Article

Venuous Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients

Emergency Medicine. 2014 December;46(12)

References

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/webcontent/acspc-042151.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2014. PAGES 1 AND 2
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) clinical practice guidelines - version1.2014, Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolic Disease. Available at www.nccn.org.
Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al; American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. Clin Oncol. 2013;31(17):2189-2204.
Mandalà M, Falanga A, Roila F; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(Suppl 6):vi85-vi92.
Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S-e494S.
Khorana AA. Venous thromboembolism and prognosis in cancer. Thromb Res. 2010;125(6):490-493.
Khorana AA, Francis CW, eds. Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: New Findings in Translational Science, Prevention, and Treatment. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2007: 17–34.
Horsted F, West J, Grainge MJ. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(7):e1001275).
Khorana AA, Connolly GC. Assessing risk of venous thromboembolism in the patient with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(29):4839-4847.
Khorana AA. Risk assessment and prophylaxis for vte in cancer patients. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2011;9(7):789-797.
Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, Lyman GH, Francis CW. Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood. 2008;111(10):4902-4907.
Lee AY, Levine MN. Venous thromboembolism and cancer: risks and outcomes. Circulation. 2003;107(23 Suppl 1):I17-121.
Carson JL, Kelley MA, Duff A, et al. The clinical course of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(19):1240-1245.
Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, Baron JA. Prognosis of cancers associated with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(25):1846-1850.
Chew HK, Wun T, Harvey D, Zhou H,White RH. Incidence of venous thromboembolism and its effect on survival among patients with common cancers. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(4);458-464.
Green KB. Silverstein RL. Hypercoagulability in cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1996;10(2):499-530.
Hansson PO, Welin L, Tibblin G, Eriksson H. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the general population. ‘The Study of Men Born in 1913.’ Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(15):1665-1670.
Walker AJ, Card TR, West J, Crooks C, Grainge MJ. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer – a cohort study using linked United Kingdom databases. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(6):1404-1413.
Shea-Budgell MA, Wu CM, Easaw JC. Evidence-based guidance on venous thromboembolism in patients with solid tumours. Curr Oncol. 2014;21(3):e504-e514.
Mandalà M, Reni M, Cascinu S, et al. Venous thromboembolism predicts poor prognosis in irresectable pancreatic cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(10):1660-1665.
Prandoni P. Antithrombotic strategies in patients with cancer. Thromb Haemost. 1997;78(1):141-144.
Piccioli A, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al; SOMIT Investigators Group. Extensive screening for occult malignant disease in idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2(6):884-889.
Hettiarachchi RJ, Lok J, Prins MH, Büller HR, Prandoni P. Undiagnosed malignancy in patients with deep vein thrombosis: incidence, risk indicators, and diagnosis. Cancer. 1998;83(1):180-185.
Timp JF, Braekkan SK, Versteeg HH, Cannegiester SC. Epidemiology of cancer-associated venous thrombosis. Blood. 2013;122(10):1712-1723.
Falanga A, Marchetti M. Venous thromboembolism in the hematologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(29):4848-4857.
Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(22):1652-1662.
Manzoli L, De Vito C, Marzuillo C, Boccia A, Villari P. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2012;35(3):191-205.
Leaf AN, Propert K, Corcoran C, et al. Phase III study of combined chemohormonal therapy in metastatic prostate cancer (ECOG 3882): An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. Med Oncol. 2003;20(2):137-146.
Verso M, Agnelli G. Venous thromboembolism associated with long-term use of central venous catheters in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(19):3665-3675.
Chopra V, Anand S, Hickner A, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9889):311-325.
Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, Lyman GH, Francis CW. Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood. 2008; 111(10):4902-4907.
Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakowa E, Lyman GH. Risk factors for chemotherapy-associated venous thromboembolism in a prospective observational study. Cancer. 2005;104(12):2822-2829.
Sohne M, Kruip MJ, Nijkeuter M, et al; Christoper Study Group. Accuracy of clinical decision rule, D-dimer and spiral computed tomography in patients with malignancy, previous venous thromboembolism, COPD or heart failure and in older patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(5):1042-1046.
Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and D-dimer. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(2):98-107.
Zierler BK. Ultrasonography and diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2004;109(12 Suppl 1):I-9-I-4.
Schoepf UJ, Kucher N, Kipfmueller F, Quiroz R, Costello P, Goldhaber SZ. Right ventricular enlargement on chest computed tomography: a predictor of early death in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation. 2004;110(20):3276-3280.
Stein PD, Woodard PK, Weg JG, et al; PIOPED II investigators. Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of the PIOPED II investigators. Am J Med. 2006;119(12):1048-1055.
Anderson DR, Kahn SR, Rodger MA, et al. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298(23):2743-2753.
Goldhaber SZ. Pulmonary embolism. In: Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 6^th ed. WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA; 2006:1894-1895.
Miniati M, Monti S, Pratali L, et al. Value of transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: results of a prospective study in unselected patients. Am J Med. 2001;110(7):528-535.
Stein PD, Gottschalk A, Sostman HD, et al. Methods of Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis III (PIOPED III). Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38(6):462-470.
Farge D, Debourdeau P, Beckers M, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(1):56-70.
Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, et al; Randomized Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer (CLOT) Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(2):146-153.
Merli G, Spiro TE, Olsson CG, et al; Enoxaparin Clinical Trial Group. Subcutaneous enoxaparin once or twice daily compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(3):191-202.
Van Doormaal FF, Raskob GE, Davidson BL, et al. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: subgroup analysis of the Matisse clinical trials. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101(4):762-769.
Akl EA, Vasireddi SR, Gunukula S, et al. Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;15(6)CD006649.
Wan S, Quinlan DJ, Agnelli G, Eikelboom JW. Thrombolysis compared with heparin for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Circulation. 2004;110(6):744-749.
Sharifi M, Bay C, Skrocki L, Rahimi F, Mehdipour M; “MOPETT” Investigators. Moderate Pulmonary Embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the MOPETT trial). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):273-277
Docousus H; PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) Study Group. Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study. Circulation. 2005;112(3):416-422.
Mewissen MW, Seabrook GR, Meissner MH, Cynamon J, Labropoulos N, Haughton SH. Catheter-directed thrombolysis for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: report of a national multicenter registry. Radiology. 1999;211(1):39-49.
Di Nisio M, Ferrante N, De Tursi M, et al. Incidental venous thromboembolism inn ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104(5):1049-1054.
Dentali F, Ageno W, Becattini C, et al. Prevalence and clinical history of incidental, asymptomatic pulmonary embolism: A meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2010;125(6):518-522.
Lee AY, Carrier M. Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis: perspectives on the use of novel oral anticoagulants. Thromb Res. 2014;133(Suppl 2):S167-S171.
Schiff D, DeAngelis LM. Therapy of venous thromboembolism in patients with brain metastases. Cancer. 1994;73(2):493-498.
Kondziolka D, Bernstein M, Resch L, et al. Significance of hemorrhage into brain tumors: clinicopathological study. J Neurosurg. 1987;67(6):852-857.
Carrier M, Le Gal G, Cho R, Tierney S, Rodger M, Lee AY. Dose escalation of low molecular weight heparin to manage recurrent venous thromboembolic events despite systemic anticoagulation in cancer patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(5):760-765.
Wells PS, Forgie MA, Rodger MA. Treatment of venous thromboembolism. JAMA. 2014;311(7):717-728.
Erkens PM, Gandara E, Wells PS, et al. Safety of outpatient treatment in acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(11):2412-2417.
Aujesky D, Roy PM, Verschuren F, et al. Outpatient vs inpatient treatment for patients with acute pulmonary embolism: an international, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9785):41-48.

References

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2014. http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/webcontent/acspc-042151.pdf. Accessed December 3, 2014. PAGES 1 AND 2
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) clinical practice guidelines - version1.2014, Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolic Disease. Available at www.nccn.org.
Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al; American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. Clin Oncol. 2013;31(17):2189-2204.
Mandalà M, Falanga A, Roila F; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(Suppl 6):vi85-vi92.
Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S-e494S.
Khorana AA. Venous thromboembolism and prognosis in cancer. Thromb Res. 2010;125(6):490-493.
Khorana AA, Francis CW, eds. Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: New Findings in Translational Science, Prevention, and Treatment. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2007: 17–34.
Horsted F, West J, Grainge MJ. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(7):e1001275).
Khorana AA, Connolly GC. Assessing risk of venous thromboembolism in the patient with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(29):4839-4847.
Khorana AA. Risk assessment and prophylaxis for vte in cancer patients. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2011;9(7):789-797.
Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, Lyman GH, Francis CW. Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood. 2008;111(10):4902-4907.
Lee AY, Levine MN. Venous thromboembolism and cancer: risks and outcomes. Circulation. 2003;107(23 Suppl 1):I17-121.
Carson JL, Kelley MA, Duff A, et al. The clinical course of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(19):1240-1245.
Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, Baron JA. Prognosis of cancers associated with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(25):1846-1850.
Chew HK, Wun T, Harvey D, Zhou H,White RH. Incidence of venous thromboembolism and its effect on survival among patients with common cancers. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(4);458-464.
Green KB. Silverstein RL. Hypercoagulability in cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1996;10(2):499-530.
Hansson PO, Welin L, Tibblin G, Eriksson H. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the general population. ‘The Study of Men Born in 1913.’ Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(15):1665-1670.
Walker AJ, Card TR, West J, Crooks C, Grainge MJ. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer – a cohort study using linked United Kingdom databases. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(6):1404-1413.
Shea-Budgell MA, Wu CM, Easaw JC. Evidence-based guidance on venous thromboembolism in patients with solid tumours. Curr Oncol. 2014;21(3):e504-e514.
Mandalà M, Reni M, Cascinu S, et al. Venous thromboembolism predicts poor prognosis in irresectable pancreatic cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(10):1660-1665.
Prandoni P. Antithrombotic strategies in patients with cancer. Thromb Haemost. 1997;78(1):141-144.
Piccioli A, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al; SOMIT Investigators Group. Extensive screening for occult malignant disease in idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2(6):884-889.
Hettiarachchi RJ, Lok J, Prins MH, Büller HR, Prandoni P. Undiagnosed malignancy in patients with deep vein thrombosis: incidence, risk indicators, and diagnosis. Cancer. 1998;83(1):180-185.
Timp JF, Braekkan SK, Versteeg HH, Cannegiester SC. Epidemiology of cancer-associated venous thrombosis. Blood. 2013;122(10):1712-1723.
Falanga A, Marchetti M. Venous thromboembolism in the hematologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(29):4848-4857.
Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(22):1652-1662.
Manzoli L, De Vito C, Marzuillo C, Boccia A, Villari P. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2012;35(3):191-205.
Leaf AN, Propert K, Corcoran C, et al. Phase III study of combined chemohormonal therapy in metastatic prostate cancer (ECOG 3882): An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. Med Oncol. 2003;20(2):137-146.
Verso M, Agnelli G. Venous thromboembolism associated with long-term use of central venous catheters in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(19):3665-3675.
Chopra V, Anand S, Hickner A, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9889):311-325.
Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, Lyman GH, Francis CW. Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood. 2008; 111(10):4902-4907.
Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakowa E, Lyman GH. Risk factors for chemotherapy-associated venous thromboembolism in a prospective observational study. Cancer. 2005;104(12):2822-2829.
Sohne M, Kruip MJ, Nijkeuter M, et al; Christoper Study Group. Accuracy of clinical decision rule, D-dimer and spiral computed tomography in patients with malignancy, previous venous thromboembolism, COPD or heart failure and in older patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(5):1042-1046.
Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and D-dimer. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(2):98-107.
Zierler BK. Ultrasonography and diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2004;109(12 Suppl 1):I-9-I-4.
Schoepf UJ, Kucher N, Kipfmueller F, Quiroz R, Costello P, Goldhaber SZ. Right ventricular enlargement on chest computed tomography: a predictor of early death in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation. 2004;110(20):3276-3280.
Stein PD, Woodard PK, Weg JG, et al; PIOPED II investigators. Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of the PIOPED II investigators. Am J Med. 2006;119(12):1048-1055.
Anderson DR, Kahn SR, Rodger MA, et al. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298(23):2743-2753.
Goldhaber SZ. Pulmonary embolism. In: Braunwald E, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 6^th ed. WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA; 2006:1894-1895.
Miniati M, Monti S, Pratali L, et al. Value of transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: results of a prospective study in unselected patients. Am J Med. 2001;110(7):528-535.
Stein PD, Gottschalk A, Sostman HD, et al. Methods of Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis III (PIOPED III). Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38(6):462-470.
Farge D, Debourdeau P, Beckers M, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(1):56-70.
Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, et al; Randomized Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer (CLOT) Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(2):146-153.
Merli G, Spiro TE, Olsson CG, et al; Enoxaparin Clinical Trial Group. Subcutaneous enoxaparin once or twice daily compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin for treatment of venous thromboembolic disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(3):191-202.
Van Doormaal FF, Raskob GE, Davidson BL, et al. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: subgroup analysis of the Matisse clinical trials. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101(4):762-769.
Akl EA, Vasireddi SR, Gunukula S, et al. Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;15(6)CD006649.
Wan S, Quinlan DJ, Agnelli G, Eikelboom JW. Thrombolysis compared with heparin for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Circulation. 2004;110(6):744-749.
Sharifi M, Bay C, Skrocki L, Rahimi F, Mehdipour M; “MOPETT” Investigators. Moderate Pulmonary Embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the MOPETT trial). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):273-277
Docousus H; PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) Study Group. Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study. Circulation. 2005;112(3):416-422.
Mewissen MW, Seabrook GR, Meissner MH, Cynamon J, Labropoulos N, Haughton SH. Catheter-directed thrombolysis for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: report of a national multicenter registry. Radiology. 1999;211(1):39-49.
Di Nisio M, Ferrante N, De Tursi M, et al. Incidental venous thromboembolism inn ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104(5):1049-1054.
Dentali F, Ageno W, Becattini C, et al. Prevalence and clinical history of incidental, asymptomatic pulmonary embolism: A meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2010;125(6):518-522.
Lee AY, Carrier M. Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis: perspectives on the use of novel oral anticoagulants. Thromb Res. 2014;133(Suppl 2):S167-S171.
Schiff D, DeAngelis LM. Therapy of venous thromboembolism in patients with brain metastases. Cancer. 1994;73(2):493-498.
Kondziolka D, Bernstein M, Resch L, et al. Significance of hemorrhage into brain tumors: clinicopathological study. J Neurosurg. 1987;67(6):852-857.
Carrier M, Le Gal G, Cho R, Tierney S, Rodger M, Lee AY. Dose escalation of low molecular weight heparin to manage recurrent venous thromboembolic events despite systemic anticoagulation in cancer patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(5):760-765.
Wells PS, Forgie MA, Rodger MA. Treatment of venous thromboembolism. JAMA. 2014;311(7):717-728.
Erkens PM, Gandara E, Wells PS, et al. Safety of outpatient treatment in acute pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(11):2412-2417.
Aujesky D, Roy PM, Verschuren F, et al. Outpatient vs inpatient treatment for patients with acute pulmonary embolism: an international, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9785):41-48.

Venuous Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients

References

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