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Drug-related deaths continue to rise in United States
TORONTO – Drug-related deaths in America are rising faster than ever.
Rear Adm. Wanda D. Barfield, MD shared recent data from the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics on people aged 15 years and older at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting. Between 1999 and 2016, for example, the number of drug overdose deaths rose more than threefold, from 6.1/100,000 standard population in 1999 to 19.8/100,000 in 2016. For males, the rate increased from 8.2/100,000 in 1999 to 26.2/100,000 in 2016. For females, the rate increased from 3.9/100,000 in 1999 to 13.4/100,000 in 2016.
Dr. Barfield, director of the division of reproductive health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said that in 2016, the NCHS also found that 22 states and the District of Columbia had drug overdoses that were significantly higher than the national average. The states with the highest number of drug overdose deaths were the District of Columbia, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia while the states with the lowest observed rates were Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.
“Many of these drug overdose deaths are linked to opioids, but not exclusively,” Dr. Barfield said. “In the past, the overall opioid-related overdose deaths were mainly attributed to commonly prescribed opioid medications. However, in recent years, we’re seeing more deaths due to illicit drugs such as heroin and fentanyl.”
The NCHS found that the age-adjusted rate for drug overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone doubled from 2015 to 2016, and that drug overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone increased from 0.3/100,000 in 1999 to 6.2/100,000 in 2016. The rate increased an average of 18% per year from 1999 to 2006, remained steady from 2006 to 2013, but increased by 88% per year from 2013 to 2016. At the same time, drug overdose deaths involving heroin increased from 0.7/100,000 in 1999 to 1/100,000 in 2010, to 4.9/100,000 in 2016.
According to Dr. Barfield, the spike in opioid use since 1999 stems directly from increased prescribing rates. “In 2015, the number of opioids prescribed was enough so that every American could be medicated around the clock for 3 weeks,” she said. “In addition to the number of prescriptions, the average day’s supply of prescription opioids increased from 2006 to 2015, from 13.3 days in 2006 to 17.7 days in 2015.” What’s more, a recent CDC Vital Signs found that the amount of opioids prescribed per person varied widely among U.S. counties in 2015. “The wide variation among counties suggests a lack of consistency among providers when prescribing opioids,” Dr. Barfield said. “It’s concerning, as higher opioid prescribing puts patients at risk for addiction.”
At the same time, opioid overdose ED visits continue to rise. Data from the CDC’s National Syndromic Surveillance Program found that from July 2016 to September 2017, opioid overdose ED visits increased by 30% for men, by 24% for women, and for all adult age groups (31% among those aged 25-34 years, 36% among those aged 35-54 years, and 32% among those aged 55 years and older).
There’s a problem of prescription opioid use among pregnant women. Published estimates indicate that 14%-22% of women filled an opioid prescription during pregnancy, Dr. Barfield said. Among pregnant women, the prevalence of maternal opioid use or dependence during hospitalization for delivery has increased 127%, from 1.7 /1,000 delivery admissions in 1998 to 3.9/1,000 delivery admissions in 2011 (Anesthesiology 2014;121[6]:1158-65). There also has been a significant increase in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), which is most commonly attributed to opioid exposure during pregnancy, from 1.2/1,000 U.S. hospital births in 2000 to 8/1,000 U.S. hospital births in 2014. “NAS is still on the rise,” Dr. Barfield said. “In 2012, we saw one baby with NAS born every 25 minutes. In 2014, that number jumped to one baby born with NAS every 15 minutes. That means about 96 infants with NAS are born daily,” she said. “Where do you think we’re going to be when we look at 2018 data?”
Role for pediatricians
Dr. Barfield closed her presentation by underscoring the role pediatricians play in counseling patients about opioid abuse or dependence during pregnancy. “We know that providers have a tremendous impact on patients and their families,” she said. “We also know that issues leading to a newborn having NAS are complex, so adopting a public health approach focused on prevention, expansion of treatment, and improvements in child welfare systems is vital.” Specifically, she said, health care providers can “bridge the gap” between clinical care and public health; lead in their communities, not just within their hospital or practice; work as a team member with colleagues in other fields of medicine such as obstetrics, family medicine, and addiction care when caring for infants with NAS, and by considering the social determinants of health.
“One way to adopt a public health perspective is to remember that the health of the fetus and baby rely on more than just prenatal care,” Dr. Barfield said. “We’re all part of a larger whole, surrounded by our families, communities, regions, state, and even our countries of origin. What’s going on with the mom, her family, and the larger community impacts the baby’s health. In other words, the social determinants of health matter, and are an important part of the conversation on NAS.”
She reported having no financial disclosures.
TORONTO – Drug-related deaths in America are rising faster than ever.
Rear Adm. Wanda D. Barfield, MD shared recent data from the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics on people aged 15 years and older at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting. Between 1999 and 2016, for example, the number of drug overdose deaths rose more than threefold, from 6.1/100,000 standard population in 1999 to 19.8/100,000 in 2016. For males, the rate increased from 8.2/100,000 in 1999 to 26.2/100,000 in 2016. For females, the rate increased from 3.9/100,000 in 1999 to 13.4/100,000 in 2016.
Dr. Barfield, director of the division of reproductive health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said that in 2016, the NCHS also found that 22 states and the District of Columbia had drug overdoses that were significantly higher than the national average. The states with the highest number of drug overdose deaths were the District of Columbia, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia while the states with the lowest observed rates were Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.
“Many of these drug overdose deaths are linked to opioids, but not exclusively,” Dr. Barfield said. “In the past, the overall opioid-related overdose deaths were mainly attributed to commonly prescribed opioid medications. However, in recent years, we’re seeing more deaths due to illicit drugs such as heroin and fentanyl.”
The NCHS found that the age-adjusted rate for drug overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone doubled from 2015 to 2016, and that drug overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone increased from 0.3/100,000 in 1999 to 6.2/100,000 in 2016. The rate increased an average of 18% per year from 1999 to 2006, remained steady from 2006 to 2013, but increased by 88% per year from 2013 to 2016. At the same time, drug overdose deaths involving heroin increased from 0.7/100,000 in 1999 to 1/100,000 in 2010, to 4.9/100,000 in 2016.
According to Dr. Barfield, the spike in opioid use since 1999 stems directly from increased prescribing rates. “In 2015, the number of opioids prescribed was enough so that every American could be medicated around the clock for 3 weeks,” she said. “In addition to the number of prescriptions, the average day’s supply of prescription opioids increased from 2006 to 2015, from 13.3 days in 2006 to 17.7 days in 2015.” What’s more, a recent CDC Vital Signs found that the amount of opioids prescribed per person varied widely among U.S. counties in 2015. “The wide variation among counties suggests a lack of consistency among providers when prescribing opioids,” Dr. Barfield said. “It’s concerning, as higher opioid prescribing puts patients at risk for addiction.”
At the same time, opioid overdose ED visits continue to rise. Data from the CDC’s National Syndromic Surveillance Program found that from July 2016 to September 2017, opioid overdose ED visits increased by 30% for men, by 24% for women, and for all adult age groups (31% among those aged 25-34 years, 36% among those aged 35-54 years, and 32% among those aged 55 years and older).
There’s a problem of prescription opioid use among pregnant women. Published estimates indicate that 14%-22% of women filled an opioid prescription during pregnancy, Dr. Barfield said. Among pregnant women, the prevalence of maternal opioid use or dependence during hospitalization for delivery has increased 127%, from 1.7 /1,000 delivery admissions in 1998 to 3.9/1,000 delivery admissions in 2011 (Anesthesiology 2014;121[6]:1158-65). There also has been a significant increase in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), which is most commonly attributed to opioid exposure during pregnancy, from 1.2/1,000 U.S. hospital births in 2000 to 8/1,000 U.S. hospital births in 2014. “NAS is still on the rise,” Dr. Barfield said. “In 2012, we saw one baby with NAS born every 25 minutes. In 2014, that number jumped to one baby born with NAS every 15 minutes. That means about 96 infants with NAS are born daily,” she said. “Where do you think we’re going to be when we look at 2018 data?”
Role for pediatricians
Dr. Barfield closed her presentation by underscoring the role pediatricians play in counseling patients about opioid abuse or dependence during pregnancy. “We know that providers have a tremendous impact on patients and their families,” she said. “We also know that issues leading to a newborn having NAS are complex, so adopting a public health approach focused on prevention, expansion of treatment, and improvements in child welfare systems is vital.” Specifically, she said, health care providers can “bridge the gap” between clinical care and public health; lead in their communities, not just within their hospital or practice; work as a team member with colleagues in other fields of medicine such as obstetrics, family medicine, and addiction care when caring for infants with NAS, and by considering the social determinants of health.
“One way to adopt a public health perspective is to remember that the health of the fetus and baby rely on more than just prenatal care,” Dr. Barfield said. “We’re all part of a larger whole, surrounded by our families, communities, regions, state, and even our countries of origin. What’s going on with the mom, her family, and the larger community impacts the baby’s health. In other words, the social determinants of health matter, and are an important part of the conversation on NAS.”
She reported having no financial disclosures.
TORONTO – Drug-related deaths in America are rising faster than ever.
Rear Adm. Wanda D. Barfield, MD shared recent data from the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics on people aged 15 years and older at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting. Between 1999 and 2016, for example, the number of drug overdose deaths rose more than threefold, from 6.1/100,000 standard population in 1999 to 19.8/100,000 in 2016. For males, the rate increased from 8.2/100,000 in 1999 to 26.2/100,000 in 2016. For females, the rate increased from 3.9/100,000 in 1999 to 13.4/100,000 in 2016.
Dr. Barfield, director of the division of reproductive health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said that in 2016, the NCHS also found that 22 states and the District of Columbia had drug overdoses that were significantly higher than the national average. The states with the highest number of drug overdose deaths were the District of Columbia, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia while the states with the lowest observed rates were Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.
“Many of these drug overdose deaths are linked to opioids, but not exclusively,” Dr. Barfield said. “In the past, the overall opioid-related overdose deaths were mainly attributed to commonly prescribed opioid medications. However, in recent years, we’re seeing more deaths due to illicit drugs such as heroin and fentanyl.”
The NCHS found that the age-adjusted rate for drug overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone doubled from 2015 to 2016, and that drug overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone increased from 0.3/100,000 in 1999 to 6.2/100,000 in 2016. The rate increased an average of 18% per year from 1999 to 2006, remained steady from 2006 to 2013, but increased by 88% per year from 2013 to 2016. At the same time, drug overdose deaths involving heroin increased from 0.7/100,000 in 1999 to 1/100,000 in 2010, to 4.9/100,000 in 2016.
According to Dr. Barfield, the spike in opioid use since 1999 stems directly from increased prescribing rates. “In 2015, the number of opioids prescribed was enough so that every American could be medicated around the clock for 3 weeks,” she said. “In addition to the number of prescriptions, the average day’s supply of prescription opioids increased from 2006 to 2015, from 13.3 days in 2006 to 17.7 days in 2015.” What’s more, a recent CDC Vital Signs found that the amount of opioids prescribed per person varied widely among U.S. counties in 2015. “The wide variation among counties suggests a lack of consistency among providers when prescribing opioids,” Dr. Barfield said. “It’s concerning, as higher opioid prescribing puts patients at risk for addiction.”
At the same time, opioid overdose ED visits continue to rise. Data from the CDC’s National Syndromic Surveillance Program found that from July 2016 to September 2017, opioid overdose ED visits increased by 30% for men, by 24% for women, and for all adult age groups (31% among those aged 25-34 years, 36% among those aged 35-54 years, and 32% among those aged 55 years and older).
There’s a problem of prescription opioid use among pregnant women. Published estimates indicate that 14%-22% of women filled an opioid prescription during pregnancy, Dr. Barfield said. Among pregnant women, the prevalence of maternal opioid use or dependence during hospitalization for delivery has increased 127%, from 1.7 /1,000 delivery admissions in 1998 to 3.9/1,000 delivery admissions in 2011 (Anesthesiology 2014;121[6]:1158-65). There also has been a significant increase in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), which is most commonly attributed to opioid exposure during pregnancy, from 1.2/1,000 U.S. hospital births in 2000 to 8/1,000 U.S. hospital births in 2014. “NAS is still on the rise,” Dr. Barfield said. “In 2012, we saw one baby with NAS born every 25 minutes. In 2014, that number jumped to one baby born with NAS every 15 minutes. That means about 96 infants with NAS are born daily,” she said. “Where do you think we’re going to be when we look at 2018 data?”
Role for pediatricians
Dr. Barfield closed her presentation by underscoring the role pediatricians play in counseling patients about opioid abuse or dependence during pregnancy. “We know that providers have a tremendous impact on patients and their families,” she said. “We also know that issues leading to a newborn having NAS are complex, so adopting a public health approach focused on prevention, expansion of treatment, and improvements in child welfare systems is vital.” Specifically, she said, health care providers can “bridge the gap” between clinical care and public health; lead in their communities, not just within their hospital or practice; work as a team member with colleagues in other fields of medicine such as obstetrics, family medicine, and addiction care when caring for infants with NAS, and by considering the social determinants of health.
“One way to adopt a public health perspective is to remember that the health of the fetus and baby rely on more than just prenatal care,” Dr. Barfield said. “We’re all part of a larger whole, surrounded by our families, communities, regions, state, and even our countries of origin. What’s going on with the mom, her family, and the larger community impacts the baby’s health. In other words, the social determinants of health matter, and are an important part of the conversation on NAS.”
She reported having no financial disclosures.
EXPERT ANALYSIS FROM PAS 2018
Which infants with invasive bacterial infections are at risk for adverse outcomes?
TORONTO – Among infants up to 60 days old with an invasive bacterial infection, adverse outcomes are associated with prematurity, ill appearance, and bacterial meningitis, a multicenter retrospective analysis found.
“Young infants are susceptible to serious bacterial infections, particularly when they’re less than 60 days of age,” Christopher Pruitt, MD, said at the annual Pediatric Academic Societies meeting. “Among these infants, bacteremia and bacterial meningitis, also referred to as invasive bacterial infections, are associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality.”
The primary outcome measure was occurrence of an adverse clinical outcome within 30 days following the index ED visit. Adverse outcomes were defined as use of mechanical ventilation, vasoactive medications, any neurologic sequelae, and death. The researchers used a mixed-effects logistic regression model and retained covariates with a P value of less than .10. Covariates analyzed included age less than 28 days, prematurity, presence or absence of a complex chronic condition, presence of fever, ill appearance, bacterial meningitis, and concordant empiric antimicrobial therapy.
Of the 442 infants included in the final analysis, the majority (80%) had bacteremia, 14% had bacterial meningitis plus bacteremia, and 6% had bacterial meningitis only. “For purposes of this study, patients with bacterial meningitis with or without bacteremia were categorized as having bacterial meningitis,” Dr. Pruitt said. He and his associates found that 14.5% of infants had one or more adverse outcomes. Adverse outcomes occurred in 39% of infants with bacterial meningitis, compared with 8.2% of infants with isolated bacteremia. Need for mechanical ventilation, vasoactive medications, and neurologic disability also was more common among infants with bacterial meningitis than it was among children with isolated bacteremia. There were 10 deaths overall, which amounted to about 2% in both groups.
On multivariate analysis, the rate of adverse outcomes was significantly higher for patients with bacterial meningitis than it was for those with isolated bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio, 8.8), for premature versus term infants (AOR, 5.9), for infants who were ill appearing versus non-ill appearing (AOR, 3.9), and for infants with no fever versus those with fever (AOR, 2.4). No significant associations with 30-day adverse outcomes were seen in patients with a complex chronic condition, compared with those without a complex chronic condition (AOR, 2.0), nor in the those aged 29-60 days versus those younger than 29 days (15% vs. 14%, respectively; AOR 0.7).
“When looking at the most common scenario – a full-term infant without an ill appearance, and bacteremia as opposed to bacterial meningitis – 3 of these 219 infants, or 1.4%, had an adverse outcome,” said Dr. Pruitt, who cares for patients in the ED at Children’s of Alabama in Birmingham. “And there were no deaths.” He also reported that 12 infants with invasive bacterial infections were discharged from the index ED visit without antimicrobial treatment. All had bacteremia and none had an adverse outcome.
Dr. Pruitt acknowledged certain limitations of the study, including its retrospective design, that the outcomes were limited to 30 days, and the fact that the findings may not be generalizable to nontertiary settings. “Our findings have important implications for the care of infants with invasive bacterial infections,” he concluded. “In particular, the high rate of adverse outcomes for infants with bacterial meningitis can provide some context for clinicians in assessing the need for diagnostic evaluation for invasive bacterial infection and discussing testing and treatment with parents. Our findings may also help to inform inpatient management for hospitalized infants with invasive bacterial infections, as well as anticipatory guidance for parents, particularly around follow-up. Further prospective studies evaluating the long-term outcomes of infants with invasive bacterial infections are needed.”
The study was supported in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Pruitt reported having no financial disclosures.
TORONTO – Among infants up to 60 days old with an invasive bacterial infection, adverse outcomes are associated with prematurity, ill appearance, and bacterial meningitis, a multicenter retrospective analysis found.
“Young infants are susceptible to serious bacterial infections, particularly when they’re less than 60 days of age,” Christopher Pruitt, MD, said at the annual Pediatric Academic Societies meeting. “Among these infants, bacteremia and bacterial meningitis, also referred to as invasive bacterial infections, are associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality.”
The primary outcome measure was occurrence of an adverse clinical outcome within 30 days following the index ED visit. Adverse outcomes were defined as use of mechanical ventilation, vasoactive medications, any neurologic sequelae, and death. The researchers used a mixed-effects logistic regression model and retained covariates with a P value of less than .10. Covariates analyzed included age less than 28 days, prematurity, presence or absence of a complex chronic condition, presence of fever, ill appearance, bacterial meningitis, and concordant empiric antimicrobial therapy.
Of the 442 infants included in the final analysis, the majority (80%) had bacteremia, 14% had bacterial meningitis plus bacteremia, and 6% had bacterial meningitis only. “For purposes of this study, patients with bacterial meningitis with or without bacteremia were categorized as having bacterial meningitis,” Dr. Pruitt said. He and his associates found that 14.5% of infants had one or more adverse outcomes. Adverse outcomes occurred in 39% of infants with bacterial meningitis, compared with 8.2% of infants with isolated bacteremia. Need for mechanical ventilation, vasoactive medications, and neurologic disability also was more common among infants with bacterial meningitis than it was among children with isolated bacteremia. There were 10 deaths overall, which amounted to about 2% in both groups.
On multivariate analysis, the rate of adverse outcomes was significantly higher for patients with bacterial meningitis than it was for those with isolated bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio, 8.8), for premature versus term infants (AOR, 5.9), for infants who were ill appearing versus non-ill appearing (AOR, 3.9), and for infants with no fever versus those with fever (AOR, 2.4). No significant associations with 30-day adverse outcomes were seen in patients with a complex chronic condition, compared with those without a complex chronic condition (AOR, 2.0), nor in the those aged 29-60 days versus those younger than 29 days (15% vs. 14%, respectively; AOR 0.7).
“When looking at the most common scenario – a full-term infant without an ill appearance, and bacteremia as opposed to bacterial meningitis – 3 of these 219 infants, or 1.4%, had an adverse outcome,” said Dr. Pruitt, who cares for patients in the ED at Children’s of Alabama in Birmingham. “And there were no deaths.” He also reported that 12 infants with invasive bacterial infections were discharged from the index ED visit without antimicrobial treatment. All had bacteremia and none had an adverse outcome.
Dr. Pruitt acknowledged certain limitations of the study, including its retrospective design, that the outcomes were limited to 30 days, and the fact that the findings may not be generalizable to nontertiary settings. “Our findings have important implications for the care of infants with invasive bacterial infections,” he concluded. “In particular, the high rate of adverse outcomes for infants with bacterial meningitis can provide some context for clinicians in assessing the need for diagnostic evaluation for invasive bacterial infection and discussing testing and treatment with parents. Our findings may also help to inform inpatient management for hospitalized infants with invasive bacterial infections, as well as anticipatory guidance for parents, particularly around follow-up. Further prospective studies evaluating the long-term outcomes of infants with invasive bacterial infections are needed.”
The study was supported in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Pruitt reported having no financial disclosures.
TORONTO – Among infants up to 60 days old with an invasive bacterial infection, adverse outcomes are associated with prematurity, ill appearance, and bacterial meningitis, a multicenter retrospective analysis found.
“Young infants are susceptible to serious bacterial infections, particularly when they’re less than 60 days of age,” Christopher Pruitt, MD, said at the annual Pediatric Academic Societies meeting. “Among these infants, bacteremia and bacterial meningitis, also referred to as invasive bacterial infections, are associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality.”
The primary outcome measure was occurrence of an adverse clinical outcome within 30 days following the index ED visit. Adverse outcomes were defined as use of mechanical ventilation, vasoactive medications, any neurologic sequelae, and death. The researchers used a mixed-effects logistic regression model and retained covariates with a P value of less than .10. Covariates analyzed included age less than 28 days, prematurity, presence or absence of a complex chronic condition, presence of fever, ill appearance, bacterial meningitis, and concordant empiric antimicrobial therapy.
Of the 442 infants included in the final analysis, the majority (80%) had bacteremia, 14% had bacterial meningitis plus bacteremia, and 6% had bacterial meningitis only. “For purposes of this study, patients with bacterial meningitis with or without bacteremia were categorized as having bacterial meningitis,” Dr. Pruitt said. He and his associates found that 14.5% of infants had one or more adverse outcomes. Adverse outcomes occurred in 39% of infants with bacterial meningitis, compared with 8.2% of infants with isolated bacteremia. Need for mechanical ventilation, vasoactive medications, and neurologic disability also was more common among infants with bacterial meningitis than it was among children with isolated bacteremia. There were 10 deaths overall, which amounted to about 2% in both groups.
On multivariate analysis, the rate of adverse outcomes was significantly higher for patients with bacterial meningitis than it was for those with isolated bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio, 8.8), for premature versus term infants (AOR, 5.9), for infants who were ill appearing versus non-ill appearing (AOR, 3.9), and for infants with no fever versus those with fever (AOR, 2.4). No significant associations with 30-day adverse outcomes were seen in patients with a complex chronic condition, compared with those without a complex chronic condition (AOR, 2.0), nor in the those aged 29-60 days versus those younger than 29 days (15% vs. 14%, respectively; AOR 0.7).
“When looking at the most common scenario – a full-term infant without an ill appearance, and bacteremia as opposed to bacterial meningitis – 3 of these 219 infants, or 1.4%, had an adverse outcome,” said Dr. Pruitt, who cares for patients in the ED at Children’s of Alabama in Birmingham. “And there were no deaths.” He also reported that 12 infants with invasive bacterial infections were discharged from the index ED visit without antimicrobial treatment. All had bacteremia and none had an adverse outcome.
Dr. Pruitt acknowledged certain limitations of the study, including its retrospective design, that the outcomes were limited to 30 days, and the fact that the findings may not be generalizable to nontertiary settings. “Our findings have important implications for the care of infants with invasive bacterial infections,” he concluded. “In particular, the high rate of adverse outcomes for infants with bacterial meningitis can provide some context for clinicians in assessing the need for diagnostic evaluation for invasive bacterial infection and discussing testing and treatment with parents. Our findings may also help to inform inpatient management for hospitalized infants with invasive bacterial infections, as well as anticipatory guidance for parents, particularly around follow-up. Further prospective studies evaluating the long-term outcomes of infants with invasive bacterial infections are needed.”
The study was supported in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Pruitt reported having no financial disclosures.
REPORTING FROM PAS 2018
Key clinical point:
Major finding: The rate of adverse outcomes was significantly higher for patients with bacterial meningitis versus those with isolated bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio, 8.8) and for premature versus term infants (AOR, 5.9).
Study details: A multicenter, retrospective review of 442 infants with invasive bacterial infections who were initially evaluated in the ED.
Disclosures: The study was supported in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Pruitt reported having no financial disclosures.
Babies exposed to SSRIs in utero have decreased LV size
TORONTO – according to a small study presented at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting.
“Given the frequency of SSRI use during pregnancy and continued conflicting results regarding cardiac effects, it is an important area of study,” senior author Sarah Haskell, DO, said in an interview. Her group at the University of Iowa in Coralville, which includes first author Deidra Ansah, MD, previously demonstrated reduced ventricular size and cardiac function in sertraline-exposed animal models.
Compared with unexposed newborns, SSRI-exposed infants had a 16% reduction in right ventricular (RV) diameter in diastole (P = .02) and a 22% reduction in left ventricular (LV) volume in systole (P = .02). They also had decreased LV lengths in diastole and systole (P = .045 and .004, respectively), but no impact was noted on cardiac function, as measured by shortening fraction.
“While cardiac function was appropriate on the initial echocardiogram, there were significant differences in cardiac dimensions,” said Dr. Haskell. “Whether these differences influence health and disease susceptibility requires further, longer-term studies.”
Her group plans to continue investigating the effects of SSRIs on cardiac development and also plans to study the offspring of women who are depressed but not on pharmacologic treatment to determine the effects of depression alone on cardiac size and function.
Dr. Haskell and her colleagues studied 21 term infants without and 20 term infants with exposure to in utero SSRIs who underwent standard echocardiograms including four-chamber and M-mode views within 48 hours of life. Exclusion criteria included prematurity, large or small for gestational age, any respiratory or cardiac support, and any major congenital malformations.
The mothers of exposed infants had higher depression scores compared with controls (P = .004), and had minimal to mild depression. Otherwise, they were similar in terms of age, weight, and likelihood of having chronic or gestational hypertension or diabetes. There also were no differences in maternal conditions or infant birth weight, body surface area or gestational age.
In the infants, no differences were seen in the occurrence of patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis.
This research was supported by the Department of Pediatric K12 Child Health Research Career Development Award, the Stead Family Department of Pediatrics at the University of Iowa, an NIH T32 grant, and the Children’s Miracle Network. The authors reported no financial disclosures.
TORONTO – according to a small study presented at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting.
“Given the frequency of SSRI use during pregnancy and continued conflicting results regarding cardiac effects, it is an important area of study,” senior author Sarah Haskell, DO, said in an interview. Her group at the University of Iowa in Coralville, which includes first author Deidra Ansah, MD, previously demonstrated reduced ventricular size and cardiac function in sertraline-exposed animal models.
Compared with unexposed newborns, SSRI-exposed infants had a 16% reduction in right ventricular (RV) diameter in diastole (P = .02) and a 22% reduction in left ventricular (LV) volume in systole (P = .02). They also had decreased LV lengths in diastole and systole (P = .045 and .004, respectively), but no impact was noted on cardiac function, as measured by shortening fraction.
“While cardiac function was appropriate on the initial echocardiogram, there were significant differences in cardiac dimensions,” said Dr. Haskell. “Whether these differences influence health and disease susceptibility requires further, longer-term studies.”
Her group plans to continue investigating the effects of SSRIs on cardiac development and also plans to study the offspring of women who are depressed but not on pharmacologic treatment to determine the effects of depression alone on cardiac size and function.
Dr. Haskell and her colleagues studied 21 term infants without and 20 term infants with exposure to in utero SSRIs who underwent standard echocardiograms including four-chamber and M-mode views within 48 hours of life. Exclusion criteria included prematurity, large or small for gestational age, any respiratory or cardiac support, and any major congenital malformations.
The mothers of exposed infants had higher depression scores compared with controls (P = .004), and had minimal to mild depression. Otherwise, they were similar in terms of age, weight, and likelihood of having chronic or gestational hypertension or diabetes. There also were no differences in maternal conditions or infant birth weight, body surface area or gestational age.
In the infants, no differences were seen in the occurrence of patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis.
This research was supported by the Department of Pediatric K12 Child Health Research Career Development Award, the Stead Family Department of Pediatrics at the University of Iowa, an NIH T32 grant, and the Children’s Miracle Network. The authors reported no financial disclosures.
TORONTO – according to a small study presented at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting.
“Given the frequency of SSRI use during pregnancy and continued conflicting results regarding cardiac effects, it is an important area of study,” senior author Sarah Haskell, DO, said in an interview. Her group at the University of Iowa in Coralville, which includes first author Deidra Ansah, MD, previously demonstrated reduced ventricular size and cardiac function in sertraline-exposed animal models.
Compared with unexposed newborns, SSRI-exposed infants had a 16% reduction in right ventricular (RV) diameter in diastole (P = .02) and a 22% reduction in left ventricular (LV) volume in systole (P = .02). They also had decreased LV lengths in diastole and systole (P = .045 and .004, respectively), but no impact was noted on cardiac function, as measured by shortening fraction.
“While cardiac function was appropriate on the initial echocardiogram, there were significant differences in cardiac dimensions,” said Dr. Haskell. “Whether these differences influence health and disease susceptibility requires further, longer-term studies.”
Her group plans to continue investigating the effects of SSRIs on cardiac development and also plans to study the offspring of women who are depressed but not on pharmacologic treatment to determine the effects of depression alone on cardiac size and function.
Dr. Haskell and her colleagues studied 21 term infants without and 20 term infants with exposure to in utero SSRIs who underwent standard echocardiograms including four-chamber and M-mode views within 48 hours of life. Exclusion criteria included prematurity, large or small for gestational age, any respiratory or cardiac support, and any major congenital malformations.
The mothers of exposed infants had higher depression scores compared with controls (P = .004), and had minimal to mild depression. Otherwise, they were similar in terms of age, weight, and likelihood of having chronic or gestational hypertension or diabetes. There also were no differences in maternal conditions or infant birth weight, body surface area or gestational age.
In the infants, no differences were seen in the occurrence of patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis.
This research was supported by the Department of Pediatric K12 Child Health Research Career Development Award, the Stead Family Department of Pediatrics at the University of Iowa, an NIH T32 grant, and the Children’s Miracle Network. The authors reported no financial disclosures.
AT PAS 2018
Key clinical point: Babies exposed to SSRIs in utero have smaller hearts compared with babies not exposed to SSRIs.
Major finding: Compared with unexposed newborns, SSRI-exposed infants had a 16% reduction in right ventricular diameter in diastole (P = .02) and a 22% reduction in left ventricular volume in systole (P = .02).
Study details: A study of 20 babies exposed to SSRIs in utero and 21 not exposed.
Disclosures: This research was supported by the Department of Pediatric K12 Child Health Research Career Development Award, the Stead Family Department of Pediatrics at the University of Iowa, an NIH T32 grant, and the Children’s Miracle Network. The authors reported no financial disclosures.
Fewer preterm deliveries, and perinatal mortality down
Fewer infants are being delivered early, and there has been a decline in neonatal mortality, according to a retrospective cohort study of more than 34 million singleton live births.
Researchers presented the results of a study in the May 14 online edition of JAMA Pediatrics that attempted to quantify changes in gestational age distribution and gestational age–specific perinatal mortality in the United States between 2007 and 2015.
However the proportion of births at a gestational age of 39-40 weeks increased from 54.5% to 60.2% in that same time period.
“The decreasing proportion of births at gestational ages of 34-36 and 37-38 weeks may be associated with changes in the timing of elective delivery, with hospital policies and quality initiatives effectively reducing unindicated deliveries before 39 completed weeks of gestation,” wrote Cande V. Ananth, PhD, of Columbia University, New York, and coauthors.
“Increased use of low-dose aspirin in women with ischemic placental disease may additionally have resulted in decreased need for indicated delivery before 39 weeks.”
At the same time, perinatal mortality rates decreased overall, from 9 per 1,000 births in 2007 to 8.6 per 1,000 births in 2015, but increased significantly in gestational ages 32-33 weeks (7%), 34-36 weeks (15%), and 37-38 weeks (23%) over that period. There was also a significant 31% increase in perinatal mortality at gestational age 42-44 weeks, but decreases at 20-27 weeks and 39-40 weeks.
Stillbirth rates also increased for gestational ages of 20-27 weeks, 28-31 weeks, 32-33 weeks, 34-36 weeks, 37-38 weeks, and 42-44 weeks.
Commenting on the changes in perinatal and neonatal mortality rates at gestational ages of 34-36 weeks and 37-38 weeks, the authors suggested this may have been the result of recommendations to postpone elective deliveries until 39 weeks.
“A possible reason for the increased mortality at a gestational age of 37-38 weeks could be that physicians may be more likely to defer to 39 weeks for delivery for women at moderately increased risk for adverse perinatal outcomes,” they wrote.
“We found that the decrease in neonatal mortality rates from 2007 to 2015 in the United States was largely associated with changes in the underlying gestational age distribution and less associated with changes in gestational age–specific mortality.”
The researchers reported that they had no conflicts of interest.
SOURCE: Ananth C et al. JAMA Pediatrics. 2018 May 14. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0249.
Fewer infants are being delivered early, and there has been a decline in neonatal mortality, according to a retrospective cohort study of more than 34 million singleton live births.
Researchers presented the results of a study in the May 14 online edition of JAMA Pediatrics that attempted to quantify changes in gestational age distribution and gestational age–specific perinatal mortality in the United States between 2007 and 2015.
However the proportion of births at a gestational age of 39-40 weeks increased from 54.5% to 60.2% in that same time period.
“The decreasing proportion of births at gestational ages of 34-36 and 37-38 weeks may be associated with changes in the timing of elective delivery, with hospital policies and quality initiatives effectively reducing unindicated deliveries before 39 completed weeks of gestation,” wrote Cande V. Ananth, PhD, of Columbia University, New York, and coauthors.
“Increased use of low-dose aspirin in women with ischemic placental disease may additionally have resulted in decreased need for indicated delivery before 39 weeks.”
At the same time, perinatal mortality rates decreased overall, from 9 per 1,000 births in 2007 to 8.6 per 1,000 births in 2015, but increased significantly in gestational ages 32-33 weeks (7%), 34-36 weeks (15%), and 37-38 weeks (23%) over that period. There was also a significant 31% increase in perinatal mortality at gestational age 42-44 weeks, but decreases at 20-27 weeks and 39-40 weeks.
Stillbirth rates also increased for gestational ages of 20-27 weeks, 28-31 weeks, 32-33 weeks, 34-36 weeks, 37-38 weeks, and 42-44 weeks.
Commenting on the changes in perinatal and neonatal mortality rates at gestational ages of 34-36 weeks and 37-38 weeks, the authors suggested this may have been the result of recommendations to postpone elective deliveries until 39 weeks.
“A possible reason for the increased mortality at a gestational age of 37-38 weeks could be that physicians may be more likely to defer to 39 weeks for delivery for women at moderately increased risk for adverse perinatal outcomes,” they wrote.
“We found that the decrease in neonatal mortality rates from 2007 to 2015 in the United States was largely associated with changes in the underlying gestational age distribution and less associated with changes in gestational age–specific mortality.”
The researchers reported that they had no conflicts of interest.
SOURCE: Ananth C et al. JAMA Pediatrics. 2018 May 14. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0249.
Fewer infants are being delivered early, and there has been a decline in neonatal mortality, according to a retrospective cohort study of more than 34 million singleton live births.
Researchers presented the results of a study in the May 14 online edition of JAMA Pediatrics that attempted to quantify changes in gestational age distribution and gestational age–specific perinatal mortality in the United States between 2007 and 2015.
However the proportion of births at a gestational age of 39-40 weeks increased from 54.5% to 60.2% in that same time period.
“The decreasing proportion of births at gestational ages of 34-36 and 37-38 weeks may be associated with changes in the timing of elective delivery, with hospital policies and quality initiatives effectively reducing unindicated deliveries before 39 completed weeks of gestation,” wrote Cande V. Ananth, PhD, of Columbia University, New York, and coauthors.
“Increased use of low-dose aspirin in women with ischemic placental disease may additionally have resulted in decreased need for indicated delivery before 39 weeks.”
At the same time, perinatal mortality rates decreased overall, from 9 per 1,000 births in 2007 to 8.6 per 1,000 births in 2015, but increased significantly in gestational ages 32-33 weeks (7%), 34-36 weeks (15%), and 37-38 weeks (23%) over that period. There was also a significant 31% increase in perinatal mortality at gestational age 42-44 weeks, but decreases at 20-27 weeks and 39-40 weeks.
Stillbirth rates also increased for gestational ages of 20-27 weeks, 28-31 weeks, 32-33 weeks, 34-36 weeks, 37-38 weeks, and 42-44 weeks.
Commenting on the changes in perinatal and neonatal mortality rates at gestational ages of 34-36 weeks and 37-38 weeks, the authors suggested this may have been the result of recommendations to postpone elective deliveries until 39 weeks.
“A possible reason for the increased mortality at a gestational age of 37-38 weeks could be that physicians may be more likely to defer to 39 weeks for delivery for women at moderately increased risk for adverse perinatal outcomes,” they wrote.
“We found that the decrease in neonatal mortality rates from 2007 to 2015 in the United States was largely associated with changes in the underlying gestational age distribution and less associated with changes in gestational age–specific mortality.”
The researchers reported that they had no conflicts of interest.
SOURCE: Ananth C et al. JAMA Pediatrics. 2018 May 14. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0249.
FROM JAMA PEDIATRICS
Key clinical point: Preterm births and perinatal mortality decreased from 2007 to 2015.
Major finding: The proportion of births at 39-40 weeks increased from 54.5% to 60.2% between 2007 and 2015.
Study details: A retrospective cohort study of nearly 35 million singleton births.
Disclosures: The researchers reported that they had no conflicts of interest.
Source: Ananth C et al. JAMA Pediatrics. 2018 May 14. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0249.
Responsive parenting intervention slows weight gain in infancy
TORONTO – Teaching parents of newborns to respond to eating and satiety cues in ways that promote self-regulation was associated with improvements in some weight outcomes at 3 years in a randomized clinical trial.
For the primary outcome of body mass index (BMI) z score at 3 years, a significant difference favoring the responsive parenting (RP) intervention was seen (–0.13 vs. 0.15 for controls; absolute difference, –0.28; P = .04). A longitudinal analysis examining the entire intervention period confirmed that the mean BMI group differences across seven study visits confirmed the effect of the RP intervention on BMI (P less than .001).
“We felt that the BMI z score and longitudinal growth analysis are probably the most sustained effects for an early-life intervention that have been recorded to date,” reported Ian M. Paul, MD, MSc, of Penn State University, Hershey. “While the differences between study groups were modest and not all achieved statistical significance, all favored the responsive-parenting intervention.”
Mean BMI percentile, a secondary outcome, was 47th for the RP group and 54th for controls, narrowly missing statistical significance (P = .07). Similarly, the percent of children deemed overweight at 3 years was 11.2% for the RP group and 19.8% for controls (P = .07), while 2.6% and 7.8%, respectively, were obese (P = .08).
No significant differences were seen in growth-related adverse events, such a weight-for-age less than the 5th percentile. The issue of “inducing” failure-to-thrive with a feeding intervention is a concern, said Dr. Paul, but there was no evidence for it in their study.
“One could question whether [the small differences seen between groups] are clinically significant, but if we look at how small differences have changed in the population over time and how those equate as far as longitudinal risk for cardiovascular outcomes and metabolic syndrome, etc., the small differences [we saw] might be important on a population level,” said Dr. Paul at the Pediatric Academic Societies meeting.
Study details
With upwards of one-quarter of U.S. children aged 2-5 years being overweight or obese, interventions to prevent rapid weight gain and reduce risk for overweight status in infancy are needed, noted Dr. Paul. Another reason to consider very early intervention, he added, is that infancy is a time of both “metabolic and behavioral plasticity.” However, most efforts to intervene early have, thus far, had limited success.
“Our responses to a baby crying are to feed that baby,” said Dr. Paul. This urge, along with others (such as “clear your plate”), evolved during times of food scarcity but persist now that we have inexpensive and palatable food, and promote rapid infant weight gain and increased obesity risk.
An alternative to those traditional parenting practices are responsive feeding and responsive parenting, he explained. “Responsive feeding and parenting requires prompt, developmentally appropriate responses to a child’s behaviors including hunger and satiety cues.”
In other studies, RP has been shown to foster cognitive, social, and emotional development. “The question we had was: Can responsive parenting reduce obesity risk?” he said.
The INSIGHT (Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories) study is an ongoing, randomized clinical trial started in January 2012 comparing an RP intervention designed to prevent childhood obesity with a safety control, with the interventions matched on intensity and length.
Parent-child dyads were randomized 2 weeks after birth and were told that the purpose of the study was “to see if nurse visits to your home during your baby’s infancy can improve your ability to either respond to your child’s cues related to feeding and fussiness or improve your ability to provide a safe environment for your child and prevent injuries.”
A total of 279 primiparous mother-newborn dyads were studied. Most were white (89%) and non-Hispanic (94%), and the majority were married (75%). Mean prepregnancy BMI was 25.5 kg/m2.
“We chose first-time mothers because we thought they were more likely to listen to the parenting advice that we had to offer,” said Dr. Paul.
INSIGHT’s curriculum focused on RP in domains of infant feeding, sleep, interactive play, and emotion regulation. “We tried to promote self-regulation by setting limits but still being responsive in a variety of behavior domains,” Dr. Paul said. “So, for example…, for feeding we talked about exposure to healthy foods, shared feeding responsibility, for those that were bottle feeding we gave tips on size of bottle appropriate for the child and also not using bottle finishing practices. In the emotional and social regulation domain, we talked about alternatives to food to soothe, and emphasized embracing each child’s temperament and how to respond to different temperaments.”
Dr. Paul reported no conflicts of interest. INSIGHT is supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases research grants, with additional support from the Children’s Miracle Network at Penn State Children’s Hospital.
TORONTO – Teaching parents of newborns to respond to eating and satiety cues in ways that promote self-regulation was associated with improvements in some weight outcomes at 3 years in a randomized clinical trial.
For the primary outcome of body mass index (BMI) z score at 3 years, a significant difference favoring the responsive parenting (RP) intervention was seen (–0.13 vs. 0.15 for controls; absolute difference, –0.28; P = .04). A longitudinal analysis examining the entire intervention period confirmed that the mean BMI group differences across seven study visits confirmed the effect of the RP intervention on BMI (P less than .001).
“We felt that the BMI z score and longitudinal growth analysis are probably the most sustained effects for an early-life intervention that have been recorded to date,” reported Ian M. Paul, MD, MSc, of Penn State University, Hershey. “While the differences between study groups were modest and not all achieved statistical significance, all favored the responsive-parenting intervention.”
Mean BMI percentile, a secondary outcome, was 47th for the RP group and 54th for controls, narrowly missing statistical significance (P = .07). Similarly, the percent of children deemed overweight at 3 years was 11.2% for the RP group and 19.8% for controls (P = .07), while 2.6% and 7.8%, respectively, were obese (P = .08).
No significant differences were seen in growth-related adverse events, such a weight-for-age less than the 5th percentile. The issue of “inducing” failure-to-thrive with a feeding intervention is a concern, said Dr. Paul, but there was no evidence for it in their study.
“One could question whether [the small differences seen between groups] are clinically significant, but if we look at how small differences have changed in the population over time and how those equate as far as longitudinal risk for cardiovascular outcomes and metabolic syndrome, etc., the small differences [we saw] might be important on a population level,” said Dr. Paul at the Pediatric Academic Societies meeting.
Study details
With upwards of one-quarter of U.S. children aged 2-5 years being overweight or obese, interventions to prevent rapid weight gain and reduce risk for overweight status in infancy are needed, noted Dr. Paul. Another reason to consider very early intervention, he added, is that infancy is a time of both “metabolic and behavioral plasticity.” However, most efforts to intervene early have, thus far, had limited success.
“Our responses to a baby crying are to feed that baby,” said Dr. Paul. This urge, along with others (such as “clear your plate”), evolved during times of food scarcity but persist now that we have inexpensive and palatable food, and promote rapid infant weight gain and increased obesity risk.
An alternative to those traditional parenting practices are responsive feeding and responsive parenting, he explained. “Responsive feeding and parenting requires prompt, developmentally appropriate responses to a child’s behaviors including hunger and satiety cues.”
In other studies, RP has been shown to foster cognitive, social, and emotional development. “The question we had was: Can responsive parenting reduce obesity risk?” he said.
The INSIGHT (Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories) study is an ongoing, randomized clinical trial started in January 2012 comparing an RP intervention designed to prevent childhood obesity with a safety control, with the interventions matched on intensity and length.
Parent-child dyads were randomized 2 weeks after birth and were told that the purpose of the study was “to see if nurse visits to your home during your baby’s infancy can improve your ability to either respond to your child’s cues related to feeding and fussiness or improve your ability to provide a safe environment for your child and prevent injuries.”
A total of 279 primiparous mother-newborn dyads were studied. Most were white (89%) and non-Hispanic (94%), and the majority were married (75%). Mean prepregnancy BMI was 25.5 kg/m2.
“We chose first-time mothers because we thought they were more likely to listen to the parenting advice that we had to offer,” said Dr. Paul.
INSIGHT’s curriculum focused on RP in domains of infant feeding, sleep, interactive play, and emotion regulation. “We tried to promote self-regulation by setting limits but still being responsive in a variety of behavior domains,” Dr. Paul said. “So, for example…, for feeding we talked about exposure to healthy foods, shared feeding responsibility, for those that were bottle feeding we gave tips on size of bottle appropriate for the child and also not using bottle finishing practices. In the emotional and social regulation domain, we talked about alternatives to food to soothe, and emphasized embracing each child’s temperament and how to respond to different temperaments.”
Dr. Paul reported no conflicts of interest. INSIGHT is supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases research grants, with additional support from the Children’s Miracle Network at Penn State Children’s Hospital.
TORONTO – Teaching parents of newborns to respond to eating and satiety cues in ways that promote self-regulation was associated with improvements in some weight outcomes at 3 years in a randomized clinical trial.
For the primary outcome of body mass index (BMI) z score at 3 years, a significant difference favoring the responsive parenting (RP) intervention was seen (–0.13 vs. 0.15 for controls; absolute difference, –0.28; P = .04). A longitudinal analysis examining the entire intervention period confirmed that the mean BMI group differences across seven study visits confirmed the effect of the RP intervention on BMI (P less than .001).
“We felt that the BMI z score and longitudinal growth analysis are probably the most sustained effects for an early-life intervention that have been recorded to date,” reported Ian M. Paul, MD, MSc, of Penn State University, Hershey. “While the differences between study groups were modest and not all achieved statistical significance, all favored the responsive-parenting intervention.”
Mean BMI percentile, a secondary outcome, was 47th for the RP group and 54th for controls, narrowly missing statistical significance (P = .07). Similarly, the percent of children deemed overweight at 3 years was 11.2% for the RP group and 19.8% for controls (P = .07), while 2.6% and 7.8%, respectively, were obese (P = .08).
No significant differences were seen in growth-related adverse events, such a weight-for-age less than the 5th percentile. The issue of “inducing” failure-to-thrive with a feeding intervention is a concern, said Dr. Paul, but there was no evidence for it in their study.
“One could question whether [the small differences seen between groups] are clinically significant, but if we look at how small differences have changed in the population over time and how those equate as far as longitudinal risk for cardiovascular outcomes and metabolic syndrome, etc., the small differences [we saw] might be important on a population level,” said Dr. Paul at the Pediatric Academic Societies meeting.
Study details
With upwards of one-quarter of U.S. children aged 2-5 years being overweight or obese, interventions to prevent rapid weight gain and reduce risk for overweight status in infancy are needed, noted Dr. Paul. Another reason to consider very early intervention, he added, is that infancy is a time of both “metabolic and behavioral plasticity.” However, most efforts to intervene early have, thus far, had limited success.
“Our responses to a baby crying are to feed that baby,” said Dr. Paul. This urge, along with others (such as “clear your plate”), evolved during times of food scarcity but persist now that we have inexpensive and palatable food, and promote rapid infant weight gain and increased obesity risk.
An alternative to those traditional parenting practices are responsive feeding and responsive parenting, he explained. “Responsive feeding and parenting requires prompt, developmentally appropriate responses to a child’s behaviors including hunger and satiety cues.”
In other studies, RP has been shown to foster cognitive, social, and emotional development. “The question we had was: Can responsive parenting reduce obesity risk?” he said.
The INSIGHT (Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories) study is an ongoing, randomized clinical trial started in January 2012 comparing an RP intervention designed to prevent childhood obesity with a safety control, with the interventions matched on intensity and length.
Parent-child dyads were randomized 2 weeks after birth and were told that the purpose of the study was “to see if nurse visits to your home during your baby’s infancy can improve your ability to either respond to your child’s cues related to feeding and fussiness or improve your ability to provide a safe environment for your child and prevent injuries.”
A total of 279 primiparous mother-newborn dyads were studied. Most were white (89%) and non-Hispanic (94%), and the majority were married (75%). Mean prepregnancy BMI was 25.5 kg/m2.
“We chose first-time mothers because we thought they were more likely to listen to the parenting advice that we had to offer,” said Dr. Paul.
INSIGHT’s curriculum focused on RP in domains of infant feeding, sleep, interactive play, and emotion regulation. “We tried to promote self-regulation by setting limits but still being responsive in a variety of behavior domains,” Dr. Paul said. “So, for example…, for feeding we talked about exposure to healthy foods, shared feeding responsibility, for those that were bottle feeding we gave tips on size of bottle appropriate for the child and also not using bottle finishing practices. In the emotional and social regulation domain, we talked about alternatives to food to soothe, and emphasized embracing each child’s temperament and how to respond to different temperaments.”
Dr. Paul reported no conflicts of interest. INSIGHT is supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases research grants, with additional support from the Children’s Miracle Network at Penn State Children’s Hospital.
REPORTING FROM PAS 2018
Key clinical point:
Major finding: For the primary outcome of body mass index z score at 3 years, a significant difference favoring the responsive parenting intervention was seen (–0.13 vs. 0.15 for controls; absolute difference, –0.28; P = .04).
Study details: A randomized clinical trial including 279 mother-newborn dyads.
Disclosures: Dr. Paul reported no conflicts of interest. INSIGHT is supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases research grants, with additional support from the Children’s Miracle Network at Penn State Children’s Hospital.
Poor parent-infant relationship may affect a child’s motor skill development
TORONTO – In what is believed to be a landmark finding, researchers have shown than modifiable risk factors, such as parent-infant relationships, may play a role in preventing children from developing high motor problems during early life.
“Our findings suggest that early health and clinical problems, such as neonatal complications and abnormal neonatal neurological status, are useful indicators to help identify children at risk of poor motor development,” lead study author Nicole Baumann said in an interview in advance of the Pediatric Academic Societies meeting. “Additionally, as a possible implication, children may benefit in motor development from early interventions that incorporate and focus on improving parent-infant relationships.”
For the current study, she and her associates investigated motor development using data from two different cohorts: the Bavarian Longitudinal Study in Germany (BLS) and the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study in Finland (AYLS). A total of 4,741 and 1,423 children, respectively, underwent assessment from birth to age 56 months. Motor functioning was evaluated via standard physical and neurological assessments at birth and at 5, 20, and 56 months. Perinatal, neonatal, and early environmental information was collected at birth and at 5 months via medical records and reports from parents and research nurses.
The researchers identified two distinct trajectories of motor development problems from birth to 56 months: low (94.3% of BLS and 97.3% of AYLS) and high (5.7% of BLS and 2.7% of AYLS) motor problems.
In the BLS cohort, high motor problem trajectory was predicted by poor parent-infant relationship, such as the mother feeling insecure when taking care of the infant at home (OR 1.52); abnormal neonatal neurological status (odds ratio, 1.16); neonatal complications (OR, 1.12); and duration of initial hospitalization (OR, 1.02).
In the AYLS cohort, high motor problem trajectory was also predicted by abnormal neonatal neurological status (OR, 1.69) and duration of hospitalization (OR, 1.02). Although neonatal complications (OR, 1.08) and poor parent-infant relationship (OR, 1.09) did not significantly predict high motor problem trajectory in the AYLS cohort, trends identified were comparable with those obtained from the BLS cohort.
“Most surprising was that one of the four risk factors that remained as independent predictors of high motor problem trajectory was poor parent-infant relationship,” Ms. Baumann said. “As far as we are aware, parent-infant relationship has not been previously reported as a predictor of poor motor development.”
She acknowledged certain limitations of the study, including the fact that nearly 33% of children could not be assessed throughout the study period because of dropout. “Families with children who had poor health and were socially disadvantaged were less likely to continue participation, and may even suggest that our findings have an even larger effect than reported,” Ms. Baumann said. “This is a problem that affects many longitudinal studies, and it may affect group comparisons. However, simulations have shown that even when dropout is selective or correlated with the outcome that predictions only marginally change (Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195[3]:249-56).”
She reported having no financial disclosures.
dbrunk@mdedge.com
TORONTO – In what is believed to be a landmark finding, researchers have shown than modifiable risk factors, such as parent-infant relationships, may play a role in preventing children from developing high motor problems during early life.
“Our findings suggest that early health and clinical problems, such as neonatal complications and abnormal neonatal neurological status, are useful indicators to help identify children at risk of poor motor development,” lead study author Nicole Baumann said in an interview in advance of the Pediatric Academic Societies meeting. “Additionally, as a possible implication, children may benefit in motor development from early interventions that incorporate and focus on improving parent-infant relationships.”
For the current study, she and her associates investigated motor development using data from two different cohorts: the Bavarian Longitudinal Study in Germany (BLS) and the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study in Finland (AYLS). A total of 4,741 and 1,423 children, respectively, underwent assessment from birth to age 56 months. Motor functioning was evaluated via standard physical and neurological assessments at birth and at 5, 20, and 56 months. Perinatal, neonatal, and early environmental information was collected at birth and at 5 months via medical records and reports from parents and research nurses.
The researchers identified two distinct trajectories of motor development problems from birth to 56 months: low (94.3% of BLS and 97.3% of AYLS) and high (5.7% of BLS and 2.7% of AYLS) motor problems.
In the BLS cohort, high motor problem trajectory was predicted by poor parent-infant relationship, such as the mother feeling insecure when taking care of the infant at home (OR 1.52); abnormal neonatal neurological status (odds ratio, 1.16); neonatal complications (OR, 1.12); and duration of initial hospitalization (OR, 1.02).
In the AYLS cohort, high motor problem trajectory was also predicted by abnormal neonatal neurological status (OR, 1.69) and duration of hospitalization (OR, 1.02). Although neonatal complications (OR, 1.08) and poor parent-infant relationship (OR, 1.09) did not significantly predict high motor problem trajectory in the AYLS cohort, trends identified were comparable with those obtained from the BLS cohort.
“Most surprising was that one of the four risk factors that remained as independent predictors of high motor problem trajectory was poor parent-infant relationship,” Ms. Baumann said. “As far as we are aware, parent-infant relationship has not been previously reported as a predictor of poor motor development.”
She acknowledged certain limitations of the study, including the fact that nearly 33% of children could not be assessed throughout the study period because of dropout. “Families with children who had poor health and were socially disadvantaged were less likely to continue participation, and may even suggest that our findings have an even larger effect than reported,” Ms. Baumann said. “This is a problem that affects many longitudinal studies, and it may affect group comparisons. However, simulations have shown that even when dropout is selective or correlated with the outcome that predictions only marginally change (Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195[3]:249-56).”
She reported having no financial disclosures.
dbrunk@mdedge.com
TORONTO – In what is believed to be a landmark finding, researchers have shown than modifiable risk factors, such as parent-infant relationships, may play a role in preventing children from developing high motor problems during early life.
“Our findings suggest that early health and clinical problems, such as neonatal complications and abnormal neonatal neurological status, are useful indicators to help identify children at risk of poor motor development,” lead study author Nicole Baumann said in an interview in advance of the Pediatric Academic Societies meeting. “Additionally, as a possible implication, children may benefit in motor development from early interventions that incorporate and focus on improving parent-infant relationships.”
For the current study, she and her associates investigated motor development using data from two different cohorts: the Bavarian Longitudinal Study in Germany (BLS) and the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study in Finland (AYLS). A total of 4,741 and 1,423 children, respectively, underwent assessment from birth to age 56 months. Motor functioning was evaluated via standard physical and neurological assessments at birth and at 5, 20, and 56 months. Perinatal, neonatal, and early environmental information was collected at birth and at 5 months via medical records and reports from parents and research nurses.
The researchers identified two distinct trajectories of motor development problems from birth to 56 months: low (94.3% of BLS and 97.3% of AYLS) and high (5.7% of BLS and 2.7% of AYLS) motor problems.
In the BLS cohort, high motor problem trajectory was predicted by poor parent-infant relationship, such as the mother feeling insecure when taking care of the infant at home (OR 1.52); abnormal neonatal neurological status (odds ratio, 1.16); neonatal complications (OR, 1.12); and duration of initial hospitalization (OR, 1.02).
In the AYLS cohort, high motor problem trajectory was also predicted by abnormal neonatal neurological status (OR, 1.69) and duration of hospitalization (OR, 1.02). Although neonatal complications (OR, 1.08) and poor parent-infant relationship (OR, 1.09) did not significantly predict high motor problem trajectory in the AYLS cohort, trends identified were comparable with those obtained from the BLS cohort.
“Most surprising was that one of the four risk factors that remained as independent predictors of high motor problem trajectory was poor parent-infant relationship,” Ms. Baumann said. “As far as we are aware, parent-infant relationship has not been previously reported as a predictor of poor motor development.”
She acknowledged certain limitations of the study, including the fact that nearly 33% of children could not be assessed throughout the study period because of dropout. “Families with children who had poor health and were socially disadvantaged were less likely to continue participation, and may even suggest that our findings have an even larger effect than reported,” Ms. Baumann said. “This is a problem that affects many longitudinal studies, and it may affect group comparisons. However, simulations have shown that even when dropout is selective or correlated with the outcome that predictions only marginally change (Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195[3]:249-56).”
She reported having no financial disclosures.
dbrunk@mdedge.com
AT PAS 2018
Key clinical point: Four risk factors are independent predictors of high motor problem trajectory in young children.
Major finding: In the Bavarian Longitudinal Study cohort, high motor problem trajectory was predicted by abnormal neonatal neurological status (odds ratio, 1.16), duration of initial hospitalization (OR 1.02), neonatal complications (OR 1.12), and poor parent-infant relationship (OR 1.52).
Study details: A longitudinal analysis of 4,741 children from the Bavarian Longitudinal Study in Germany and 1,423 children from the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study in Finland.
Disclosures: Ms. Baumann reported having no financial disclosures.
MDedge Daily News: Fewer smokes mean fewer strokes
Are biopsy’s days numbered for diagnosing celiac disease? The perils of endoscopic therapy for Barrett’s esophagus. And is your EHR preventing breastfeeding?
Listen to the MDedge Daily News podcast for all the details on today’s top news.
Are biopsy’s days numbered for diagnosing celiac disease? The perils of endoscopic therapy for Barrett’s esophagus. And is your EHR preventing breastfeeding?
Listen to the MDedge Daily News podcast for all the details on today’s top news.
Are biopsy’s days numbered for diagnosing celiac disease? The perils of endoscopic therapy for Barrett’s esophagus. And is your EHR preventing breastfeeding?
Listen to the MDedge Daily News podcast for all the details on today’s top news.
VIDEO: To boost newborn breastfeeding rates, hide the EHR formula order
AUSTIN, TEXAS – When the check box for ordering formula for newborns was removed as a standard newborn order option in the electronic health record (EHR), rates of exclusive breastfeeding climbed significantly in Los Angeles County hospitals, according to a recent study.
“The saying, ‘out of sight, out of mind’ cannot be overstated when it comes to physician order entry,” wrote Ramy Eskander, MD, and his colleagues in the poster accompanying the presentation at the annual clinical and scientific sessions of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
In a video interview, Dr. Eskander said that he and his colleagues at the University of California, Los Angeles, were looking for an intervention that would use the EHR as a quality improvement tool.
What they decided to do was to see “how could we possibly ‘get in the way’ and have an intervention between the provider and the patient that didn’t necessarily involve much work on the provider’s end, that had a significant impact on the back end,” he said. What they ended up doing was remove the order to request formula for mothers from the physician order set in the EHR.
Study data were collected in three stages for the academic tertiary care hospital within the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services system.
First, Dr. Eskander and his colleagues collected baseline data from January to July of 2016. Then, data were collected from July to the end of 2016, while a campaign was underway to bring staff and patients up to speed on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of exclusive breastfeeding on discharge between these two time periods, when rates hovered between 30% and 40%.
The final data collection period began in January 2017. At that time, the option to order formula for a newborn was removed as an option for the EHR newborn order set.
“When we did that, providers weren’t looking at the possibility of having that easy check box right there to fill in … and we know that when people have to go through more steps, they invariably don’t do it,” Dr. Eskander said.
He and his colleagues saw an almost immediate . Once the formula order was removed, breastfeeding rates rose from 40.57% to 53.90% (P less than .001). Rates have been sustained since the removal of the EHR option for formula.
There was no difference in how infants fared after the intervention, said Dr. Eskander. “The outcomes for those infants was identical. There were no increased NICU admissions, there were no increased poor outcomes.”
Length of stay remained the same as well. “The babies were being discharged in the same state of health, just more of them were getting breast milk only, and we know the benefits that tends to portend,” he added.
There was some initial grumbling when the formula order was pulled from the newborn order set, he conceded. “The providers were not very happy about having to look for the newborn order for formula.” However, it took just about a month for the new workflow to seem normal, he said.
Dr. Eskander envisions a future where the EHR is “smart” enough to prompt appropriate orders and interventions for serious conditions such as preeclampsia. The electronic record, he said, could recognize the maternal diagnosis “and immediately create a system and structure around that mother to be able to help protect her and her baby. ... then having those diagnoses be able to drive outcomes can be very significant.”
Dr. Eskander reported no relevant financial disclosures.
SOURCE: Eskander, R et al. ACOG 2018, Abstract 31I.
AUSTIN, TEXAS – When the check box for ordering formula for newborns was removed as a standard newborn order option in the electronic health record (EHR), rates of exclusive breastfeeding climbed significantly in Los Angeles County hospitals, according to a recent study.
“The saying, ‘out of sight, out of mind’ cannot be overstated when it comes to physician order entry,” wrote Ramy Eskander, MD, and his colleagues in the poster accompanying the presentation at the annual clinical and scientific sessions of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
In a video interview, Dr. Eskander said that he and his colleagues at the University of California, Los Angeles, were looking for an intervention that would use the EHR as a quality improvement tool.
What they decided to do was to see “how could we possibly ‘get in the way’ and have an intervention between the provider and the patient that didn’t necessarily involve much work on the provider’s end, that had a significant impact on the back end,” he said. What they ended up doing was remove the order to request formula for mothers from the physician order set in the EHR.
Study data were collected in three stages for the academic tertiary care hospital within the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services system.
First, Dr. Eskander and his colleagues collected baseline data from January to July of 2016. Then, data were collected from July to the end of 2016, while a campaign was underway to bring staff and patients up to speed on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of exclusive breastfeeding on discharge between these two time periods, when rates hovered between 30% and 40%.
The final data collection period began in January 2017. At that time, the option to order formula for a newborn was removed as an option for the EHR newborn order set.
“When we did that, providers weren’t looking at the possibility of having that easy check box right there to fill in … and we know that when people have to go through more steps, they invariably don’t do it,” Dr. Eskander said.
He and his colleagues saw an almost immediate . Once the formula order was removed, breastfeeding rates rose from 40.57% to 53.90% (P less than .001). Rates have been sustained since the removal of the EHR option for formula.
There was no difference in how infants fared after the intervention, said Dr. Eskander. “The outcomes for those infants was identical. There were no increased NICU admissions, there were no increased poor outcomes.”
Length of stay remained the same as well. “The babies were being discharged in the same state of health, just more of them were getting breast milk only, and we know the benefits that tends to portend,” he added.
There was some initial grumbling when the formula order was pulled from the newborn order set, he conceded. “The providers were not very happy about having to look for the newborn order for formula.” However, it took just about a month for the new workflow to seem normal, he said.
Dr. Eskander envisions a future where the EHR is “smart” enough to prompt appropriate orders and interventions for serious conditions such as preeclampsia. The electronic record, he said, could recognize the maternal diagnosis “and immediately create a system and structure around that mother to be able to help protect her and her baby. ... then having those diagnoses be able to drive outcomes can be very significant.”
Dr. Eskander reported no relevant financial disclosures.
SOURCE: Eskander, R et al. ACOG 2018, Abstract 31I.
AUSTIN, TEXAS – When the check box for ordering formula for newborns was removed as a standard newborn order option in the electronic health record (EHR), rates of exclusive breastfeeding climbed significantly in Los Angeles County hospitals, according to a recent study.
“The saying, ‘out of sight, out of mind’ cannot be overstated when it comes to physician order entry,” wrote Ramy Eskander, MD, and his colleagues in the poster accompanying the presentation at the annual clinical and scientific sessions of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
In a video interview, Dr. Eskander said that he and his colleagues at the University of California, Los Angeles, were looking for an intervention that would use the EHR as a quality improvement tool.
What they decided to do was to see “how could we possibly ‘get in the way’ and have an intervention between the provider and the patient that didn’t necessarily involve much work on the provider’s end, that had a significant impact on the back end,” he said. What they ended up doing was remove the order to request formula for mothers from the physician order set in the EHR.
Study data were collected in three stages for the academic tertiary care hospital within the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services system.
First, Dr. Eskander and his colleagues collected baseline data from January to July of 2016. Then, data were collected from July to the end of 2016, while a campaign was underway to bring staff and patients up to speed on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of exclusive breastfeeding on discharge between these two time periods, when rates hovered between 30% and 40%.
The final data collection period began in January 2017. At that time, the option to order formula for a newborn was removed as an option for the EHR newborn order set.
“When we did that, providers weren’t looking at the possibility of having that easy check box right there to fill in … and we know that when people have to go through more steps, they invariably don’t do it,” Dr. Eskander said.
He and his colleagues saw an almost immediate . Once the formula order was removed, breastfeeding rates rose from 40.57% to 53.90% (P less than .001). Rates have been sustained since the removal of the EHR option for formula.
There was no difference in how infants fared after the intervention, said Dr. Eskander. “The outcomes for those infants was identical. There were no increased NICU admissions, there were no increased poor outcomes.”
Length of stay remained the same as well. “The babies were being discharged in the same state of health, just more of them were getting breast milk only, and we know the benefits that tends to portend,” he added.
There was some initial grumbling when the formula order was pulled from the newborn order set, he conceded. “The providers were not very happy about having to look for the newborn order for formula.” However, it took just about a month for the new workflow to seem normal, he said.
Dr. Eskander envisions a future where the EHR is “smart” enough to prompt appropriate orders and interventions for serious conditions such as preeclampsia. The electronic record, he said, could recognize the maternal diagnosis “and immediately create a system and structure around that mother to be able to help protect her and her baby. ... then having those diagnoses be able to drive outcomes can be very significant.”
Dr. Eskander reported no relevant financial disclosures.
SOURCE: Eskander, R et al. ACOG 2018, Abstract 31I.
REPORTING FROM ACOG 2018
Pot peaks in breast milk 1 hour after smoking
The levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in breast milk peak around 1 hour after smoking, according to a pilot pharmacokinetic study.
Eight mothers who were either occasional or chronic cannabis smokers, and who exclusively breastfed their infants, were directed to smoke a preweighed, standardized amount of “Prezidential Kush” from a preselected Denver dispensary after initially discontinuing for 24 hours. Researchers collected breast milk samples from just before smoking, and at 20 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours after smoking, according to a paper published in the May issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology.
This translated to an estimated relative infant dose of 2.5% of the maternal dose, or 8 mcg per kilogram per day.
“It remains unclear what exposure to cannabis products during this critical neurobehavioral development period will mean for the infant,” wrote Teresa Baker, MD, of Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, and her coauthors. “These questions will require an enormous effort to determine.”
Concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites 11-OH-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were too low to be detected.
The authors noted that these metabolites are known to be more water soluble and polar than delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol itself, which may make it more difficult for them to enter the breast milk compartment.
Two of the participants had a low but measurable concentration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol at zero time (the samples collected just before smoking), suggesting some residual accumulation of it from prior heavy use or use close to the start of breast milk collection.
“Although the transfer of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol into the plasma compartment is almost instantaneous, the transfer of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol into breast milk in our study appears to be slightly slower than the transfer into the plasma compartment,” the authors wrote.
The women in the study were all 2-5 months postpartum. The authors noted that in these women who were exclusively breastfeeding, the breast milk compartment, along with drug entry and exit, “remains fairly consistent.”
The researchers also noted that the lack of corresponding plasma samples was a major limitation of the study, but because of the nature of the study, anonymity was important.
No conflicts of interest were declared.
SOURCE: Baker T et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131:783-8.
The levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in breast milk peak around 1 hour after smoking, according to a pilot pharmacokinetic study.
Eight mothers who were either occasional or chronic cannabis smokers, and who exclusively breastfed their infants, were directed to smoke a preweighed, standardized amount of “Prezidential Kush” from a preselected Denver dispensary after initially discontinuing for 24 hours. Researchers collected breast milk samples from just before smoking, and at 20 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours after smoking, according to a paper published in the May issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology.
This translated to an estimated relative infant dose of 2.5% of the maternal dose, or 8 mcg per kilogram per day.
“It remains unclear what exposure to cannabis products during this critical neurobehavioral development period will mean for the infant,” wrote Teresa Baker, MD, of Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, and her coauthors. “These questions will require an enormous effort to determine.”
Concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites 11-OH-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were too low to be detected.
The authors noted that these metabolites are known to be more water soluble and polar than delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol itself, which may make it more difficult for them to enter the breast milk compartment.
Two of the participants had a low but measurable concentration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol at zero time (the samples collected just before smoking), suggesting some residual accumulation of it from prior heavy use or use close to the start of breast milk collection.
“Although the transfer of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol into the plasma compartment is almost instantaneous, the transfer of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol into breast milk in our study appears to be slightly slower than the transfer into the plasma compartment,” the authors wrote.
The women in the study were all 2-5 months postpartum. The authors noted that in these women who were exclusively breastfeeding, the breast milk compartment, along with drug entry and exit, “remains fairly consistent.”
The researchers also noted that the lack of corresponding plasma samples was a major limitation of the study, but because of the nature of the study, anonymity was important.
No conflicts of interest were declared.
SOURCE: Baker T et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131:783-8.
The levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in breast milk peak around 1 hour after smoking, according to a pilot pharmacokinetic study.
Eight mothers who were either occasional or chronic cannabis smokers, and who exclusively breastfed their infants, were directed to smoke a preweighed, standardized amount of “Prezidential Kush” from a preselected Denver dispensary after initially discontinuing for 24 hours. Researchers collected breast milk samples from just before smoking, and at 20 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours after smoking, according to a paper published in the May issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology.
This translated to an estimated relative infant dose of 2.5% of the maternal dose, or 8 mcg per kilogram per day.
“It remains unclear what exposure to cannabis products during this critical neurobehavioral development period will mean for the infant,” wrote Teresa Baker, MD, of Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, and her coauthors. “These questions will require an enormous effort to determine.”
Concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites 11-OH-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were too low to be detected.
The authors noted that these metabolites are known to be more water soluble and polar than delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol itself, which may make it more difficult for them to enter the breast milk compartment.
Two of the participants had a low but measurable concentration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol at zero time (the samples collected just before smoking), suggesting some residual accumulation of it from prior heavy use or use close to the start of breast milk collection.
“Although the transfer of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol into the plasma compartment is almost instantaneous, the transfer of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol into breast milk in our study appears to be slightly slower than the transfer into the plasma compartment,” the authors wrote.
The women in the study were all 2-5 months postpartum. The authors noted that in these women who were exclusively breastfeeding, the breast milk compartment, along with drug entry and exit, “remains fairly consistent.”
The researchers also noted that the lack of corresponding plasma samples was a major limitation of the study, but because of the nature of the study, anonymity was important.
No conflicts of interest were declared.
SOURCE: Baker T et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131:783-8.
FROM OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY
Key clinical point: Cannabinoid levels peak in breast milk 1 hour after smoking.
Major finding: Breastfeeding infants ingest around 2.5% of the maternal dose in breast milk.
Study details: A pilot pharmacokinetic study in eight women.
Disclosures: No conflicts of interest were declared.
Source: Baker T et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131:783-8.
Caffeine for apnea of prematurity found safe, effective at 11 years
Caffeine for apnea of prematurity was neurobehaviorally safe and significantly improved fine motor coordination, visuomotor integration, visual perception, and visuospatial organization at 11-year follow-up, according to the results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
“There was little evidence for differences between the caffeine and placebo groups on tests of general intelligence, attention, executive function, and behavior. This highlights the long-term safety and efficacy of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity in very-low-birth-weight neonates,” wrote Ines M. Mürner-Lavanchy, PhD, of Monash University, Clayton, Australia, and her associates. The Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial, the first to assess long-term neurobehavioral outcomes of neonatal caffeine therapy, was published online April 11 in Pediatrics.
Neonatal caffeine therapy significantly lowered the risk of death before 18 months, cerebral palsy, cognitive delay, severe hearing loss, and bilateral blindness, as has been reported (N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1893-902). By 5 years, caffeine no longer showed significant benefits, apart from improved motor performance, Dr. Mürner-Lavanchy and her associates noted.
At 11 years, available data from 870 patients showed generally similar neurobehavioral outcomes between groups, although the caffeine group scored higher on most scales. The most apparent benefits included visuomotor integration (mean difference from placebo, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.0-3.7; P less than .05), visual perception (2.0; 95% CI, 0.3-3.8; P = .02), fine motor coordination (2.9; 95% CI, 0.7-5.1; P = .01), and Rey Complex Figure copy accuracy, a measure of visuospatial organization (1.2; 95% CI, 0.4-2.0; P = .003).
Eleven-year follow-up data were missing for 22% of patients, but their birth characteristics and childhood outcomes resembled those of patients with available data, the investigators said. “Therefore, we are confident that the outcomes of the whole cohort are reflected in the present results with sufficient accuracy.”
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research provided funding. The investigators reported having no relevant conflicts of interest.
SOURCE: Mürner-Lavanchy IM et al. Pediatrics. 2018 Apr 11. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-4047.
Caffeine for apnea of prematurity was neurobehaviorally safe and significantly improved fine motor coordination, visuomotor integration, visual perception, and visuospatial organization at 11-year follow-up, according to the results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
“There was little evidence for differences between the caffeine and placebo groups on tests of general intelligence, attention, executive function, and behavior. This highlights the long-term safety and efficacy of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity in very-low-birth-weight neonates,” wrote Ines M. Mürner-Lavanchy, PhD, of Monash University, Clayton, Australia, and her associates. The Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial, the first to assess long-term neurobehavioral outcomes of neonatal caffeine therapy, was published online April 11 in Pediatrics.
Neonatal caffeine therapy significantly lowered the risk of death before 18 months, cerebral palsy, cognitive delay, severe hearing loss, and bilateral blindness, as has been reported (N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1893-902). By 5 years, caffeine no longer showed significant benefits, apart from improved motor performance, Dr. Mürner-Lavanchy and her associates noted.
At 11 years, available data from 870 patients showed generally similar neurobehavioral outcomes between groups, although the caffeine group scored higher on most scales. The most apparent benefits included visuomotor integration (mean difference from placebo, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.0-3.7; P less than .05), visual perception (2.0; 95% CI, 0.3-3.8; P = .02), fine motor coordination (2.9; 95% CI, 0.7-5.1; P = .01), and Rey Complex Figure copy accuracy, a measure of visuospatial organization (1.2; 95% CI, 0.4-2.0; P = .003).
Eleven-year follow-up data were missing for 22% of patients, but their birth characteristics and childhood outcomes resembled those of patients with available data, the investigators said. “Therefore, we are confident that the outcomes of the whole cohort are reflected in the present results with sufficient accuracy.”
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research provided funding. The investigators reported having no relevant conflicts of interest.
SOURCE: Mürner-Lavanchy IM et al. Pediatrics. 2018 Apr 11. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-4047.
Caffeine for apnea of prematurity was neurobehaviorally safe and significantly improved fine motor coordination, visuomotor integration, visual perception, and visuospatial organization at 11-year follow-up, according to the results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
“There was little evidence for differences between the caffeine and placebo groups on tests of general intelligence, attention, executive function, and behavior. This highlights the long-term safety and efficacy of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity in very-low-birth-weight neonates,” wrote Ines M. Mürner-Lavanchy, PhD, of Monash University, Clayton, Australia, and her associates. The Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial, the first to assess long-term neurobehavioral outcomes of neonatal caffeine therapy, was published online April 11 in Pediatrics.
Neonatal caffeine therapy significantly lowered the risk of death before 18 months, cerebral palsy, cognitive delay, severe hearing loss, and bilateral blindness, as has been reported (N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1893-902). By 5 years, caffeine no longer showed significant benefits, apart from improved motor performance, Dr. Mürner-Lavanchy and her associates noted.
At 11 years, available data from 870 patients showed generally similar neurobehavioral outcomes between groups, although the caffeine group scored higher on most scales. The most apparent benefits included visuomotor integration (mean difference from placebo, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.0-3.7; P less than .05), visual perception (2.0; 95% CI, 0.3-3.8; P = .02), fine motor coordination (2.9; 95% CI, 0.7-5.1; P = .01), and Rey Complex Figure copy accuracy, a measure of visuospatial organization (1.2; 95% CI, 0.4-2.0; P = .003).
Eleven-year follow-up data were missing for 22% of patients, but their birth characteristics and childhood outcomes resembled those of patients with available data, the investigators said. “Therefore, we are confident that the outcomes of the whole cohort are reflected in the present results with sufficient accuracy.”
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research provided funding. The investigators reported having no relevant conflicts of interest.
SOURCE: Mürner-Lavanchy IM et al. Pediatrics. 2018 Apr 11. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-4047.
FROM PEDIATRICS
Key clinical point:
Major finding: At 11 years, the caffeine group outperformed the placebo group on measures of fine motor coordination (P = .01), visuomotor integration (P less than .05), visual perception (P = .02), and visuospatial organization (P = .003).
Study details: The Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial, a double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 870 very-low-birth-weight infants (500-1,250 g).
Disclosures: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research provided funding. The investigators reported having no relevant conflicts of interest.
Source: Pediatrics. 2018 Apr 11. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-4047.