;13:123–32.
90. Tittle V, Bull L, Boffito M, Nwokolo N. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics drug interactions between antiretrovirals and oral contraceptives. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015;54:23–34.
91. Thurman AR, Anderson S, Doncel G. Effects of hormonal contraception on anti-retroviral drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014:71:523–30.
92. Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. US. Department of Health and Human Services. Availabe at www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf.
93. Berg G, Mesch V, Boero L, et al. Lipid and lipoprotein profile in menopausal transition: effects of hormones, age and fat distribution. Hormone Metab Res 2004;36:215–20.
94. Sower M, Zheng H, Tomey K, et al. Changes in body composition in women over six years at midlife: ovarian and chronological aging. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2007;92:895–901.
95. Flooris-Moore M, Howard AA, Lo Y, et al. Increased serum lipids are associated with higher CD4 lymphocyte count in HIV-infected women. HIV Med 2006;7:421–30.
96. Grunfeld C, Delaney JA, Wanke C, et al. Preclinical atherosclerosis due to HIV infection: carotid intima-medial thickness measurements from the FRAM study. AIDS 2009;23:1841–9.
97. Palacios R, Alonso I, Hidalgo A, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in HIV patients older than 50 years of age. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008;24:1043–6.
98. Hadigan C, Meigs JB, Corcoran C, et al. Metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and lipodystrophy. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:130–9.
99. Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2007;92:2506–12.
100. Dolan SE, Frontera W, Librizzi J et al. The effects of a supervised home based aerobic and progressive resistance training regimen in HIV-infected women: randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1225–31.
101. Grinspoon S, Carr A. Cardiovascular risk and body fat abnormalities in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 2005;352:48–62
102. Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV Infection (FRAM). Fat distribution in women with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;42:562–71.
103. Jaff NG, Norris SA, Snyman T, et al. Body composition in the study of women entering and in Endocrine Transition (SWEET): A perspective of African women who have a high prevalence of obesity and HIV infection. Metabolism 2015;64:1031–41.
104. Akhter MP, Lappe JM, Davies KM, et al. Transmenopausal changes in the trabecular bone structure. Bone 2007;41:111–6.
105. Cassetti I, Madruga JV, Suleiman JM, et al. The safety and efficacy of tenofovir DF in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz through 6 years in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients. HIV Clin Trials 2007;8:164–72.
106. McComsey GA, Kitch D, Daar ES, et al. Bone mineral density and fractures in antiretroviral-naive persons randomized to receive abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine along with efavirenz or atazanavir-ritonavir: AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202. J Infect Dis 2011;203:1791–801.
107. Hansen AB, Obel N, Nielsen H, et al. Bone mineral density changes in protease inhibitor-sparing vs. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-sparing highly active antiretroviral therapy: Data from a randomized trial. HIV Med 2011;12:157–65.
108. Yin MT, Zhang CA, McMahon DJ, et al. Higher rates of bone loss in postmenopausal HIV-infected women: a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:554–62.
109. Sharma A, Flom PL, Rosen CJ, et al. Racial differences in bone loss and relation to menopause among HIV-infected and uninfected women. Bone 2015;77:24–30.
110. Caputo BV, Traversa-Caputo GC, Costa C, et al. Evaluation of bone alterations in the jaws of HIV-infected menopausal women. Braz Oral Res 2013;27:231–7.
111. Bone mass and mineral metabolism in HIV+ postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2005;26:1345–52.
112. Yin MT, Mcmahon DJ, Ferris DC, et al. Low bone mass and high bone turnover in postmenopausal human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:620–9.
113. Gibellini D, De Crignis E, Ponti C. HIV-1 triggers apoptosis in primary osteoblasts and HOBIT cells through TNF-alpha activation. J Med Virol 2008;80:1507–14.
114. Tebas P, Powderly WG, Claxton S, et al. Accelerated bone mineral loss in HIV-infected patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000;14:F63–7.
115. Van Rompay KK, Brignolo LL, Meyer DJ, et al. Biological effects of short-term or prolonged administration of 9-[2(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] adenine (tenofovir) to newborn and infant rhesus macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1469–87.
116. Brown TT, Qaqish RB. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review. AIDS 2006;20:2165–74.
117. Dao CN, Patel P, Overton ET, Rhame F, et al. Study to understand the natural history of HIV and AIDS in the era of effective therapy (SUN) investigators. Low vitamin D among HIV-infected adults: prevalence of and risk factors for low vitamin D levels in cohort of HIV-infected adults and comparison to prevalence among adults in the US general population. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:396–405.
118. Jacobson DL, Spiegelman D, Know TK, Wilson IB. Evolution and predictors of change in total bone mineral density over time in HIV-infected men and women in the nutrition for healthy living study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 2008;49:298–308.
119. Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, De Laet C, et al. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporosis Int 2005;16:581–9
120. Pedrazzoni M, Vescovi L, Maninetti M, et al. Effects of chronic heroine abuse on bone and mineral metabolism. Acta Endocrinol 1993;129:42–5.
121. Lo Re V 3rd, Guaraldi G, Leonard MB, et al. Viral hepatitis is associated with reduced bone mineral density in HIV-infected women but not men. AIDS 1990;23:2191–8.
122. Yin MT, Modarresi R, Shane E, et al. Effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy with ritonavir on induction of osteoclast-like cells in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:1459–66.
123. Sharma A, Cohen HW, Freeman R, et al. Prospective evaluation of bone mineral density among middle-aged HIV-infected and uninfected women: association between methadone use and bone loss. Maturitas 2011;70:295–301.
124. Triant VA, Brown TT, Lee H, Grinspoon SK. Fracture prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected versus non-HIV-infected patients in a large U.S. healthcare system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:3499–504.
125. Womack JA, Goulet JL, Gibert C, et al. Veterans Aging Cohort Study Project Team. Increased risk of fragility fractures among HIV infected compared to uninfected male veterans. PLoS One Feb 16 2011;6:e17217.
126. Young B, Dao CN, Buchacz K, et al, HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators. Increased rates of bone fracture among HIV-infected persons in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) compared with the US general population, 2000–2006. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:1061–8.
127. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154:356–64.
128. Aberg JA, Kaplan JE, Libman H, et al; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: 2009 update by the HIV medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:651–81.
129. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis 2014. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation; 2014.
130. McComsey GA, Tebas P, Shane E, et al. Bone disease in HIV infection: a practical review and recommendations for HIV care providers. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:937–46.
131. McComsey GA, Kendall MA, Tebas P, et al. Alendronate with calcium and vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective for the treatment of decreased bone mineral density in HIV. AIDS 2007;21:2473–82.
132. Lin D, Rieder MJ. Interventions for the treatment of decreased bone mineral density associated with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD005645.
133. Haring B, Leng X, Robinson J. Cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2013;2:e000369.
134. Soares CN, Maki PM. Menopausal transition, mood, and cognition: an integrated view to close the gaps. Menopause 2010;17:812–4.
135. Greendale GA, Derby CA, Maki PM. Perimenopause and cognition. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2011;38:519–35.
136. Greendale GA, Wight RG, Huang MH, et al. Menopause-associated symptoms and cognitive performance: results from the study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol 2010;171:1214–24.
137. Price RW. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet 1996;348:445–52.
138. Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, et al. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 2007;69:1789–99.
139. Gisslén M, Price RW, Nilsson S. The definition of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: are we overestimating the real prevalence? BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:356.
140. Rubin LH, Sundermann EE, Cook JA, et al. An investigation of menopausal stage and symptoms on cognition in HIV-infected women. Menopause 2014;21:997–1006.
141. Cook JA, Cohen MH, Burke J, et al. Effects of depressive symptoms and mental health quality of life on use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-seropositive women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:401–9.
142. Cook JA, Grey D, Burke J, et al. Depressive symptoms and AIDS-related mortality among a multisite cohort of HIV-positive women. Am J Pub Health 2004;94:1133–40.
143. Kim SC, Messing S, Shah K, et al. Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and menopause on risk of progression of cervical dysplasia in human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infected women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013;2013:784718.
144. Ceccaldi PF, Ferreira C, Coussy F, et al. Cervical disease in postmenopausal HIV-1 infected women. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 2010;39:466–70.
145. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples. BMJ 1992;304:809–13.
146. Meditz AL, Moreau KL, MaWhinney S, et al. CCR5 expression is elevated on endocervical CD4+ T cells in healthy postmenopausal women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012;59:221–8.
147. Chappell CA, Isaacs CE, Xu W, et al. The effect of menopause on the innate antiviral activity of cervicovaginal lavage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:204.
148. Melo KC, Melo MR, Ricci BV, Segurado AC. Correlates of human immunodeficiency virus cervicovaginal shedding among postmenopausal and fertile-aged women. Menopause 2012;19:150–6.
149. Viard JP, Mocroft A, Chiesi A, et al. Influence of age of CD4 cell recovery in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: evidence from the Euro SIDA study. J Infect Dis 2001;193:1290–4.
150. Grabar S, Kousignian I, Sobel A, et al. Immunological and clinical responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy over 50 years of age. Results from the French Hospital Database on HIV. AIDS 2004;18:2029–38.
151. Cuzin L, Delpierre C, Gerard S, et al. Immunologic and clinical responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection aged >50 years. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:654–7.
152. Patterson KB, Cohn SE, Uynik J, et al. Treatment responses in antiretroviral treatment-naïve premenopausal and postmenopausal HIV-1 infected women: an analysis from AIDS clinical trials group studies. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:473–6.
153. van Benthem BH, Vernazza P, Coutinho RA, et al. The impact of pregnancy and menopause on CD4 lymphocyte count in HIV-infected women. AIDS 2002;16:919–24.
