Shrabasti Bhattacharya

TOPLINE: 

There were few cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections among emergency department (ED) healthcare personnel and no substantial changes in the delivery of emergency medical care during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODOLOGY:

• This multicenter prospective cohort study of US ED healthcare personnel called Project COVERED was conducted from May to December 2020 to evaluate the following outcomes:
• The possibility of infected ED personnel reporting to work
• The burden of COVID-19 symptoms on an ED personnel’s work status
• The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection levels and ED staffing
• Project COVERED enrolled 1673 ED healthcare personnel with 29,825 person weeks of observational data from 25 geographically diverse EDs.
• The presence of any SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or IgG antibody testing at baseline, week 2, week 4, and every four subsequent weeks through week 20.
• Investigators also collected weekly data on ED staffing and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in healthcare facilities.

TAKEAWAY:

• Despite the absence of widespread natural immunity or COVID-19 vaccine availability during the time of this study, only 4.5% of ED healthcare personnel tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infections, with more than half (57.3%) not experiencing any symptoms.
• Most personnel (83%) who experienced symptoms associated with COVID-19 reported working at least one shift in the ED and nearly all of them continued to work until they received laboratory confirmation of their infection.
• The working time lost as a result of COVID-19 and related concerns was minimal, as 89 healthcare personnel reported 90 person weeks of missed work (0.3% of all weeks).
• During this study, physician-staffing levels ranged from 98.7% to 102.0% of normal staffing, with similar values noted for nursing and nonclinical staffs. Reduced staffing was rare, even during COVID-19 surges.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our findings suggest that the cumulative interaction between infected healthcare personnel and others resulted in a negligible risk of transmission on the scale of public health emergencies,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Kurt D. Weber, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Orlando Health, Orlando, Florida, and published online in Annals of Emergency Medicine.

LIMITATIONS:

Data regarding the Delta variant surges that occurred toward the end of December and the ED status after the advent of the COVID-19 vaccine were not recorded. There may also have been a selection bias risk in this study because the volunteer participants may have exhibited behaviors like social distancing and use of protective equipment, which may have decreased their risk for infections.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was funded by a cooperative agreement from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Science at the University of Iowa through a grant from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences at the National Institutes of Health. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

There were few cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections among emergency department (ED) healthcare personnel and no substantial changes in the delivery of emergency medical care during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODOLOGY:

• This multicenter prospective cohort study of US ED healthcare personnel called Project COVERED was conducted from May to December 2020 to evaluate the following outcomes:
• The possibility of infected ED personnel reporting to work
• The burden of COVID-19 symptoms on an ED personnel’s work status
• The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection levels and ED staffing
• Project COVERED enrolled 1673 ED healthcare personnel with 29,825 person weeks of observational data from 25 geographically diverse EDs.
• The presence of any SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or IgG antibody testing at baseline, week 2, week 4, and every four subsequent weeks through week 20.
• Investigators also collected weekly data on ED staffing and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in healthcare facilities.

TAKEAWAY:

• Despite the absence of widespread natural immunity or COVID-19 vaccine availability during the time of this study, only 4.5% of ED healthcare personnel tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infections, with more than half (57.3%) not experiencing any symptoms.
• Most personnel (83%) who experienced symptoms associated with COVID-19 reported working at least one shift in the ED and nearly all of them continued to work until they received laboratory confirmation of their infection.
• The working time lost as a result of COVID-19 and related concerns was minimal, as 89 healthcare personnel reported 90 person weeks of missed work (0.3% of all weeks).
• During this study, physician-staffing levels ranged from 98.7% to 102.0% of normal staffing, with similar values noted for nursing and nonclinical staffs. Reduced staffing was rare, even during COVID-19 surges.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our findings suggest that the cumulative interaction between infected healthcare personnel and others resulted in a negligible risk of transmission on the scale of public health emergencies,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Kurt D. Weber, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Orlando Health, Orlando, Florida, and published online in Annals of Emergency Medicine.

LIMITATIONS:

Data regarding the Delta variant surges that occurred toward the end of December and the ED status after the advent of the COVID-19 vaccine were not recorded. There may also have been a selection bias risk in this study because the volunteer participants may have exhibited behaviors like social distancing and use of protective equipment, which may have decreased their risk for infections.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was funded by a cooperative agreement from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Science at the University of Iowa through a grant from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences at the National Institutes of Health. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

There were few cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections among emergency department (ED) healthcare personnel and no substantial changes in the delivery of emergency medical care during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODOLOGY:

• This multicenter prospective cohort study of US ED healthcare personnel called Project COVERED was conducted from May to December 2020 to evaluate the following outcomes:
• The possibility of infected ED personnel reporting to work
• The burden of COVID-19 symptoms on an ED personnel’s work status
• The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection levels and ED staffing
• Project COVERED enrolled 1673 ED healthcare personnel with 29,825 person weeks of observational data from 25 geographically diverse EDs.
• The presence of any SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or IgG antibody testing at baseline, week 2, week 4, and every four subsequent weeks through week 20.
• Investigators also collected weekly data on ED staffing and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in healthcare facilities.

TAKEAWAY:

• Despite the absence of widespread natural immunity or COVID-19 vaccine availability during the time of this study, only 4.5% of ED healthcare personnel tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infections, with more than half (57.3%) not experiencing any symptoms.
• Most personnel (83%) who experienced symptoms associated with COVID-19 reported working at least one shift in the ED and nearly all of them continued to work until they received laboratory confirmation of their infection.
• The working time lost as a result of COVID-19 and related concerns was minimal, as 89 healthcare personnel reported 90 person weeks of missed work (0.3% of all weeks).
• During this study, physician-staffing levels ranged from 98.7% to 102.0% of normal staffing, with similar values noted for nursing and nonclinical staffs. Reduced staffing was rare, even during COVID-19 surges.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our findings suggest that the cumulative interaction between infected healthcare personnel and others resulted in a negligible risk of transmission on the scale of public health emergencies,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Kurt D. Weber, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Orlando Health, Orlando, Florida, and published online in Annals of Emergency Medicine.

LIMITATIONS:

Data regarding the Delta variant surges that occurred toward the end of December and the ED status after the advent of the COVID-19 vaccine were not recorded. There may also have been a selection bias risk in this study because the volunteer participants may have exhibited behaviors like social distancing and use of protective equipment, which may have decreased their risk for infections.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was funded by a cooperative agreement from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Science at the University of Iowa through a grant from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences at the National Institutes of Health. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

The geriatric emergency medication safety recommendations (GEMS-Rx) is the first expert consensus-based list identifying high-risk medication classes that should not be prescribed to older patients visiting the emergency department (ED).

METHODOLOGY:

• Around half of the geriatric patients presenting to the ED get discharged with new prescriptions. Some of the newly prescribed drugs may not be appropriate for use in individuals aged ≥ 65 years, thereby increasing the risk for unfavorable adverse events.
• The American Geriatrics Society (AGS)  has already established guidelines to identify potentially inappropriate medications in older adults; however, the criteria are centered on chronic conditions and long-term medication use and are unsuitable for managing ED prescriptions.
• In this study, the GEMS-Rx high-risk prescription list was prepared with a panel of 10 ED physicians with expertise in geriatrics and quality measurement and a pharmacist with expertise in geriatric pharmacotherapy and emergency medicine.
• They reviewed over 30 medication classes from the 2019 AGS Beers Criteria that were deemed inappropriate for use in older patients. Despite their not being included in the Beers list, the use of short- and long-acting opioids was also discussed.
• After three rounds of review and discussion, the panelists ranked each class of medication on a 5-point Likert scale, with a score of 1 indicating the lowest and 5 indicating the greatest need for avoiding a drug in an ED prescription.

TAKEAWAY:

• The first round suggested that first-generation antihistamines, metoclopramide, short-acting opioids, antipsychotics, barbiturates, skeletal muscle relaxants, and benzodiazepines should be avoided, with mean Likert scores ranging from 3.7 to 4.6.
• Although nonbenzodiazepine and benzodiazepine receptor agonist hypnotics (“Z-drugs”) were not initially considered owing to their low frequency of prescription in ED settings, the panelists finally included “Z” drugs and sulfonylureas in the GEMS-Rx list after the second and third rounds.
• The final list of high-risk medications to be avoided in ED settings that were prioritized included benzodiazepines, skeletal muscle relaxants, barbiturates, first-generation antipsychotics, first-generation antihistamines, “Z” drugs, metoclopramide, and sulfonylureas.
• However, seizure disorders, benzodiazepine withdrawal, ethanol withdrawal, severe generalized anxiety disorder, end-of-life care, allergic reactions, and ED visits for prescription refilling were deemed exceptional cases in which these high-risk medications could be prescribed.

IN PRACTICE:

“By combining expert consensus and evidence-based criteria, this list can serve as a resource to guide prescribing decisions and mitigate potential risks associated with medications at this crucial care transition. The incorporation of this emergency medicine-specific geriatric prescription list in a national quality measure has the potential to improve patient safety and enhance the quality of care for the millions of older adults who seek care in EDs each year,” the authors said.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Rachel M. Skains, MD, MSPH, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and published online in Annals of Emergency Medicine.

LIMITATIONS:

The GEMS-Rx list was prepared by physicians and pharmacists and may not have fully captured data regarding individual patient preferences, comorbidities, or other contextual factors. During the meetings, the panelists’ identities were not concealed from one another, which may have affected the conversations owing to response and social desirability bias. Furthermore, this list may not be generalizable to other settings because it was produced and intended for usage in US EDs.

DISCLOSURES:

This work was supported by the American College of Emergency Physicians. Some of the authors, including the lead author, declared being supported by various funding agencies. Few authors also declared serving in leadership positions for several sources.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

The geriatric emergency medication safety recommendations (GEMS-Rx) is the first expert consensus-based list identifying high-risk medication classes that should not be prescribed to older patients visiting the emergency department (ED).

METHODOLOGY:

• Around half of the geriatric patients presenting to the ED get discharged with new prescriptions. Some of the newly prescribed drugs may not be appropriate for use in individuals aged ≥ 65 years, thereby increasing the risk for unfavorable adverse events.
• The American Geriatrics Society (AGS)  has already established guidelines to identify potentially inappropriate medications in older adults; however, the criteria are centered on chronic conditions and long-term medication use and are unsuitable for managing ED prescriptions.
• In this study, the GEMS-Rx high-risk prescription list was prepared with a panel of 10 ED physicians with expertise in geriatrics and quality measurement and a pharmacist with expertise in geriatric pharmacotherapy and emergency medicine.
• They reviewed over 30 medication classes from the 2019 AGS Beers Criteria that were deemed inappropriate for use in older patients. Despite their not being included in the Beers list, the use of short- and long-acting opioids was also discussed.
• After three rounds of review and discussion, the panelists ranked each class of medication on a 5-point Likert scale, with a score of 1 indicating the lowest and 5 indicating the greatest need for avoiding a drug in an ED prescription.

TAKEAWAY:

• The first round suggested that first-generation antihistamines, metoclopramide, short-acting opioids, antipsychotics, barbiturates, skeletal muscle relaxants, and benzodiazepines should be avoided, with mean Likert scores ranging from 3.7 to 4.6.
• Although nonbenzodiazepine and benzodiazepine receptor agonist hypnotics (“Z-drugs”) were not initially considered owing to their low frequency of prescription in ED settings, the panelists finally included “Z” drugs and sulfonylureas in the GEMS-Rx list after the second and third rounds.
• The final list of high-risk medications to be avoided in ED settings that were prioritized included benzodiazepines, skeletal muscle relaxants, barbiturates, first-generation antipsychotics, first-generation antihistamines, “Z” drugs, metoclopramide, and sulfonylureas.
• However, seizure disorders, benzodiazepine withdrawal, ethanol withdrawal, severe generalized anxiety disorder, end-of-life care, allergic reactions, and ED visits for prescription refilling were deemed exceptional cases in which these high-risk medications could be prescribed.

IN PRACTICE:

“By combining expert consensus and evidence-based criteria, this list can serve as a resource to guide prescribing decisions and mitigate potential risks associated with medications at this crucial care transition. The incorporation of this emergency medicine-specific geriatric prescription list in a national quality measure has the potential to improve patient safety and enhance the quality of care for the millions of older adults who seek care in EDs each year,” the authors said.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Rachel M. Skains, MD, MSPH, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and published online in Annals of Emergency Medicine.

LIMITATIONS:

The GEMS-Rx list was prepared by physicians and pharmacists and may not have fully captured data regarding individual patient preferences, comorbidities, or other contextual factors. During the meetings, the panelists’ identities were not concealed from one another, which may have affected the conversations owing to response and social desirability bias. Furthermore, this list may not be generalizable to other settings because it was produced and intended for usage in US EDs.

DISCLOSURES:

This work was supported by the American College of Emergency Physicians. Some of the authors, including the lead author, declared being supported by various funding agencies. Few authors also declared serving in leadership positions for several sources.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

The geriatric emergency medication safety recommendations (GEMS-Rx) is the first expert consensus-based list identifying high-risk medication classes that should not be prescribed to older patients visiting the emergency department (ED).

METHODOLOGY:

• Around half of the geriatric patients presenting to the ED get discharged with new prescriptions. Some of the newly prescribed drugs may not be appropriate for use in individuals aged ≥ 65 years, thereby increasing the risk for unfavorable adverse events.
• The American Geriatrics Society (AGS)  has already established guidelines to identify potentially inappropriate medications in older adults; however, the criteria are centered on chronic conditions and long-term medication use and are unsuitable for managing ED prescriptions.
• In this study, the GEMS-Rx high-risk prescription list was prepared with a panel of 10 ED physicians with expertise in geriatrics and quality measurement and a pharmacist with expertise in geriatric pharmacotherapy and emergency medicine.
• They reviewed over 30 medication classes from the 2019 AGS Beers Criteria that were deemed inappropriate for use in older patients. Despite their not being included in the Beers list, the use of short- and long-acting opioids was also discussed.
• After three rounds of review and discussion, the panelists ranked each class of medication on a 5-point Likert scale, with a score of 1 indicating the lowest and 5 indicating the greatest need for avoiding a drug in an ED prescription.

TAKEAWAY:

• The first round suggested that first-generation antihistamines, metoclopramide, short-acting opioids, antipsychotics, barbiturates, skeletal muscle relaxants, and benzodiazepines should be avoided, with mean Likert scores ranging from 3.7 to 4.6.
• Although nonbenzodiazepine and benzodiazepine receptor agonist hypnotics (“Z-drugs”) were not initially considered owing to their low frequency of prescription in ED settings, the panelists finally included “Z” drugs and sulfonylureas in the GEMS-Rx list after the second and third rounds.
• The final list of high-risk medications to be avoided in ED settings that were prioritized included benzodiazepines, skeletal muscle relaxants, barbiturates, first-generation antipsychotics, first-generation antihistamines, “Z” drugs, metoclopramide, and sulfonylureas.
• However, seizure disorders, benzodiazepine withdrawal, ethanol withdrawal, severe generalized anxiety disorder, end-of-life care, allergic reactions, and ED visits for prescription refilling were deemed exceptional cases in which these high-risk medications could be prescribed.

IN PRACTICE:

“By combining expert consensus and evidence-based criteria, this list can serve as a resource to guide prescribing decisions and mitigate potential risks associated with medications at this crucial care transition. The incorporation of this emergency medicine-specific geriatric prescription list in a national quality measure has the potential to improve patient safety and enhance the quality of care for the millions of older adults who seek care in EDs each year,” the authors said.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Rachel M. Skains, MD, MSPH, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and published online in Annals of Emergency Medicine.

LIMITATIONS:

The GEMS-Rx list was prepared by physicians and pharmacists and may not have fully captured data regarding individual patient preferences, comorbidities, or other contextual factors. During the meetings, the panelists’ identities were not concealed from one another, which may have affected the conversations owing to response and social desirability bias. Furthermore, this list may not be generalizable to other settings because it was produced and intended for usage in US EDs.

DISCLOSURES:

This work was supported by the American College of Emergency Physicians. Some of the authors, including the lead author, declared being supported by various funding agencies. Few authors also declared serving in leadership positions for several sources.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Higher urinary magnesium loss, as indicated by an elevated magnesium depletion score (MDS), may be an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome in US adults.

METHODOLOGY:

• Increasing evidence suggests that chronic hypomagnesemia may play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, including overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
• Researchers examined the relationship between magnesium status and metabolic syndrome in 15,565 US adults (mean age, 47 years; half women) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2018), of whom 5438 had metabolic syndrome (mean age, 55 years).
• Magnesium deficiency was predicted by MDS, a four-factor score that aggregates diuretic use (one point), proton pump inhibitor (one point), kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate; one or two points), and heavy  (one point).
• MDS was categorized into six levels (by scores 0-5), with a higher MDS indicating a more severe magnesium deficiency.
• Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III report.

TAKEAWAY:

• The proportion of patients with MDS ≥ 2 was higher in the group with vs without metabolic syndrome (P < .05).
• Even after adjusting for potential confounding factors, each 1-unit increase in the MDS increased the odds of metabolic syndrome by about 30% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.17-1.45).
• A dose-response relationship was observed between MDS and metabolic syndrome, with MDS level 1 being associated with 1.28-fold higher odds of metabolic syndrome (95% CI, 1.06-1.55) than MDS level 0; further escalation in the odds was noted for MDS levels 2, 3, and 4.
• The association between metabolic syndrome and MDS remained consistent across all population subgroups defined by age, gender, race (except Mexican American), body mass index, drinking status, or smoking status.

IN PRACTICE:

“It is possible to prevent and reduce MetS [metabolic syndrome] by supplementing with magnesium supplements or encouraging higher magnesium intake diet because the diet is a factor that can be changed,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Xiaohao Wang, Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China. It was published online in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

LIMITATIONS:

The study found no significant link between MDS level 5 and metabolic syndrome, likely due to the small sample size at this level. The study could not draw any causal relationship between metabolic syndrome and MDS owing to its cross-sectional nature. It also could not determine whether MDS was a better marker of magnesium deficiency than serum magnesium levels. MDS is a categorical, not continuous, variable.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen City, China. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Higher urinary magnesium loss, as indicated by an elevated magnesium depletion score (MDS), may be an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome in US adults.

METHODOLOGY:

• Increasing evidence suggests that chronic hypomagnesemia may play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, including overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
• Researchers examined the relationship between magnesium status and metabolic syndrome in 15,565 US adults (mean age, 47 years; half women) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2018), of whom 5438 had metabolic syndrome (mean age, 55 years).
• Magnesium deficiency was predicted by MDS, a four-factor score that aggregates diuretic use (one point), proton pump inhibitor (one point), kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate; one or two points), and heavy  (one point).
• MDS was categorized into six levels (by scores 0-5), with a higher MDS indicating a more severe magnesium deficiency.
• Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III report.

TAKEAWAY:

• The proportion of patients with MDS ≥ 2 was higher in the group with vs without metabolic syndrome (P < .05).
• Even after adjusting for potential confounding factors, each 1-unit increase in the MDS increased the odds of metabolic syndrome by about 30% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.17-1.45).
• A dose-response relationship was observed between MDS and metabolic syndrome, with MDS level 1 being associated with 1.28-fold higher odds of metabolic syndrome (95% CI, 1.06-1.55) than MDS level 0; further escalation in the odds was noted for MDS levels 2, 3, and 4.
• The association between metabolic syndrome and MDS remained consistent across all population subgroups defined by age, gender, race (except Mexican American), body mass index, drinking status, or smoking status.

IN PRACTICE:

“It is possible to prevent and reduce MetS [metabolic syndrome] by supplementing with magnesium supplements or encouraging higher magnesium intake diet because the diet is a factor that can be changed,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Xiaohao Wang, Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China. It was published online in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

LIMITATIONS:

The study found no significant link between MDS level 5 and metabolic syndrome, likely due to the small sample size at this level. The study could not draw any causal relationship between metabolic syndrome and MDS owing to its cross-sectional nature. It also could not determine whether MDS was a better marker of magnesium deficiency than serum magnesium levels. MDS is a categorical, not continuous, variable.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen City, China. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Higher urinary magnesium loss, as indicated by an elevated magnesium depletion score (MDS), may be an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome in US adults.

METHODOLOGY:

• Increasing evidence suggests that chronic hypomagnesemia may play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, including overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
• Researchers examined the relationship between magnesium status and metabolic syndrome in 15,565 US adults (mean age, 47 years; half women) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2018), of whom 5438 had metabolic syndrome (mean age, 55 years).
• Magnesium deficiency was predicted by MDS, a four-factor score that aggregates diuretic use (one point), proton pump inhibitor (one point), kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate; one or two points), and heavy  (one point).
• MDS was categorized into six levels (by scores 0-5), with a higher MDS indicating a more severe magnesium deficiency.
• Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III report.

TAKEAWAY:

• The proportion of patients with MDS ≥ 2 was higher in the group with vs without metabolic syndrome (P < .05).
• Even after adjusting for potential confounding factors, each 1-unit increase in the MDS increased the odds of metabolic syndrome by about 30% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.17-1.45).
• A dose-response relationship was observed between MDS and metabolic syndrome, with MDS level 1 being associated with 1.28-fold higher odds of metabolic syndrome (95% CI, 1.06-1.55) than MDS level 0; further escalation in the odds was noted for MDS levels 2, 3, and 4.
• The association between metabolic syndrome and MDS remained consistent across all population subgroups defined by age, gender, race (except Mexican American), body mass index, drinking status, or smoking status.

IN PRACTICE:

“It is possible to prevent and reduce MetS [metabolic syndrome] by supplementing with magnesium supplements or encouraging higher magnesium intake diet because the diet is a factor that can be changed,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study was led by Xiaohao Wang, Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology (Shenzhen People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, China. It was published online in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

LIMITATIONS:

The study found no significant link between MDS level 5 and metabolic syndrome, likely due to the small sample size at this level. The study could not draw any causal relationship between metabolic syndrome and MDS owing to its cross-sectional nature. It also could not determine whether MDS was a better marker of magnesium deficiency than serum magnesium levels. MDS is a categorical, not continuous, variable.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen City, China. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Vitamin D deficiency is independently linked to the risk for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) by potentially affecting large nerve fibers in older patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODOLOGY:

• Although previous research has shown that vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with diabetes and may increase the risk for peripheral neuropathy, its effects on large and small nerve fiber lesions have not been well explored yet.
• Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study to understand the association between vitamin D deficiency and DPN development in 230 older patients (mean age, 67 years) with T2D for about 15 years who were recruited from Beijing Hospital between 2020 and 2023.
• All patients were evaluated for DPN based on poor blood sugar control or symptoms such as pain and sensory abnormalities, of which 175 patients diagnosed with DPN were propensity-matched with 55 patients without DPN.
• Vitamin D deficiency, defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D circulating levels below 20 ng/mL, was reported in 169 patients.
• Large nerve fiber lesions were evaluated using electromyography, and small nerve fiber lesions were assessed by measuring skin conductance.

TAKEAWAY:

• Vitamin D deficiency was more likely to affect large fiber lesions, suggested by longer median sensory nerve latency, minimum latency of the F-wave, and median nerve motor evoked potential latency than those in the vitamin D–sufficient group.
• Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency was linked to large fiber neuropathy with increased odds of prolongation of motor nerve latency (odds ratio, 1.362; P = .038).
• The electrochemical skin conductance, which indicates damage to small nerve fibers, was comparable between patients with and without vitamin D deficiency.

IN PRACTICE:

This study is too preliminary to have practice application.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Sijia Fei, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, and was published online in Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.

LIMITATIONS:

Skin biopsy, the “gold-standard” for quantifying intraepidermal nerve fiber density, was not used to assess small nerve fiber lesions. Additionally, a causal link between vitamin D deficiency and diabetic nerve damage was not established owing to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Some patients with T2D may have been receiving insulin therapy, which may have affected vitamin D levels.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and China National Key R&D Program. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Vitamin D deficiency is independently linked to the risk for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) by potentially affecting large nerve fibers in older patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODOLOGY:

• Although previous research has shown that vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with diabetes and may increase the risk for peripheral neuropathy, its effects on large and small nerve fiber lesions have not been well explored yet.
• Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study to understand the association between vitamin D deficiency and DPN development in 230 older patients (mean age, 67 years) with T2D for about 15 years who were recruited from Beijing Hospital between 2020 and 2023.
• All patients were evaluated for DPN based on poor blood sugar control or symptoms such as pain and sensory abnormalities, of which 175 patients diagnosed with DPN were propensity-matched with 55 patients without DPN.
• Vitamin D deficiency, defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D circulating levels below 20 ng/mL, was reported in 169 patients.
• Large nerve fiber lesions were evaluated using electromyography, and small nerve fiber lesions were assessed by measuring skin conductance.

TAKEAWAY:

• Vitamin D deficiency was more likely to affect large fiber lesions, suggested by longer median sensory nerve latency, minimum latency of the F-wave, and median nerve motor evoked potential latency than those in the vitamin D–sufficient group.
• Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency was linked to large fiber neuropathy with increased odds of prolongation of motor nerve latency (odds ratio, 1.362; P = .038).
• The electrochemical skin conductance, which indicates damage to small nerve fibers, was comparable between patients with and without vitamin D deficiency.

IN PRACTICE:

This study is too preliminary to have practice application.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Sijia Fei, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, and was published online in Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.

LIMITATIONS:

Skin biopsy, the “gold-standard” for quantifying intraepidermal nerve fiber density, was not used to assess small nerve fiber lesions. Additionally, a causal link between vitamin D deficiency and diabetic nerve damage was not established owing to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Some patients with T2D may have been receiving insulin therapy, which may have affected vitamin D levels.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and China National Key R&D Program. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Vitamin D deficiency is independently linked to the risk for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) by potentially affecting large nerve fibers in older patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODOLOGY:

• Although previous research has shown that vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with diabetes and may increase the risk for peripheral neuropathy, its effects on large and small nerve fiber lesions have not been well explored yet.
• Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study to understand the association between vitamin D deficiency and DPN development in 230 older patients (mean age, 67 years) with T2D for about 15 years who were recruited from Beijing Hospital between 2020 and 2023.
• All patients were evaluated for DPN based on poor blood sugar control or symptoms such as pain and sensory abnormalities, of which 175 patients diagnosed with DPN were propensity-matched with 55 patients without DPN.
• Vitamin D deficiency, defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D circulating levels below 20 ng/mL, was reported in 169 patients.
• Large nerve fiber lesions were evaluated using electromyography, and small nerve fiber lesions were assessed by measuring skin conductance.

TAKEAWAY:

• Vitamin D deficiency was more likely to affect large fiber lesions, suggested by longer median sensory nerve latency, minimum latency of the F-wave, and median nerve motor evoked potential latency than those in the vitamin D–sufficient group.
• Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency was linked to large fiber neuropathy with increased odds of prolongation of motor nerve latency (odds ratio, 1.362; P = .038).
• The electrochemical skin conductance, which indicates damage to small nerve fibers, was comparable between patients with and without vitamin D deficiency.

IN PRACTICE:

This study is too preliminary to have practice application.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Sijia Fei, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, and was published online in Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.

LIMITATIONS:

Skin biopsy, the “gold-standard” for quantifying intraepidermal nerve fiber density, was not used to assess small nerve fiber lesions. Additionally, a causal link between vitamin D deficiency and diabetic nerve damage was not established owing to the cross-sectional nature of the study. Some patients with T2D may have been receiving insulin therapy, which may have affected vitamin D levels.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and China National Key R&D Program. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

A comprehensive model considering patient age, diabetes, colonoscopy indications, and polyp findings can predict colorectal cancer (CRC) risk more accurately than the solely polyp-based model in patients with a first diagnosis of adenoma on colonoscopy.

METHODOLOGY:

• Because colonoscopy surveillance guidelines relying solely on previous polyp findings to assess CRC risk are imprecise, researchers developed and tested a comprehensive risk prediction model from a list of CRC-related predictors that included patient characteristics and clinical factors in addition to polyp findings.
• The comprehensive model included baseline colonoscopy indication, age group, diabetes diagnosis, and polyp findings (adenoma with advanced histology, polyp size ≥ 10 mm, and sessile serrated or traditional serrated adenoma).
• They randomly assigned 95,001 patients (mean age, 61.9 years; 45.5% women) who underwent colonoscopy with polypectomy to remove a conventional adenoma into two cohorts: Model development (66,500) and internal validation (28,501).
• In both cohorts, researchers compared the performance of the polyp findings-only method against the comprehensive model in predicting CRC, defined as an adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum diagnosed a year after the baseline colonoscopy.

TAKEAWAY:

• During the follow-up period starting 1 year after colonoscopy, 495 patients were diagnosed with CRC; 354 were in the development cohort and 141 were in the validation cohort.
• The comprehensive model demonstrated better predictive performance than the traditional polyp-based model in the development cohort (area under the curve [AUC], 0.71 vs 0.61) and in the validation cohort (AUC, 0.7 vs 0.62).
• The difference in the Akaike Information Criterion values between the comprehensive and polyp models was 45.7, much above the threshold of 10, strongly indicating the superior performance of the comprehensive model.

IN PRACTICE:

“Improving the ability to accurately predict the patients at highest risk for CRC after polypectomy is critically important, given the considerable costs and resources associated with treating CRC and the better prognosis associated with early cancer detection. The current findings provide proof of concept that inclusion of CRC risk factors beyond prior polyp findings has the potential to improve post-colonoscopy risk stratification,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study, led by Jeffrey K. Lee, MD, MPH, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, was published online in The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

LIMITATIONS:

External validation of the model’s performance is needed in different practice settings. The generalizability of the findings is limited because the study population did not include individuals without a prior adenoma or those with an isolated serrated polyp. Moreover, the examination of polyp size > 20 mm as a potential predictor of CRC was precluded due to incomplete data.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was conducted within the National Cancer Institute–funded Population-Based Research to Optimize the Screening Process II consortium and funded by a career development grant from the National Cancer Institute to Lee. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

A comprehensive model considering patient age, diabetes, colonoscopy indications, and polyp findings can predict colorectal cancer (CRC) risk more accurately than the solely polyp-based model in patients with a first diagnosis of adenoma on colonoscopy.

METHODOLOGY:

• Because colonoscopy surveillance guidelines relying solely on previous polyp findings to assess CRC risk are imprecise, researchers developed and tested a comprehensive risk prediction model from a list of CRC-related predictors that included patient characteristics and clinical factors in addition to polyp findings.
• The comprehensive model included baseline colonoscopy indication, age group, diabetes diagnosis, and polyp findings (adenoma with advanced histology, polyp size ≥ 10 mm, and sessile serrated or traditional serrated adenoma).
• They randomly assigned 95,001 patients (mean age, 61.9 years; 45.5% women) who underwent colonoscopy with polypectomy to remove a conventional adenoma into two cohorts: Model development (66,500) and internal validation (28,501).
• In both cohorts, researchers compared the performance of the polyp findings-only method against the comprehensive model in predicting CRC, defined as an adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum diagnosed a year after the baseline colonoscopy.

TAKEAWAY:

• During the follow-up period starting 1 year after colonoscopy, 495 patients were diagnosed with CRC; 354 were in the development cohort and 141 were in the validation cohort.
• The comprehensive model demonstrated better predictive performance than the traditional polyp-based model in the development cohort (area under the curve [AUC], 0.71 vs 0.61) and in the validation cohort (AUC, 0.7 vs 0.62).
• The difference in the Akaike Information Criterion values between the comprehensive and polyp models was 45.7, much above the threshold of 10, strongly indicating the superior performance of the comprehensive model.

IN PRACTICE:

“Improving the ability to accurately predict the patients at highest risk for CRC after polypectomy is critically important, given the considerable costs and resources associated with treating CRC and the better prognosis associated with early cancer detection. The current findings provide proof of concept that inclusion of CRC risk factors beyond prior polyp findings has the potential to improve post-colonoscopy risk stratification,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study, led by Jeffrey K. Lee, MD, MPH, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, was published online in The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

LIMITATIONS:

External validation of the model’s performance is needed in different practice settings. The generalizability of the findings is limited because the study population did not include individuals without a prior adenoma or those with an isolated serrated polyp. Moreover, the examination of polyp size > 20 mm as a potential predictor of CRC was precluded due to incomplete data.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was conducted within the National Cancer Institute–funded Population-Based Research to Optimize the Screening Process II consortium and funded by a career development grant from the National Cancer Institute to Lee. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

A comprehensive model considering patient age, diabetes, colonoscopy indications, and polyp findings can predict colorectal cancer (CRC) risk more accurately than the solely polyp-based model in patients with a first diagnosis of adenoma on colonoscopy.

METHODOLOGY:

• Because colonoscopy surveillance guidelines relying solely on previous polyp findings to assess CRC risk are imprecise, researchers developed and tested a comprehensive risk prediction model from a list of CRC-related predictors that included patient characteristics and clinical factors in addition to polyp findings.
• The comprehensive model included baseline colonoscopy indication, age group, diabetes diagnosis, and polyp findings (adenoma with advanced histology, polyp size ≥ 10 mm, and sessile serrated or traditional serrated adenoma).
• They randomly assigned 95,001 patients (mean age, 61.9 years; 45.5% women) who underwent colonoscopy with polypectomy to remove a conventional adenoma into two cohorts: Model development (66,500) and internal validation (28,501).
• In both cohorts, researchers compared the performance of the polyp findings-only method against the comprehensive model in predicting CRC, defined as an adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum diagnosed a year after the baseline colonoscopy.

TAKEAWAY:

• During the follow-up period starting 1 year after colonoscopy, 495 patients were diagnosed with CRC; 354 were in the development cohort and 141 were in the validation cohort.
• The comprehensive model demonstrated better predictive performance than the traditional polyp-based model in the development cohort (area under the curve [AUC], 0.71 vs 0.61) and in the validation cohort (AUC, 0.7 vs 0.62).
• The difference in the Akaike Information Criterion values between the comprehensive and polyp models was 45.7, much above the threshold of 10, strongly indicating the superior performance of the comprehensive model.

IN PRACTICE:

“Improving the ability to accurately predict the patients at highest risk for CRC after polypectomy is critically important, given the considerable costs and resources associated with treating CRC and the better prognosis associated with early cancer detection. The current findings provide proof of concept that inclusion of CRC risk factors beyond prior polyp findings has the potential to improve post-colonoscopy risk stratification,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

The study, led by Jeffrey K. Lee, MD, MPH, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, was published online in The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

LIMITATIONS:

External validation of the model’s performance is needed in different practice settings. The generalizability of the findings is limited because the study population did not include individuals without a prior adenoma or those with an isolated serrated polyp. Moreover, the examination of polyp size > 20 mm as a potential predictor of CRC was precluded due to incomplete data.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was conducted within the National Cancer Institute–funded Population-Based Research to Optimize the Screening Process II consortium and funded by a career development grant from the National Cancer Institute to Lee. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

The results of a recent study suggest that biologics and small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) do not impair the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccine against hospitalization in patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).

METHODOLOGY:

• It remains unknown whether immunomodulatory therapies impair COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and increase hospitalization rates linked to COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis or HS.
• Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Epic Cosmos database from January 2020 to October 2023, identifying 30,845 patients with psoriasis or HS.
• Overall, 22,293 patients with documented completion of their primary COVID-19 vaccine series were included in the analysis.
• Of the vaccinated patients, they compared 7046 patients with psoriasis on SMIs and 2033 with psoriasis or HS on biologics with 13,214 patients who did not receive biologics or SMIs.
• The primary outcome was the COVID-19 hospitalization rate.
• Treatment with biologics did not increase COVID-19-related hospitalization rates in vaccinated patients with psoriasis or HS (hospitalization rate, 6.0% for both those taking and those not taking a biologic; P > .99).
• Similarly, hospitalization rates did not significantly differ between vaccinated patients who received SMIs vs those who did not (7.1% vs 6.0%; P = .0596).

IN PRACTICE:

These findings “encourage dermatologists to continue treating [psoriasis]/HS confidently despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,” the authors concluded.

SOURCE:

The study led by Bella R. Lee from Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, was published online on March 13, 2024, in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 

LIMITATIONS:

Multivariable adjustments could not be performed in this study due to unavailability of individual-level data, and hospital admissions that occurred outside the Epic system were not captured.

DISCLOSURES:

The study did not receive any funding. All authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

The results of a recent study suggest that biologics and small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) do not impair the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccine against hospitalization in patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).

METHODOLOGY:

• It remains unknown whether immunomodulatory therapies impair COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and increase hospitalization rates linked to COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis or HS.
• Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Epic Cosmos database from January 2020 to October 2023, identifying 30,845 patients with psoriasis or HS.
• Overall, 22,293 patients with documented completion of their primary COVID-19 vaccine series were included in the analysis.
• Of the vaccinated patients, they compared 7046 patients with psoriasis on SMIs and 2033 with psoriasis or HS on biologics with 13,214 patients who did not receive biologics or SMIs.
• The primary outcome was the COVID-19 hospitalization rate.
• Treatment with biologics did not increase COVID-19-related hospitalization rates in vaccinated patients with psoriasis or HS (hospitalization rate, 6.0% for both those taking and those not taking a biologic; P > .99).
• Similarly, hospitalization rates did not significantly differ between vaccinated patients who received SMIs vs those who did not (7.1% vs 6.0%; P = .0596).

IN PRACTICE:

These findings “encourage dermatologists to continue treating [psoriasis]/HS confidently despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,” the authors concluded.

SOURCE:

The study led by Bella R. Lee from Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, was published online on March 13, 2024, in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 

LIMITATIONS:

Multivariable adjustments could not be performed in this study due to unavailability of individual-level data, and hospital admissions that occurred outside the Epic system were not captured.

DISCLOSURES:

The study did not receive any funding. All authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE: 

The results of a recent study suggest that biologics and small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) do not impair the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccine against hospitalization in patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).

METHODOLOGY:

• It remains unknown whether immunomodulatory therapies impair COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and increase hospitalization rates linked to COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis or HS.
• Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Epic Cosmos database from January 2020 to October 2023, identifying 30,845 patients with psoriasis or HS.
• Overall, 22,293 patients with documented completion of their primary COVID-19 vaccine series were included in the analysis.
• Of the vaccinated patients, they compared 7046 patients with psoriasis on SMIs and 2033 with psoriasis or HS on biologics with 13,214 patients who did not receive biologics or SMIs.
• The primary outcome was the COVID-19 hospitalization rate.
• Treatment with biologics did not increase COVID-19-related hospitalization rates in vaccinated patients with psoriasis or HS (hospitalization rate, 6.0% for both those taking and those not taking a biologic; P > .99).
• Similarly, hospitalization rates did not significantly differ between vaccinated patients who received SMIs vs those who did not (7.1% vs 6.0%; P = .0596).

IN PRACTICE:

These findings “encourage dermatologists to continue treating [psoriasis]/HS confidently despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,” the authors concluded.

SOURCE:

The study led by Bella R. Lee from Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, was published online on March 13, 2024, in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 

LIMITATIONS:

Multivariable adjustments could not be performed in this study due to unavailability of individual-level data, and hospital admissions that occurred outside the Epic system were not captured.

DISCLOSURES:

The study did not receive any funding. All authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

The risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) was higher in individuals who followed a pro-inflammatory diet and had a high habitual salt intake than in those who followed an anti-inflammatory diet and used less salt.

METHODOLOGY:

• High scores on the dietary inflammatory index (DII) — a scoring system that measures the inflammatory potential of an individual’s diet — and high salt intake are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk; however, studies investigating the association between DII and salt intake with incident T2D risk are scarce.
• Researchers investigated the association between a pro-inflammatory diet, habitual salt intake, and the risk for T2D among 171,094 participants from the UK Biobank (mean age, 55.98 years; 40.7% men).
• Participants were free of diabetes at baseline, had completed at least one dietary recall questionnaire, and were followed up for a median period of 13.5 years.
• The energy-adjusted DII was calculated on the basis of 28 food and nutrient parameter-specific scores, while habitual salt intake was assessed through self-reported frequency of adding salt to foods.
• Any newly diagnosed cases of T2D were considered the first occurrences of health outcomes.

TAKEAWAY:

• Incident cases of T2D were reported in 6216 individuals over the median follow-up period.
• The risk of developing T2D was 18% higher in individuals who followed a pro-inflammatory vs anti-inflammatory diet (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.11-1.25); the risk for T2D was elevated by 4% for each one-point increment in the energy-adjusted DII.
• Compared with participants who never or rarely added salt to foods, the risk for T2D increased gradually in those who sometimes (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16), usually (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.24), and always (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.47) added salt to foods.
• The risk for T2D was the highest in participants who followed a pro-inflammatory diet and always added salt to foods (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.32-1.90) compared with those who followed an anti-inflammatory diet and never or rarely added salt to foods.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our findings indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet and higher habitual salt intake were associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. These results support the public health promotion of an anti-inflammatory diet and reducing salt intake to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Wenqui Shen, MD, from the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, and published online in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.

LIMITATIONS:

Data from a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire were used to calculate the energy-adjusted DII, which might have led to incidences of incorrect reporting. This study could not measure all components of the DII score. Unmeasured variables and residual confounders might also be present, which were not considered in this analysis.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Project of Biobank from the Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and other sources. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

The risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) was higher in individuals who followed a pro-inflammatory diet and had a high habitual salt intake than in those who followed an anti-inflammatory diet and used less salt.

METHODOLOGY:

• High scores on the dietary inflammatory index (DII) — a scoring system that measures the inflammatory potential of an individual’s diet — and high salt intake are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk; however, studies investigating the association between DII and salt intake with incident T2D risk are scarce.
• Researchers investigated the association between a pro-inflammatory diet, habitual salt intake, and the risk for T2D among 171,094 participants from the UK Biobank (mean age, 55.98 years; 40.7% men).
• Participants were free of diabetes at baseline, had completed at least one dietary recall questionnaire, and were followed up for a median period of 13.5 years.
• The energy-adjusted DII was calculated on the basis of 28 food and nutrient parameter-specific scores, while habitual salt intake was assessed through self-reported frequency of adding salt to foods.
• Any newly diagnosed cases of T2D were considered the first occurrences of health outcomes.

TAKEAWAY:

• Incident cases of T2D were reported in 6216 individuals over the median follow-up period.
• The risk of developing T2D was 18% higher in individuals who followed a pro-inflammatory vs anti-inflammatory diet (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.11-1.25); the risk for T2D was elevated by 4% for each one-point increment in the energy-adjusted DII.
• Compared with participants who never or rarely added salt to foods, the risk for T2D increased gradually in those who sometimes (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16), usually (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.24), and always (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.47) added salt to foods.
• The risk for T2D was the highest in participants who followed a pro-inflammatory diet and always added salt to foods (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.32-1.90) compared with those who followed an anti-inflammatory diet and never or rarely added salt to foods.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our findings indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet and higher habitual salt intake were associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. These results support the public health promotion of an anti-inflammatory diet and reducing salt intake to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Wenqui Shen, MD, from the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, and published online in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.

LIMITATIONS:

Data from a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire were used to calculate the energy-adjusted DII, which might have led to incidences of incorrect reporting. This study could not measure all components of the DII score. Unmeasured variables and residual confounders might also be present, which were not considered in this analysis.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Project of Biobank from the Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and other sources. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

The risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) was higher in individuals who followed a pro-inflammatory diet and had a high habitual salt intake than in those who followed an anti-inflammatory diet and used less salt.

METHODOLOGY:

• High scores on the dietary inflammatory index (DII) — a scoring system that measures the inflammatory potential of an individual’s diet — and high salt intake are associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk; however, studies investigating the association between DII and salt intake with incident T2D risk are scarce.
• Researchers investigated the association between a pro-inflammatory diet, habitual salt intake, and the risk for T2D among 171,094 participants from the UK Biobank (mean age, 55.98 years; 40.7% men).
• Participants were free of diabetes at baseline, had completed at least one dietary recall questionnaire, and were followed up for a median period of 13.5 years.
• The energy-adjusted DII was calculated on the basis of 28 food and nutrient parameter-specific scores, while habitual salt intake was assessed through self-reported frequency of adding salt to foods.
• Any newly diagnosed cases of T2D were considered the first occurrences of health outcomes.

TAKEAWAY:

• Incident cases of T2D were reported in 6216 individuals over the median follow-up period.
• The risk of developing T2D was 18% higher in individuals who followed a pro-inflammatory vs anti-inflammatory diet (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.11-1.25); the risk for T2D was elevated by 4% for each one-point increment in the energy-adjusted DII.
• Compared with participants who never or rarely added salt to foods, the risk for T2D increased gradually in those who sometimes (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16), usually (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.24), and always (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.47) added salt to foods.
• The risk for T2D was the highest in participants who followed a pro-inflammatory diet and always added salt to foods (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.32-1.90) compared with those who followed an anti-inflammatory diet and never or rarely added salt to foods.

IN PRACTICE:

“Our findings indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet and higher habitual salt intake were associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. These results support the public health promotion of an anti-inflammatory diet and reducing salt intake to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Wenqui Shen, MD, from the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, and published online in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.

LIMITATIONS:

Data from a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire were used to calculate the energy-adjusted DII, which might have led to incidences of incorrect reporting. This study could not measure all components of the DII score. Unmeasured variables and residual confounders might also be present, which were not considered in this analysis.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Project of Biobank from the Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and other sources. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

In middle-aged men at high risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), higher pancreatic fat is linked to lower cognition and brain volumes.

METHODOLOGY:

• Obesity is a well-known risk factor for poorer cognition and dementia, but the distribution of body fat may influence the risk and underlying mechanisms in the fat-brain-cognition pathway.
• The study examined associations of several abdominal fat depots with cognitive functioning and AD-related brain volumes.
• The study sample included 204 men and women from the Israel Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention (mean age, 59 years; 60% women) who had a high AD risk due to parental family history.
• Abdominal MRI scans assessed fat stored as subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) beneath the skin, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) around abdominal organs, and ectopic, a harmful condition in which lipids accumulate in lean tissues such as the liver and pancreas.
• A structural volumetric brain MRI scan was undertaken by 142 participants to assess specific regions implicated in chosen previous research.

TAKEAWAY:

• High body mass index was associated with high pancreatic fat percentage in both men and women (P < .001) and with high SAT percentage in women (P = .01) but not with VAT percentage in either sex.
• After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, a higher pancreatic fat percentage was linked to lower global cognition (beta, −0.33; P = .02) and executive function (beta, −0.32; P = .02) in men, and with lower hippocampal volume in women (beta, −0.25; P = .03).
• In men only, a higher SAT percentage was associated with a lower middle frontal gyrus volume (beta, −0.27; P = .03), while a higher VAT percentage was linked to higher middle frontal gyrus (beta, 0.29; P = .03) and superior frontal gyrus volumes (beta, 0.31; P = .02).
• Hepatic fat was not associated with brain volumes or cognition in either men or women.

IN PRACTICE:

“These results suggest that already in midlife, abdominal fat accumulation may have deleterious effects on brain health, especially in men,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Sapir G. Shekhtman, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, and published online in Obesity (Silver Spring).

LIMITATIONS:

No causal inferences could be drawn from this study due to its cross-sectional nature. It did not represent the population of middle-aged adults as a whole, but rather those at high risk of developing AD. Factors contributing to fat accumulation, such as menopausal status or treatment, inflammation, insulin resistance, daily exercise, and dietary factors, were not included in this study.

DISCLOSURES:

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

In middle-aged men at high risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), higher pancreatic fat is linked to lower cognition and brain volumes.

METHODOLOGY:

• Obesity is a well-known risk factor for poorer cognition and dementia, but the distribution of body fat may influence the risk and underlying mechanisms in the fat-brain-cognition pathway.
• The study examined associations of several abdominal fat depots with cognitive functioning and AD-related brain volumes.
• The study sample included 204 men and women from the Israel Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention (mean age, 59 years; 60% women) who had a high AD risk due to parental family history.
• Abdominal MRI scans assessed fat stored as subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) beneath the skin, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) around abdominal organs, and ectopic, a harmful condition in which lipids accumulate in lean tissues such as the liver and pancreas.
• A structural volumetric brain MRI scan was undertaken by 142 participants to assess specific regions implicated in chosen previous research.

TAKEAWAY:

• High body mass index was associated with high pancreatic fat percentage in both men and women (P < .001) and with high SAT percentage in women (P = .01) but not with VAT percentage in either sex.
• After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, a higher pancreatic fat percentage was linked to lower global cognition (beta, −0.33; P = .02) and executive function (beta, −0.32; P = .02) in men, and with lower hippocampal volume in women (beta, −0.25; P = .03).
• In men only, a higher SAT percentage was associated with a lower middle frontal gyrus volume (beta, −0.27; P = .03), while a higher VAT percentage was linked to higher middle frontal gyrus (beta, 0.29; P = .03) and superior frontal gyrus volumes (beta, 0.31; P = .02).
• Hepatic fat was not associated with brain volumes or cognition in either men or women.

IN PRACTICE:

“These results suggest that already in midlife, abdominal fat accumulation may have deleterious effects on brain health, especially in men,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Sapir G. Shekhtman, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, and published online in Obesity (Silver Spring).

LIMITATIONS:

No causal inferences could be drawn from this study due to its cross-sectional nature. It did not represent the population of middle-aged adults as a whole, but rather those at high risk of developing AD. Factors contributing to fat accumulation, such as menopausal status or treatment, inflammation, insulin resistance, daily exercise, and dietary factors, were not included in this study.

DISCLOSURES:

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

In middle-aged men at high risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), higher pancreatic fat is linked to lower cognition and brain volumes.

METHODOLOGY:

• Obesity is a well-known risk factor for poorer cognition and dementia, but the distribution of body fat may influence the risk and underlying mechanisms in the fat-brain-cognition pathway.
• The study examined associations of several abdominal fat depots with cognitive functioning and AD-related brain volumes.
• The study sample included 204 men and women from the Israel Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention (mean age, 59 years; 60% women) who had a high AD risk due to parental family history.
• Abdominal MRI scans assessed fat stored as subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) beneath the skin, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) around abdominal organs, and ectopic, a harmful condition in which lipids accumulate in lean tissues such as the liver and pancreas.
• A structural volumetric brain MRI scan was undertaken by 142 participants to assess specific regions implicated in chosen previous research.

TAKEAWAY:

• High body mass index was associated with high pancreatic fat percentage in both men and women (P < .001) and with high SAT percentage in women (P = .01) but not with VAT percentage in either sex.
• After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, a higher pancreatic fat percentage was linked to lower global cognition (beta, −0.33; P = .02) and executive function (beta, −0.32; P = .02) in men, and with lower hippocampal volume in women (beta, −0.25; P = .03).
• In men only, a higher SAT percentage was associated with a lower middle frontal gyrus volume (beta, −0.27; P = .03), while a higher VAT percentage was linked to higher middle frontal gyrus (beta, 0.29; P = .03) and superior frontal gyrus volumes (beta, 0.31; P = .02).
• Hepatic fat was not associated with brain volumes or cognition in either men or women.

IN PRACTICE:

“These results suggest that already in midlife, abdominal fat accumulation may have deleterious effects on brain health, especially in men,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Sapir G. Shekhtman, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, and published online in Obesity (Silver Spring).

LIMITATIONS:

No causal inferences could be drawn from this study due to its cross-sectional nature. It did not represent the population of middle-aged adults as a whole, but rather those at high risk of developing AD. Factors contributing to fat accumulation, such as menopausal status or treatment, inflammation, insulin resistance, daily exercise, and dietary factors, were not included in this study.

DISCLOSURES:

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health. The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

When considering a job offer at an academic radiation oncology practice, the prospective employee should focus on three key factors — compensation, daily duties, and location — and accept an offer if the practice is “great” in at least two of those areas and “good” in the third, experts say in a recent editorial.

METHODOLOGY:

• Many physicians choose to go into academic medicine because they want to stay involved in research and education while still treating patients.
• However, graduating radiation oncology residents often lack or have limited guidance on what to look for in a prospective job and how to assess their contract.
• This recent editorial provides guidance to radiation oncologists seeking academic positions. The authors advise prospective employees to evaluate three main factors — compensation, daily duties, and location — as well as provide tips for identifying red flags in each category.

TAKEAWAY:

• Compensation: Prospective faculty should assess both direct compensation, that is, salary, and indirect compensation, which typically includes retirement contributions and other perks. For direct compensation, what is the base salary? Is extra work compensated? How does the salary offer measure up to salary data reported by national agencies? Also: Don’t overlook uncompensated duties, such as time in tumor boards or in meetings, which may be time-consuming, and make sure compensation terms are clearly delineated in a contract and equitable among physicians in a specific rank.
• Daily duties: When it comes to daily life on the job, a prospective employee should consider many factors, including the cancer center’s excitement to hire you, the reputation of the faculty and leaders at the organization, employee turnover rates, diversity among faculty, and the time line of career advancement.
• Location: The location of the job encompasses the geography — such as distance from home to work, the number of practices covered, cost of living, and the area itself — as well as the atmosphere for conducting research and publishing.
• Finally, carefully review the job contract. All the key aspects of the job, including compensation and benefits, should be clearly stated in the contract to “improve communication of expectations.”

IN PRACTICE:

“A prospective faculty member can ask 100 questions, but they can’t make 100 demands; consideration of the three domains can help to focus negotiation efforts where the efforts are needed,” the authors noted.

SOURCE:

This editorial, led by Nicholas G. Zaorsky from the Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, was published online in Practical Radiation Oncology

DISCLOSURES:

The lead author declared being supported by the American Cancer Society and National Institutes of Health. He also reported having ties with many other sources.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

When considering a job offer at an academic radiation oncology practice, the prospective employee should focus on three key factors — compensation, daily duties, and location — and accept an offer if the practice is “great” in at least two of those areas and “good” in the third, experts say in a recent editorial.

METHODOLOGY:

• Many physicians choose to go into academic medicine because they want to stay involved in research and education while still treating patients.
• However, graduating radiation oncology residents often lack or have limited guidance on what to look for in a prospective job and how to assess their contract.
• This recent editorial provides guidance to radiation oncologists seeking academic positions. The authors advise prospective employees to evaluate three main factors — compensation, daily duties, and location — as well as provide tips for identifying red flags in each category.

TAKEAWAY:

• Compensation: Prospective faculty should assess both direct compensation, that is, salary, and indirect compensation, which typically includes retirement contributions and other perks. For direct compensation, what is the base salary? Is extra work compensated? How does the salary offer measure up to salary data reported by national agencies? Also: Don’t overlook uncompensated duties, such as time in tumor boards or in meetings, which may be time-consuming, and make sure compensation terms are clearly delineated in a contract and equitable among physicians in a specific rank.
• Daily duties: When it comes to daily life on the job, a prospective employee should consider many factors, including the cancer center’s excitement to hire you, the reputation of the faculty and leaders at the organization, employee turnover rates, diversity among faculty, and the time line of career advancement.
• Location: The location of the job encompasses the geography — such as distance from home to work, the number of practices covered, cost of living, and the area itself — as well as the atmosphere for conducting research and publishing.
• Finally, carefully review the job contract. All the key aspects of the job, including compensation and benefits, should be clearly stated in the contract to “improve communication of expectations.”

IN PRACTICE:

“A prospective faculty member can ask 100 questions, but they can’t make 100 demands; consideration of the three domains can help to focus negotiation efforts where the efforts are needed,” the authors noted.

SOURCE:

This editorial, led by Nicholas G. Zaorsky from the Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, was published online in Practical Radiation Oncology

DISCLOSURES:

The lead author declared being supported by the American Cancer Society and National Institutes of Health. He also reported having ties with many other sources.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

When considering a job offer at an academic radiation oncology practice, the prospective employee should focus on three key factors — compensation, daily duties, and location — and accept an offer if the practice is “great” in at least two of those areas and “good” in the third, experts say in a recent editorial.

METHODOLOGY:

• Many physicians choose to go into academic medicine because they want to stay involved in research and education while still treating patients.
• However, graduating radiation oncology residents often lack or have limited guidance on what to look for in a prospective job and how to assess their contract.
• This recent editorial provides guidance to radiation oncologists seeking academic positions. The authors advise prospective employees to evaluate three main factors — compensation, daily duties, and location — as well as provide tips for identifying red flags in each category.

TAKEAWAY:

• Compensation: Prospective faculty should assess both direct compensation, that is, salary, and indirect compensation, which typically includes retirement contributions and other perks. For direct compensation, what is the base salary? Is extra work compensated? How does the salary offer measure up to salary data reported by national agencies? Also: Don’t overlook uncompensated duties, such as time in tumor boards or in meetings, which may be time-consuming, and make sure compensation terms are clearly delineated in a contract and equitable among physicians in a specific rank.
• Daily duties: When it comes to daily life on the job, a prospective employee should consider many factors, including the cancer center’s excitement to hire you, the reputation of the faculty and leaders at the organization, employee turnover rates, diversity among faculty, and the time line of career advancement.
• Location: The location of the job encompasses the geography — such as distance from home to work, the number of practices covered, cost of living, and the area itself — as well as the atmosphere for conducting research and publishing.
• Finally, carefully review the job contract. All the key aspects of the job, including compensation and benefits, should be clearly stated in the contract to “improve communication of expectations.”

IN PRACTICE:

“A prospective faculty member can ask 100 questions, but they can’t make 100 demands; consideration of the three domains can help to focus negotiation efforts where the efforts are needed,” the authors noted.

SOURCE:

This editorial, led by Nicholas G. Zaorsky from the Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, was published online in Practical Radiation Oncology

DISCLOSURES:

The lead author declared being supported by the American Cancer Society and National Institutes of Health. He also reported having ties with many other sources.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

A multicomponent strategy of nurse-led communication, home blood pressure monitoring, evidence-based treatment algorithms, and electronic health record tools improved systolic blood pressure (SBP) and non–high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol levels in people living with HIV.

METHODOLOGY:

• Investigators assessed if EXTRA-CVD, a nurse-led multicomponent intervention for preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), could effectively improve SBP and non-HDL cholesterol levels in people living with HIV whose viral replication has been controlled effectively using antiretroviral therapy.
• They recruited 297 individuals (median age, 59 years; 20.9% women) from three academic HIV clinics in the United States with an HIV-1 viral load < 200 copies/mL who were diagnosed with both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
• Participants were randomly assigned to either the EXTRA-CVD intervention group or a control group comprising individuals who received general prevention education.
• SBP (the primary outcome) was calculated as the mean of two SBP measurements obtained 1 minute apart, and non-HDL cholesterol (the secondary outcome) was calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.

TAKEAWAY:

• Participants in the intervention vs control group reported having significantly lower SBP as early as 4 months after the nurse-led strategy (mean difference, −6.4 mm Hg; P = .002), with the improvements sustaining until 12 months (mean difference, −4.2 mm Hg; P = .04).
• At 12 months, participants in the intervention group showed a 16.9-mg/dL (P < .001) reduction in non-HDL cholesterol levels compared with those in the control group.
• The nurse-led strategy led to a greater reduction in SBP in women with HIV vs men living with HIV (5.9 mm Hg greater SBP difference at 12 months), with the difference being clinically meaningful but not statistically significant.
• This nurse-led strategy did not increase the risk for adverse events in people living with HIV.

IN PRACTICE:

“Although the EXTRA-CVD intervention was limited to BP and cholesterol, nurse-led case management might be beneficial for a range of other primary care conditions in HIV clinics. If HIV clinics choose to implement EXTRA-CVD, they might consider adding staff trained in other chronic comorbidities and/or health promotion activities,” the authors noted.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Christopher T. Longenecker, MD, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, and published online on March 5, 2024, in JAMA Network Open.

LIMITATIONS:

Because this trial was conducted at well-resourced, major academic HIV clinics, the results may not be applicable to other populations, such as smaller community-based clinics or HIV care outside the United States. The sensitivity analyses performed in this study may not have fully accounted for the bias introduced by the differential attrition in the intervention group.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The authors declared receiving grants and personal fees from or having other ties with the NIH and other sources.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

A multicomponent strategy of nurse-led communication, home blood pressure monitoring, evidence-based treatment algorithms, and electronic health record tools improved systolic blood pressure (SBP) and non–high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol levels in people living with HIV.

METHODOLOGY:

• Investigators assessed if EXTRA-CVD, a nurse-led multicomponent intervention for preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), could effectively improve SBP and non-HDL cholesterol levels in people living with HIV whose viral replication has been controlled effectively using antiretroviral therapy.
• They recruited 297 individuals (median age, 59 years; 20.9% women) from three academic HIV clinics in the United States with an HIV-1 viral load < 200 copies/mL who were diagnosed with both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
• Participants were randomly assigned to either the EXTRA-CVD intervention group or a control group comprising individuals who received general prevention education.
• SBP (the primary outcome) was calculated as the mean of two SBP measurements obtained 1 minute apart, and non-HDL cholesterol (the secondary outcome) was calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.

TAKEAWAY:

• Participants in the intervention vs control group reported having significantly lower SBP as early as 4 months after the nurse-led strategy (mean difference, −6.4 mm Hg; P = .002), with the improvements sustaining until 12 months (mean difference, −4.2 mm Hg; P = .04).
• At 12 months, participants in the intervention group showed a 16.9-mg/dL (P < .001) reduction in non-HDL cholesterol levels compared with those in the control group.
• The nurse-led strategy led to a greater reduction in SBP in women with HIV vs men living with HIV (5.9 mm Hg greater SBP difference at 12 months), with the difference being clinically meaningful but not statistically significant.
• This nurse-led strategy did not increase the risk for adverse events in people living with HIV.

IN PRACTICE:

“Although the EXTRA-CVD intervention was limited to BP and cholesterol, nurse-led case management might be beneficial for a range of other primary care conditions in HIV clinics. If HIV clinics choose to implement EXTRA-CVD, they might consider adding staff trained in other chronic comorbidities and/or health promotion activities,” the authors noted.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Christopher T. Longenecker, MD, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, and published online on March 5, 2024, in JAMA Network Open.

LIMITATIONS:

Because this trial was conducted at well-resourced, major academic HIV clinics, the results may not be applicable to other populations, such as smaller community-based clinics or HIV care outside the United States. The sensitivity analyses performed in this study may not have fully accounted for the bias introduced by the differential attrition in the intervention group.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The authors declared receiving grants and personal fees from or having other ties with the NIH and other sources.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

A multicomponent strategy of nurse-led communication, home blood pressure monitoring, evidence-based treatment algorithms, and electronic health record tools improved systolic blood pressure (SBP) and non–high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol levels in people living with HIV.

METHODOLOGY:

• Investigators assessed if EXTRA-CVD, a nurse-led multicomponent intervention for preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), could effectively improve SBP and non-HDL cholesterol levels in people living with HIV whose viral replication has been controlled effectively using antiretroviral therapy.
• They recruited 297 individuals (median age, 59 years; 20.9% women) from three academic HIV clinics in the United States with an HIV-1 viral load < 200 copies/mL who were diagnosed with both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
• Participants were randomly assigned to either the EXTRA-CVD intervention group or a control group comprising individuals who received general prevention education.
• SBP (the primary outcome) was calculated as the mean of two SBP measurements obtained 1 minute apart, and non-HDL cholesterol (the secondary outcome) was calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.

TAKEAWAY:

• Participants in the intervention vs control group reported having significantly lower SBP as early as 4 months after the nurse-led strategy (mean difference, −6.4 mm Hg; P = .002), with the improvements sustaining until 12 months (mean difference, −4.2 mm Hg; P = .04).
• At 12 months, participants in the intervention group showed a 16.9-mg/dL (P < .001) reduction in non-HDL cholesterol levels compared with those in the control group.
• The nurse-led strategy led to a greater reduction in SBP in women with HIV vs men living with HIV (5.9 mm Hg greater SBP difference at 12 months), with the difference being clinically meaningful but not statistically significant.
• This nurse-led strategy did not increase the risk for adverse events in people living with HIV.

IN PRACTICE:

“Although the EXTRA-CVD intervention was limited to BP and cholesterol, nurse-led case management might be beneficial for a range of other primary care conditions in HIV clinics. If HIV clinics choose to implement EXTRA-CVD, they might consider adding staff trained in other chronic comorbidities and/or health promotion activities,” the authors noted.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Christopher T. Longenecker, MD, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, and published online on March 5, 2024, in JAMA Network Open.

LIMITATIONS:

Because this trial was conducted at well-resourced, major academic HIV clinics, the results may not be applicable to other populations, such as smaller community-based clinics or HIV care outside the United States. The sensitivity analyses performed in this study may not have fully accounted for the bias introduced by the differential attrition in the intervention group.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The authors declared receiving grants and personal fees from or having other ties with the NIH and other sources.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.