Pituitary, Thyroid & Adrenal Disorders

TOPLINE:

Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) metabolites, a newer group of widely used chemical flame retardants, is linked to a higher risk for thyroid disease, bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) being the main contributor.

METHODOLOGY:

• Prior studies have reported that OPEs — used in building materials, electronic products, furniture, and textiles — may interfere with thyroid function, hinting at a possible association of OPEs with thyroid disease.
• Researchers assessed the association between OPE exposure and the risk for thyroid disease using data from the 2011-2014 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycle.
• They included 2449 participants (mean age, 46 years; half of whom were women) who had complete values for seven OPE metabolites through urinalysis and completed questionnaires regarding the presence of thyroid disease.
• The seven OPE metabolites assessed in this study were diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, BCEP, dibutyl phosphate, dibenzyl phosphate, and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid.
• Several mixed exposure models were used to investigate the associations between the risk for thyroid disease and exposure to individual and mixed OPEs.

TAKEAWAY:

• A history of thyroid disease was self-reported by 228 participants.
• In one model, the risk for thyroid disease was 57% higher in people in the highest vs the lowest tertile of BCEP exposure (P = .005).
• A newer method confirmed the positive association between exposure to mixed OPE metabolites and a higher risk for thyroid disease (odds ratio, 1.03; P = .013), with BCEP (65%) being the main contributing factor, followed by DPHP (35%).
• A model from another new method showed a J-shaped relationship between the risk for thyroid disease and increasing levels of BCEP exposure, in which the risk first dropped but then rose with increasing exposure.

IN PRACTICE:

“The three models in our study provided similar results, with exposure to mixed OPEs having a tendency to increase the risk of thyroid disease and pointing to BCEP as the most significant compound responsible for this trend,” wrote the authors.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Yuxin Lin, from the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China, and published online in Frontiers in Endocrinology.

LIMITATIONS:

The cross-sectional design cannot establish a causal relationship between OPE exposure and thyroid disease. The study used unweighted data, which could have limited the generalizability of the findings. Moreover, urine sample measurements were performed only once.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by the Fujian Natural Science Foundation Program and the Scientific Research Program of High-level Talents of Fujian Medical University. The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) metabolites, a newer group of widely used chemical flame retardants, is linked to a higher risk for thyroid disease, bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) being the main contributor.

METHODOLOGY:

• Prior studies have reported that OPEs — used in building materials, electronic products, furniture, and textiles — may interfere with thyroid function, hinting at a possible association of OPEs with thyroid disease.
• Researchers assessed the association between OPE exposure and the risk for thyroid disease using data from the 2011-2014 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycle.
• They included 2449 participants (mean age, 46 years; half of whom were women) who had complete values for seven OPE metabolites through urinalysis and completed questionnaires regarding the presence of thyroid disease.
• The seven OPE metabolites assessed in this study were diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, BCEP, dibutyl phosphate, dibenzyl phosphate, and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid.
• Several mixed exposure models were used to investigate the associations between the risk for thyroid disease and exposure to individual and mixed OPEs.

TAKEAWAY:

• A history of thyroid disease was self-reported by 228 participants.
• In one model, the risk for thyroid disease was 57% higher in people in the highest vs the lowest tertile of BCEP exposure (P = .005).
• A newer method confirmed the positive association between exposure to mixed OPE metabolites and a higher risk for thyroid disease (odds ratio, 1.03; P = .013), with BCEP (65%) being the main contributing factor, followed by DPHP (35%).
• A model from another new method showed a J-shaped relationship between the risk for thyroid disease and increasing levels of BCEP exposure, in which the risk first dropped but then rose with increasing exposure.

IN PRACTICE:

“The three models in our study provided similar results, with exposure to mixed OPEs having a tendency to increase the risk of thyroid disease and pointing to BCEP as the most significant compound responsible for this trend,” wrote the authors.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Yuxin Lin, from the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China, and published online in Frontiers in Endocrinology.

LIMITATIONS:

The cross-sectional design cannot establish a causal relationship between OPE exposure and thyroid disease. The study used unweighted data, which could have limited the generalizability of the findings. Moreover, urine sample measurements were performed only once.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by the Fujian Natural Science Foundation Program and the Scientific Research Program of High-level Talents of Fujian Medical University. The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) metabolites, a newer group of widely used chemical flame retardants, is linked to a higher risk for thyroid disease, bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) being the main contributor.

METHODOLOGY:

• Prior studies have reported that OPEs — used in building materials, electronic products, furniture, and textiles — may interfere with thyroid function, hinting at a possible association of OPEs with thyroid disease.
• Researchers assessed the association between OPE exposure and the risk for thyroid disease using data from the 2011-2014 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycle.
• They included 2449 participants (mean age, 46 years; half of whom were women) who had complete values for seven OPE metabolites through urinalysis and completed questionnaires regarding the presence of thyroid disease.
• The seven OPE metabolites assessed in this study were diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, BCEP, dibutyl phosphate, dibenzyl phosphate, and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid.
• Several mixed exposure models were used to investigate the associations between the risk for thyroid disease and exposure to individual and mixed OPEs.

TAKEAWAY:

• A history of thyroid disease was self-reported by 228 participants.
• In one model, the risk for thyroid disease was 57% higher in people in the highest vs the lowest tertile of BCEP exposure (P = .005).
• A newer method confirmed the positive association between exposure to mixed OPE metabolites and a higher risk for thyroid disease (odds ratio, 1.03; P = .013), with BCEP (65%) being the main contributing factor, followed by DPHP (35%).
• A model from another new method showed a J-shaped relationship between the risk for thyroid disease and increasing levels of BCEP exposure, in which the risk first dropped but then rose with increasing exposure.

IN PRACTICE:

“The three models in our study provided similar results, with exposure to mixed OPEs having a tendency to increase the risk of thyroid disease and pointing to BCEP as the most significant compound responsible for this trend,” wrote the authors.

SOURCE:

This study was led by Yuxin Lin, from the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China, and published online in Frontiers in Endocrinology.

LIMITATIONS:

The cross-sectional design cannot establish a causal relationship between OPE exposure and thyroid disease. The study used unweighted data, which could have limited the generalizability of the findings. Moreover, urine sample measurements were performed only once.

DISCLOSURES:

The study was supported by the Fujian Natural Science Foundation Program and the Scientific Research Program of High-level Talents of Fujian Medical University. The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest.

A version of this article first appeared on Medscape.com.

While TikTok overflows with images of influencers making “adrenal cocktails” to combat what they call adrenal fatigue, the Endocrine Society says “no scientific proof exists to support adrenal fatigue as a true medical condition.”

Even before influencers began touting it on social media, a 2016 systematic review concluded that there is “no substantiation that adrenal fatigue” is an actual medical condition. Therefore, adrenal fatigue is still a myth.

Lynette Nieman, MD, Senior Investigator and Chief of the Endocrinology Consultation Service at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, concurs.

“There is no scientific evidence that adrenal fatigue exists or causes [general] fatigue, depression, or the many common symptoms that are said to result from this condition,” she told this news organization via email.

Still, the term has gained currency among not only social media influencers who blame it for everything from cortisol surges to estrogen imbalances but also functional and integrative medical practitioners as an explanation for chronic dysfunction related to stress. 
 

Adrenal Fatigue, Burnout, or Adrenal Insufficiency?

Rather than “adrenal fatigue,” Marcelo Campos, MD, a primary care doctor at Atrius Health, said he prefers the medical term “burnout.”

Use of “burnout” shifts attention to the brain’s role in stress-related chronic dysfunction rather than the adrenal glands, said Dr. Campos, who also teaches at Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

More specifically still, the focuses might shift to the stress-response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and its role in reducing levels of these cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.

He points out that part of the reason for the misuse of the term adrenal fatigue arises from the fact that burnout is often only associated with work stress.

“Recently, the ICD-11 [International Classification of Diseases-11] recognized burnout as a disease but focused only on work stress as a cause. The truth is that people can be burned out for many other reasons,” said Dr. Campos.

The Endocrine Society notes on their webpage dedicated to the topic that “adrenal fatigue” as a term, relates to long-term mental, emotional, or physical stress.

“The problem is not the adrenals — it is the exposure to stress in the brain. The brain — only one organ — is responsible for 40% of energy consumption in the body. As you can imagine, if you are under constant stress, you run out of gas very quickly and cannot function well,” he explained.

Adrenal fatigue theory suggests that, under stress, the adrenal glands produce too many short bursts of cortisol resulting in overall reduced cortisol levels and a feeling of being drained.

“As with many other psychiatric diseases, we do not have a way to measure biomarkers in the brain. The testing for cortisol does not work because it fluctuates too much from time to time. So, it is not reliable or reproducible,” Dr. Campos said. 

This leads to the ongoing question of the best way to test and diagnose adrenal fatigue, whether it should be via blood, urine and/or saliva. And even if that is determined, there are still questions about the best time to test, how often, what the normal ranges are and how reliable the tests are.

While adrenal fatigue is not a recognized condition, adrenal insufficiency is medically recognized, resulting from an inability of the adrenal glands to make the life-essential hormones aldosterone and/or cortisol, with symptoms that include fatigue, belly pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and joint aches.

“Adrenal cocktails are not an effective treatment for adrenal insufficiency because they do not replace the missing hormones,” Dr. Nieman stated, pointing out that anyone with symptoms of adrenal insufficiency needs to see an endocrinologist.

Pratibha Rao, MD, MPH, an endocrinologist at the Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, and medical director of the Adrenal Center at Cleveland Clinic, agreed, advising that if people continue to feel exhausted beyond their normal exertion, then they should get checked for signs of adrenal insufficiency.

“In primary adrenal insufficiency, you can actually start seeing darkening of the gums and of the skin on the palms of the hands or the soles of your feet. Sometimes people can feel dizzy or experience some loss of consciousness,” she said. “If it’s sudden and severe, you may crave salt or have extreme heat or cold intolerance.”

Recognizing and Managing Patient Frustration

The lack of formal diagnostic criteria and medical evidence, however, doesn’t mean that such symptoms as fatigue and depression don’t present, often causing significant distress for patients. While the symptoms might not be associated with the adrenal glands, they still need addressing — but how that is done is, in essence, a bone of contention.

Dr. Rao empathizes with the situation that many people, often young women, find themselves in.

“Patients are frustrated. They’ve gone to multiple doctors across the country, and they feel convinced they have adrenal fatigue, but no medical doctor has endorsed it. They end up coming to us with a cry that has so often gone unanswered.”

This issue also highlights that there are millions of people experiencing mental, emotional, and physical distress of unknown cause who seek help, many of whom believe it is related to their adrenal gland function.

But rather than turning to a social media cure, Dr. Rao stresses that people would benefit more from paying greater attention to following a healthy lifestyle than regularly consuming sugar-rich drinks claimed to offer a solution. Adrenal cocktails are energy-rich, frothy blends of orange juice, coconut milk, cream of tartar, and Himalayan salt.

“We truly are what we eat, and we are what we think,” she noted.

The body is a miraculous machine, but “we forget that it does need maintenance,” Dr. Rao said. “Up to age 30, the body is so forgiving with drugs, alcohol, or whatever insult we do to it, but after the third decade, slowly every cell starts to degenerate instead of growing. We start to see the ill or beneficial effects of lifestyle habits.” 

“We insult the body, and then we say, ‘oh, I have fatigue’ and seek a quick fix,” she added. “Everyone wants instant gratification.”

Dr. Rao cautioned that adrenal cocktails could be dangerous for someone who has other medical conditions.

“If someone has kidney disease, uncontrolled hypertension, or diabetes, for example, then adrenal cocktails are definitely not safe,” Dr. Rao said. “Loading up with potassium and sodium, which is found in high quantities in adrenal cocktails, will actually worsen any kidney damage, while consuming so much sugar will cause an unregulated rise in blood sugar and further damage in someone with diabetes.”

Dr. Rao also stressed that nonprofessional advice given on social media could take patient people down the wrong path with associated danger.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

While TikTok overflows with images of influencers making “adrenal cocktails” to combat what they call adrenal fatigue, the Endocrine Society says “no scientific proof exists to support adrenal fatigue as a true medical condition.”

Even before influencers began touting it on social media, a 2016 systematic review concluded that there is “no substantiation that adrenal fatigue” is an actual medical condition. Therefore, adrenal fatigue is still a myth.

Lynette Nieman, MD, Senior Investigator and Chief of the Endocrinology Consultation Service at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, concurs.

“There is no scientific evidence that adrenal fatigue exists or causes [general] fatigue, depression, or the many common symptoms that are said to result from this condition,” she told this news organization via email.

Still, the term has gained currency among not only social media influencers who blame it for everything from cortisol surges to estrogen imbalances but also functional and integrative medical practitioners as an explanation for chronic dysfunction related to stress. 
 

Adrenal Fatigue, Burnout, or Adrenal Insufficiency?

Rather than “adrenal fatigue,” Marcelo Campos, MD, a primary care doctor at Atrius Health, said he prefers the medical term “burnout.”

Use of “burnout” shifts attention to the brain’s role in stress-related chronic dysfunction rather than the adrenal glands, said Dr. Campos, who also teaches at Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

More specifically still, the focuses might shift to the stress-response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and its role in reducing levels of these cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.

He points out that part of the reason for the misuse of the term adrenal fatigue arises from the fact that burnout is often only associated with work stress.

“Recently, the ICD-11 [International Classification of Diseases-11] recognized burnout as a disease but focused only on work stress as a cause. The truth is that people can be burned out for many other reasons,” said Dr. Campos.

The Endocrine Society notes on their webpage dedicated to the topic that “adrenal fatigue” as a term, relates to long-term mental, emotional, or physical stress.

“The problem is not the adrenals — it is the exposure to stress in the brain. The brain — only one organ — is responsible for 40% of energy consumption in the body. As you can imagine, if you are under constant stress, you run out of gas very quickly and cannot function well,” he explained.

Adrenal fatigue theory suggests that, under stress, the adrenal glands produce too many short bursts of cortisol resulting in overall reduced cortisol levels and a feeling of being drained.

“As with many other psychiatric diseases, we do not have a way to measure biomarkers in the brain. The testing for cortisol does not work because it fluctuates too much from time to time. So, it is not reliable or reproducible,” Dr. Campos said. 

This leads to the ongoing question of the best way to test and diagnose adrenal fatigue, whether it should be via blood, urine and/or saliva. And even if that is determined, there are still questions about the best time to test, how often, what the normal ranges are and how reliable the tests are.

While adrenal fatigue is not a recognized condition, adrenal insufficiency is medically recognized, resulting from an inability of the adrenal glands to make the life-essential hormones aldosterone and/or cortisol, with symptoms that include fatigue, belly pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and joint aches.

“Adrenal cocktails are not an effective treatment for adrenal insufficiency because they do not replace the missing hormones,” Dr. Nieman stated, pointing out that anyone with symptoms of adrenal insufficiency needs to see an endocrinologist.

Pratibha Rao, MD, MPH, an endocrinologist at the Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, and medical director of the Adrenal Center at Cleveland Clinic, agreed, advising that if people continue to feel exhausted beyond their normal exertion, then they should get checked for signs of adrenal insufficiency.

“In primary adrenal insufficiency, you can actually start seeing darkening of the gums and of the skin on the palms of the hands or the soles of your feet. Sometimes people can feel dizzy or experience some loss of consciousness,” she said. “If it’s sudden and severe, you may crave salt or have extreme heat or cold intolerance.”

Recognizing and Managing Patient Frustration

The lack of formal diagnostic criteria and medical evidence, however, doesn’t mean that such symptoms as fatigue and depression don’t present, often causing significant distress for patients. While the symptoms might not be associated with the adrenal glands, they still need addressing — but how that is done is, in essence, a bone of contention.

Dr. Rao empathizes with the situation that many people, often young women, find themselves in.

“Patients are frustrated. They’ve gone to multiple doctors across the country, and they feel convinced they have adrenal fatigue, but no medical doctor has endorsed it. They end up coming to us with a cry that has so often gone unanswered.”

This issue also highlights that there are millions of people experiencing mental, emotional, and physical distress of unknown cause who seek help, many of whom believe it is related to their adrenal gland function.

But rather than turning to a social media cure, Dr. Rao stresses that people would benefit more from paying greater attention to following a healthy lifestyle than regularly consuming sugar-rich drinks claimed to offer a solution. Adrenal cocktails are energy-rich, frothy blends of orange juice, coconut milk, cream of tartar, and Himalayan salt.

“We truly are what we eat, and we are what we think,” she noted.

The body is a miraculous machine, but “we forget that it does need maintenance,” Dr. Rao said. “Up to age 30, the body is so forgiving with drugs, alcohol, or whatever insult we do to it, but after the third decade, slowly every cell starts to degenerate instead of growing. We start to see the ill or beneficial effects of lifestyle habits.” 

“We insult the body, and then we say, ‘oh, I have fatigue’ and seek a quick fix,” she added. “Everyone wants instant gratification.”

Dr. Rao cautioned that adrenal cocktails could be dangerous for someone who has other medical conditions.

“If someone has kidney disease, uncontrolled hypertension, or diabetes, for example, then adrenal cocktails are definitely not safe,” Dr. Rao said. “Loading up with potassium and sodium, which is found in high quantities in adrenal cocktails, will actually worsen any kidney damage, while consuming so much sugar will cause an unregulated rise in blood sugar and further damage in someone with diabetes.”

Dr. Rao also stressed that nonprofessional advice given on social media could take patient people down the wrong path with associated danger.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

While TikTok overflows with images of influencers making “adrenal cocktails” to combat what they call adrenal fatigue, the Endocrine Society says “no scientific proof exists to support adrenal fatigue as a true medical condition.”

Even before influencers began touting it on social media, a 2016 systematic review concluded that there is “no substantiation that adrenal fatigue” is an actual medical condition. Therefore, adrenal fatigue is still a myth.

Lynette Nieman, MD, Senior Investigator and Chief of the Endocrinology Consultation Service at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, concurs.

“There is no scientific evidence that adrenal fatigue exists or causes [general] fatigue, depression, or the many common symptoms that are said to result from this condition,” she told this news organization via email.

Still, the term has gained currency among not only social media influencers who blame it for everything from cortisol surges to estrogen imbalances but also functional and integrative medical practitioners as an explanation for chronic dysfunction related to stress. 
 

Adrenal Fatigue, Burnout, or Adrenal Insufficiency?

Rather than “adrenal fatigue,” Marcelo Campos, MD, a primary care doctor at Atrius Health, said he prefers the medical term “burnout.”

Use of “burnout” shifts attention to the brain’s role in stress-related chronic dysfunction rather than the adrenal glands, said Dr. Campos, who also teaches at Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

More specifically still, the focuses might shift to the stress-response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and its role in reducing levels of these cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.

He points out that part of the reason for the misuse of the term adrenal fatigue arises from the fact that burnout is often only associated with work stress.

“Recently, the ICD-11 [International Classification of Diseases-11] recognized burnout as a disease but focused only on work stress as a cause. The truth is that people can be burned out for many other reasons,” said Dr. Campos.

The Endocrine Society notes on their webpage dedicated to the topic that “adrenal fatigue” as a term, relates to long-term mental, emotional, or physical stress.

“The problem is not the adrenals — it is the exposure to stress in the brain. The brain — only one organ — is responsible for 40% of energy consumption in the body. As you can imagine, if you are under constant stress, you run out of gas very quickly and cannot function well,” he explained.

Adrenal fatigue theory suggests that, under stress, the adrenal glands produce too many short bursts of cortisol resulting in overall reduced cortisol levels and a feeling of being drained.

“As with many other psychiatric diseases, we do not have a way to measure biomarkers in the brain. The testing for cortisol does not work because it fluctuates too much from time to time. So, it is not reliable or reproducible,” Dr. Campos said. 

This leads to the ongoing question of the best way to test and diagnose adrenal fatigue, whether it should be via blood, urine and/or saliva. And even if that is determined, there are still questions about the best time to test, how often, what the normal ranges are and how reliable the tests are.

While adrenal fatigue is not a recognized condition, adrenal insufficiency is medically recognized, resulting from an inability of the adrenal glands to make the life-essential hormones aldosterone and/or cortisol, with symptoms that include fatigue, belly pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and joint aches.

“Adrenal cocktails are not an effective treatment for adrenal insufficiency because they do not replace the missing hormones,” Dr. Nieman stated, pointing out that anyone with symptoms of adrenal insufficiency needs to see an endocrinologist.

Pratibha Rao, MD, MPH, an endocrinologist at the Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, and medical director of the Adrenal Center at Cleveland Clinic, agreed, advising that if people continue to feel exhausted beyond their normal exertion, then they should get checked for signs of adrenal insufficiency.

“In primary adrenal insufficiency, you can actually start seeing darkening of the gums and of the skin on the palms of the hands or the soles of your feet. Sometimes people can feel dizzy or experience some loss of consciousness,” she said. “If it’s sudden and severe, you may crave salt or have extreme heat or cold intolerance.”

Recognizing and Managing Patient Frustration

The lack of formal diagnostic criteria and medical evidence, however, doesn’t mean that such symptoms as fatigue and depression don’t present, often causing significant distress for patients. While the symptoms might not be associated with the adrenal glands, they still need addressing — but how that is done is, in essence, a bone of contention.

Dr. Rao empathizes with the situation that many people, often young women, find themselves in.

“Patients are frustrated. They’ve gone to multiple doctors across the country, and they feel convinced they have adrenal fatigue, but no medical doctor has endorsed it. They end up coming to us with a cry that has so often gone unanswered.”

This issue also highlights that there are millions of people experiencing mental, emotional, and physical distress of unknown cause who seek help, many of whom believe it is related to their adrenal gland function.

But rather than turning to a social media cure, Dr. Rao stresses that people would benefit more from paying greater attention to following a healthy lifestyle than regularly consuming sugar-rich drinks claimed to offer a solution. Adrenal cocktails are energy-rich, frothy blends of orange juice, coconut milk, cream of tartar, and Himalayan salt.

“We truly are what we eat, and we are what we think,” she noted.

The body is a miraculous machine, but “we forget that it does need maintenance,” Dr. Rao said. “Up to age 30, the body is so forgiving with drugs, alcohol, or whatever insult we do to it, but after the third decade, slowly every cell starts to degenerate instead of growing. We start to see the ill or beneficial effects of lifestyle habits.” 

“We insult the body, and then we say, ‘oh, I have fatigue’ and seek a quick fix,” she added. “Everyone wants instant gratification.”

Dr. Rao cautioned that adrenal cocktails could be dangerous for someone who has other medical conditions.

“If someone has kidney disease, uncontrolled hypertension, or diabetes, for example, then adrenal cocktails are definitely not safe,” Dr. Rao said. “Loading up with potassium and sodium, which is found in high quantities in adrenal cocktails, will actually worsen any kidney damage, while consuming so much sugar will cause an unregulated rise in blood sugar and further damage in someone with diabetes.”

Dr. Rao also stressed that nonprofessional advice given on social media could take patient people down the wrong path with associated danger.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

The risk of developing gynecologic cancer is lower in women with hyperthyroidism than in those without it, found a large study. 

METHODOLOGY:

• Thyroid disease and altered thyroid hormone expression can affect ovulation, endometrial physiology, and estrogen levels, but studies of the association with gynecologic cancer risk have conflicting results.
• This population-based cohort study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to identify women (mean age, 44 years) who were diagnosed with thyroid disease between January 2000 and December 2018.
• Propensity scores were used to pair 296,872 women with hyperthyroidism and 44,852 with hypothyroidism in a 1:1 ratio with an equal number of individuals without thyroid disorders.
• The cohort was followed up from the date of first diagnosis of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism until the diagnosis of gynecologic cancers (endometrial cancer, uterine corpus cancer, and ovarian cancer), death, or the end of 2018.

TAKEAWAY:

• Women with hyperthyroidism had a lower risk for all gynecologic cancers than those without hyperthyroidism (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.86; P = .0084).
• The risk of developing gynecologic cancer was lower among women with hyperthyroidism aged 20-40 years (aHR, 0.72; P = .0043) but not among those aged > 40 years.
• The reduced risk for gynecologic cancers associated with hyperthyroidism persisted even beyond 6 years of follow-up (aHR, 0.75; P < .001).
• A trend toward a slightly increased risk for gynecologic cancer was observed among women with hypothyroidism; however, the association was not statistically significant.

IN PRACTICE:

The findings may alert oncologists and healthcare decision-makers toward gynecologic cancer trends and prompt further research to understand the mechanism by which thyroid hormone regulates reproductive function, the authors noted.

SOURCE:

This study was led by John Hang Leung from the Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, and published online in Scientific Reports.

LIMITATIONS:

The study data were obtained from administrative claims databases, so there is a possibility of underestimation or overestimation. Lifestyle factors such as obesity and alcoholism are difficult to measure, so the risk for gynecologic cancers linked to thyroid dysfunction may have been underestimated. Furthermore, because of nonavailability of laboratory data, thyroid hormone status at diagnosis could not be linked to gynecological cancer risk.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan. The authors declared no financial interests or conflicts related to the study.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

The risk of developing gynecologic cancer is lower in women with hyperthyroidism than in those without it, found a large study. 

METHODOLOGY:

• Thyroid disease and altered thyroid hormone expression can affect ovulation, endometrial physiology, and estrogen levels, but studies of the association with gynecologic cancer risk have conflicting results.
• This population-based cohort study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to identify women (mean age, 44 years) who were diagnosed with thyroid disease between January 2000 and December 2018.
• Propensity scores were used to pair 296,872 women with hyperthyroidism and 44,852 with hypothyroidism in a 1:1 ratio with an equal number of individuals without thyroid disorders.
• The cohort was followed up from the date of first diagnosis of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism until the diagnosis of gynecologic cancers (endometrial cancer, uterine corpus cancer, and ovarian cancer), death, or the end of 2018.

TAKEAWAY:

• Women with hyperthyroidism had a lower risk for all gynecologic cancers than those without hyperthyroidism (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.86; P = .0084).
• The risk of developing gynecologic cancer was lower among women with hyperthyroidism aged 20-40 years (aHR, 0.72; P = .0043) but not among those aged > 40 years.
• The reduced risk for gynecologic cancers associated with hyperthyroidism persisted even beyond 6 years of follow-up (aHR, 0.75; P < .001).
• A trend toward a slightly increased risk for gynecologic cancer was observed among women with hypothyroidism; however, the association was not statistically significant.

IN PRACTICE:

The findings may alert oncologists and healthcare decision-makers toward gynecologic cancer trends and prompt further research to understand the mechanism by which thyroid hormone regulates reproductive function, the authors noted.

SOURCE:

This study was led by John Hang Leung from the Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, and published online in Scientific Reports.

LIMITATIONS:

The study data were obtained from administrative claims databases, so there is a possibility of underestimation or overestimation. Lifestyle factors such as obesity and alcoholism are difficult to measure, so the risk for gynecologic cancers linked to thyroid dysfunction may have been underestimated. Furthermore, because of nonavailability of laboratory data, thyroid hormone status at diagnosis could not be linked to gynecological cancer risk.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan. The authors declared no financial interests or conflicts related to the study.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

The risk of developing gynecologic cancer is lower in women with hyperthyroidism than in those without it, found a large study. 

METHODOLOGY:

• Thyroid disease and altered thyroid hormone expression can affect ovulation, endometrial physiology, and estrogen levels, but studies of the association with gynecologic cancer risk have conflicting results.
• This population-based cohort study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to identify women (mean age, 44 years) who were diagnosed with thyroid disease between January 2000 and December 2018.
• Propensity scores were used to pair 296,872 women with hyperthyroidism and 44,852 with hypothyroidism in a 1:1 ratio with an equal number of individuals without thyroid disorders.
• The cohort was followed up from the date of first diagnosis of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism until the diagnosis of gynecologic cancers (endometrial cancer, uterine corpus cancer, and ovarian cancer), death, or the end of 2018.

TAKEAWAY:

• Women with hyperthyroidism had a lower risk for all gynecologic cancers than those without hyperthyroidism (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.86; P = .0084).
• The risk of developing gynecologic cancer was lower among women with hyperthyroidism aged 20-40 years (aHR, 0.72; P = .0043) but not among those aged > 40 years.
• The reduced risk for gynecologic cancers associated with hyperthyroidism persisted even beyond 6 years of follow-up (aHR, 0.75; P < .001).
• A trend toward a slightly increased risk for gynecologic cancer was observed among women with hypothyroidism; however, the association was not statistically significant.

IN PRACTICE:

The findings may alert oncologists and healthcare decision-makers toward gynecologic cancer trends and prompt further research to understand the mechanism by which thyroid hormone regulates reproductive function, the authors noted.

SOURCE:

This study was led by John Hang Leung from the Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, and published online in Scientific Reports.

LIMITATIONS:

The study data were obtained from administrative claims databases, so there is a possibility of underestimation or overestimation. Lifestyle factors such as obesity and alcoholism are difficult to measure, so the risk for gynecologic cancers linked to thyroid dysfunction may have been underestimated. Furthermore, because of nonavailability of laboratory data, thyroid hormone status at diagnosis could not be linked to gynecological cancer risk.

DISCLOSURES:

This study was supported by An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan. The authors declared no financial interests or conflicts related to the study.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Patients with Cushing disease have an increased risk for new-onset autoimmune disease in the 3 years after surgical remission, according to a new retrospective study published on February 20 in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Outcomes for patients with Cushing disease were compared against those with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). New-onset autoimmune disease occurred in 10.4% with Cushing disease and 1.6% among patients with NFPA (hazard ratio, 7.80; 95% CI, 2.88-21.10).

“Understanding and recognizing new and recurrent autoimmune disease in this setting is important to avoid misclassifying such patients with glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome, which could result in failure to treat underlying autoimmune disease, as well as erroneous diagnosis of steroid withdrawal cases,” wrote Dennis Delasi Nyanyo of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and colleagues.

Given the general population’s annual incidence of major autoimmune diseases, estimated at about 100 cases per 100,000 people, and the 3-year incidence of 10.4% found in this study’s cohort, “our findings suggest that Cushing disease remission may trigger development of autoimmune disease,” the authors wrote.
 

Monitor Patients With Family History of Autoimmune Disease?

The study results were not necessarily surprising to Anthony P. Heaney, MD, PhD, an endocrinologist and professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, because past research has raised similar questions. The authors’ suggestion that the rapid postsurgical drop in cortisol that occurs as a result of treating Cushing disease becomes some sort of autoimmune trigger is interesting but remains speculative, Dr. Heaney pointed out.

If future evidence supports that possibility, “it would suggest, in terms of managing those patients in the postoperative setting, that there may be some merit to giving them higher concentrations of glucocorticoids for a short period of time,” Dr. Heaney said, thereby bringing their levels down more gradually rather than taking them off a cliff, in a sense. Or, if more evidence bears out the authors’ hypothesis, another approach might be treating patients with medicine to bring down the cortisol before surgery, though there are challenges to that approach, Dr. Heaney said.

At the same time, those who developed new autoimmune disease remain a small subset of patients with Cushing disease, so such approaches may become only potentially appropriate to consider in patients with risk factors, such as a family history of autoimmune disease.

The researchers conducted a retrospective chart review of adult patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery for either Cushing disease or NFPA at Massachusetts General Hospital between 2005 and 2019.

The study involved 194 patients with Cushing disease who had postsurgical remission and at least one follow-up visit with a pituitary expert and 92 patients with NFPA who were matched to patients with Cushing disease based on age and sex. The authors regarded autoimmune disease diagnosed within 36 months of the surgery to be temporally associated with Cushing disease remission. Among the autoimmune diseases considered were “rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease, psoriasis, vitiligo, autoimmune neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and ulcerative colitis.”

Patients differed in average body mass index and tumor size, but family history of autoimmune disease was similar in both groups. Average BMI was 34.5 in the Cushing group and 29.5 in the NFPA group. Average tumor size was 5.7 mm in the Cushing group and 21.3 mm in the NFPA group.

Before surgery, 2.9% of patients with Cushing disease and 15.4% of patients with NFPA had central hypothyroidism, and 8% in the Cushing group and 56.8% in the NFPA group had hyperprolactinemia. Central adrenal insufficiency occurred in 11% with NFPA and in all with Cushing disease, by definition.

After surgery, 93.8% in the Cushing group and 16.5% in the NFPA group had adrenal insufficiency. In addition, patients with Cushing disease had lower postsurgical nadir serum cortisol levels (63.8 nmol/L) than those with NFPA (282.3 nmol/L).

Of the 17 patients with Cushing disease — all women — who developed autoimmune disease within 3 years, 6 had a personal history of autoimmune disease and 7 had a family history of it. In addition, 41.2% of them had adrenal insufficiency when they developed the new autoimmune disease. Among the diseases were six autoimmune thyroiditis cases, three Sjögren syndrome cases, and two autoimmune seronegative spondyloarthropathy.

Dr. Heaney said he found it interesting that more than half of the new autoimmune diseases in patients with Cushing disease were related to the thyroid. “In this kind of setting, where you have a patient who has been producing too much steroid over a period of time and then you take that away, it’s almost like you release a brake on the TSH [thyroid-stimulating hormone],” Dr. Heaney said. “So, there’s probably some rebound in TSH that occurs, and that could be driving the thyroiditis, to some extent, that we see in these patients.”

Only one patient with NFPA developed new-onset autoimmune disease, a woman who developed Graves disease 22 months after surgery. When the researchers excluded patients in both groups with central hypothyroidism, new-onset autoimmune disease was still significantly higher (11.4%) in the Cushing group than in the NFPA group (1.9%; HR, 7.02; 95% CI, 2.54-19.39).
 

Could Postoperative Adrenal Insufficiency Contribute to Risk?

Within the Cushing cohort, those who developed autoimmune disease had a lower BMI (31.8 vs 34.8) and larger tumor size (7.2 vs 5.6 mm) than those who didn’t develop new autoimmune disease. Patients who developed autoimmune disease also had a lower baseline urine free cortisol ratio (2.7 vs 6.3) before surgery and more family history of autoimmune disease (41.2% vs 20.9%) than those who didn’t develop one.

“The higher prevalence of adrenal insufficiency and the lower nadir serum cortisol levels in the Cushing disease group suggest that the postoperative adrenal insufficiency in the Cushing disease group might have contributed to autoimmune disease pathogenesis,” the authors wrote. “This finding is clinically significant because cortisol plays a pivotal role in modulating the immune system.”

Most postoperative management among patients with Cushing disease was similar, with all but one patient receiving 0.5 or 1 mg daily dexamethasone within the first week after surgery. (The one outlier received 5 mg daily prednisone.) However, fewer patients who developed autoimmune disease (17.6%) received supraphysiologic doses of glucocorticoid — equivalent to at least 25 mg hydrocortisone — compared with patients who didn’t develop autoimmune disease (41.8%).

“Although the daily average hydrocortisone equivalent replacement doses within the first month and during long-term follow-up were within the physiologic range in both subgroups, patients with Cushing disease who had autoimmune disease received slightly lower doses of glucocorticoid replacement within the first month after surgery,” the authors reported. “The immediate postoperative period might be a critical window where supraphysiologic glucocorticoids seem to be protective with regard to development of autoimmune disease,” they wrote, though they acknowledged the study’s retrospective design as a limitation in drawing that conclusion.

At the least, they suggested that new symptoms in patients with Cushing disease, particularly those with a family history of autoimmune disease, should prompt investigation of potential autoimmune disease.

Recordati Rare Diseases funded the study. The research was also conducted with support from Harvard Catalyst (the Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center) as well as financial contributions from Harvard University and its affiliated academic healthcare centers. One author reported holding stocks in Pfizer and Amgen, and another reported receiving consulting fees from Corcept. Dr. Heaney reported receiving institutional grants for trials from Corcept, Ascendis, Crinetics, and Sparrow Pharm; serving on the advisory board for Xeris, Recordati, Corcept, Novo Nordisk, Lundbeck, and Crinetics; and serving as a speaker for Chiesi, Novo Nordisk, and Corcept.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Patients with Cushing disease have an increased risk for new-onset autoimmune disease in the 3 years after surgical remission, according to a new retrospective study published on February 20 in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Outcomes for patients with Cushing disease were compared against those with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). New-onset autoimmune disease occurred in 10.4% with Cushing disease and 1.6% among patients with NFPA (hazard ratio, 7.80; 95% CI, 2.88-21.10).

“Understanding and recognizing new and recurrent autoimmune disease in this setting is important to avoid misclassifying such patients with glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome, which could result in failure to treat underlying autoimmune disease, as well as erroneous diagnosis of steroid withdrawal cases,” wrote Dennis Delasi Nyanyo of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and colleagues.

Given the general population’s annual incidence of major autoimmune diseases, estimated at about 100 cases per 100,000 people, and the 3-year incidence of 10.4% found in this study’s cohort, “our findings suggest that Cushing disease remission may trigger development of autoimmune disease,” the authors wrote.
 

Monitor Patients With Family History of Autoimmune Disease?

The study results were not necessarily surprising to Anthony P. Heaney, MD, PhD, an endocrinologist and professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, because past research has raised similar questions. The authors’ suggestion that the rapid postsurgical drop in cortisol that occurs as a result of treating Cushing disease becomes some sort of autoimmune trigger is interesting but remains speculative, Dr. Heaney pointed out.

If future evidence supports that possibility, “it would suggest, in terms of managing those patients in the postoperative setting, that there may be some merit to giving them higher concentrations of glucocorticoids for a short period of time,” Dr. Heaney said, thereby bringing their levels down more gradually rather than taking them off a cliff, in a sense. Or, if more evidence bears out the authors’ hypothesis, another approach might be treating patients with medicine to bring down the cortisol before surgery, though there are challenges to that approach, Dr. Heaney said.

At the same time, those who developed new autoimmune disease remain a small subset of patients with Cushing disease, so such approaches may become only potentially appropriate to consider in patients with risk factors, such as a family history of autoimmune disease.

The researchers conducted a retrospective chart review of adult patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery for either Cushing disease or NFPA at Massachusetts General Hospital between 2005 and 2019.

The study involved 194 patients with Cushing disease who had postsurgical remission and at least one follow-up visit with a pituitary expert and 92 patients with NFPA who were matched to patients with Cushing disease based on age and sex. The authors regarded autoimmune disease diagnosed within 36 months of the surgery to be temporally associated with Cushing disease remission. Among the autoimmune diseases considered were “rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease, psoriasis, vitiligo, autoimmune neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and ulcerative colitis.”

Patients differed in average body mass index and tumor size, but family history of autoimmune disease was similar in both groups. Average BMI was 34.5 in the Cushing group and 29.5 in the NFPA group. Average tumor size was 5.7 mm in the Cushing group and 21.3 mm in the NFPA group.

Before surgery, 2.9% of patients with Cushing disease and 15.4% of patients with NFPA had central hypothyroidism, and 8% in the Cushing group and 56.8% in the NFPA group had hyperprolactinemia. Central adrenal insufficiency occurred in 11% with NFPA and in all with Cushing disease, by definition.

After surgery, 93.8% in the Cushing group and 16.5% in the NFPA group had adrenal insufficiency. In addition, patients with Cushing disease had lower postsurgical nadir serum cortisol levels (63.8 nmol/L) than those with NFPA (282.3 nmol/L).

Of the 17 patients with Cushing disease — all women — who developed autoimmune disease within 3 years, 6 had a personal history of autoimmune disease and 7 had a family history of it. In addition, 41.2% of them had adrenal insufficiency when they developed the new autoimmune disease. Among the diseases were six autoimmune thyroiditis cases, three Sjögren syndrome cases, and two autoimmune seronegative spondyloarthropathy.

Dr. Heaney said he found it interesting that more than half of the new autoimmune diseases in patients with Cushing disease were related to the thyroid. “In this kind of setting, where you have a patient who has been producing too much steroid over a period of time and then you take that away, it’s almost like you release a brake on the TSH [thyroid-stimulating hormone],” Dr. Heaney said. “So, there’s probably some rebound in TSH that occurs, and that could be driving the thyroiditis, to some extent, that we see in these patients.”

Only one patient with NFPA developed new-onset autoimmune disease, a woman who developed Graves disease 22 months after surgery. When the researchers excluded patients in both groups with central hypothyroidism, new-onset autoimmune disease was still significantly higher (11.4%) in the Cushing group than in the NFPA group (1.9%; HR, 7.02; 95% CI, 2.54-19.39).
 

Could Postoperative Adrenal Insufficiency Contribute to Risk?

Within the Cushing cohort, those who developed autoimmune disease had a lower BMI (31.8 vs 34.8) and larger tumor size (7.2 vs 5.6 mm) than those who didn’t develop new autoimmune disease. Patients who developed autoimmune disease also had a lower baseline urine free cortisol ratio (2.7 vs 6.3) before surgery and more family history of autoimmune disease (41.2% vs 20.9%) than those who didn’t develop one.

“The higher prevalence of adrenal insufficiency and the lower nadir serum cortisol levels in the Cushing disease group suggest that the postoperative adrenal insufficiency in the Cushing disease group might have contributed to autoimmune disease pathogenesis,” the authors wrote. “This finding is clinically significant because cortisol plays a pivotal role in modulating the immune system.”

Most postoperative management among patients with Cushing disease was similar, with all but one patient receiving 0.5 or 1 mg daily dexamethasone within the first week after surgery. (The one outlier received 5 mg daily prednisone.) However, fewer patients who developed autoimmune disease (17.6%) received supraphysiologic doses of glucocorticoid — equivalent to at least 25 mg hydrocortisone — compared with patients who didn’t develop autoimmune disease (41.8%).

“Although the daily average hydrocortisone equivalent replacement doses within the first month and during long-term follow-up were within the physiologic range in both subgroups, patients with Cushing disease who had autoimmune disease received slightly lower doses of glucocorticoid replacement within the first month after surgery,” the authors reported. “The immediate postoperative period might be a critical window where supraphysiologic glucocorticoids seem to be protective with regard to development of autoimmune disease,” they wrote, though they acknowledged the study’s retrospective design as a limitation in drawing that conclusion.

At the least, they suggested that new symptoms in patients with Cushing disease, particularly those with a family history of autoimmune disease, should prompt investigation of potential autoimmune disease.

Recordati Rare Diseases funded the study. The research was also conducted with support from Harvard Catalyst (the Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center) as well as financial contributions from Harvard University and its affiliated academic healthcare centers. One author reported holding stocks in Pfizer and Amgen, and another reported receiving consulting fees from Corcept. Dr. Heaney reported receiving institutional grants for trials from Corcept, Ascendis, Crinetics, and Sparrow Pharm; serving on the advisory board for Xeris, Recordati, Corcept, Novo Nordisk, Lundbeck, and Crinetics; and serving as a speaker for Chiesi, Novo Nordisk, and Corcept.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Patients with Cushing disease have an increased risk for new-onset autoimmune disease in the 3 years after surgical remission, according to a new retrospective study published on February 20 in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Outcomes for patients with Cushing disease were compared against those with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). New-onset autoimmune disease occurred in 10.4% with Cushing disease and 1.6% among patients with NFPA (hazard ratio, 7.80; 95% CI, 2.88-21.10).

“Understanding and recognizing new and recurrent autoimmune disease in this setting is important to avoid misclassifying such patients with glucocorticoid withdrawal syndrome, which could result in failure to treat underlying autoimmune disease, as well as erroneous diagnosis of steroid withdrawal cases,” wrote Dennis Delasi Nyanyo of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, and colleagues.

Given the general population’s annual incidence of major autoimmune diseases, estimated at about 100 cases per 100,000 people, and the 3-year incidence of 10.4% found in this study’s cohort, “our findings suggest that Cushing disease remission may trigger development of autoimmune disease,” the authors wrote.
 

Monitor Patients With Family History of Autoimmune Disease?

The study results were not necessarily surprising to Anthony P. Heaney, MD, PhD, an endocrinologist and professor of medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, because past research has raised similar questions. The authors’ suggestion that the rapid postsurgical drop in cortisol that occurs as a result of treating Cushing disease becomes some sort of autoimmune trigger is interesting but remains speculative, Dr. Heaney pointed out.

If future evidence supports that possibility, “it would suggest, in terms of managing those patients in the postoperative setting, that there may be some merit to giving them higher concentrations of glucocorticoids for a short period of time,” Dr. Heaney said, thereby bringing their levels down more gradually rather than taking them off a cliff, in a sense. Or, if more evidence bears out the authors’ hypothesis, another approach might be treating patients with medicine to bring down the cortisol before surgery, though there are challenges to that approach, Dr. Heaney said.

At the same time, those who developed new autoimmune disease remain a small subset of patients with Cushing disease, so such approaches may become only potentially appropriate to consider in patients with risk factors, such as a family history of autoimmune disease.

The researchers conducted a retrospective chart review of adult patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery for either Cushing disease or NFPA at Massachusetts General Hospital between 2005 and 2019.

The study involved 194 patients with Cushing disease who had postsurgical remission and at least one follow-up visit with a pituitary expert and 92 patients with NFPA who were matched to patients with Cushing disease based on age and sex. The authors regarded autoimmune disease diagnosed within 36 months of the surgery to be temporally associated with Cushing disease remission. Among the autoimmune diseases considered were “rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease, psoriasis, vitiligo, autoimmune neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and ulcerative colitis.”

Patients differed in average body mass index and tumor size, but family history of autoimmune disease was similar in both groups. Average BMI was 34.5 in the Cushing group and 29.5 in the NFPA group. Average tumor size was 5.7 mm in the Cushing group and 21.3 mm in the NFPA group.

Before surgery, 2.9% of patients with Cushing disease and 15.4% of patients with NFPA had central hypothyroidism, and 8% in the Cushing group and 56.8% in the NFPA group had hyperprolactinemia. Central adrenal insufficiency occurred in 11% with NFPA and in all with Cushing disease, by definition.

After surgery, 93.8% in the Cushing group and 16.5% in the NFPA group had adrenal insufficiency. In addition, patients with Cushing disease had lower postsurgical nadir serum cortisol levels (63.8 nmol/L) than those with NFPA (282.3 nmol/L).

Of the 17 patients with Cushing disease — all women — who developed autoimmune disease within 3 years, 6 had a personal history of autoimmune disease and 7 had a family history of it. In addition, 41.2% of them had adrenal insufficiency when they developed the new autoimmune disease. Among the diseases were six autoimmune thyroiditis cases, three Sjögren syndrome cases, and two autoimmune seronegative spondyloarthropathy.

Dr. Heaney said he found it interesting that more than half of the new autoimmune diseases in patients with Cushing disease were related to the thyroid. “In this kind of setting, where you have a patient who has been producing too much steroid over a period of time and then you take that away, it’s almost like you release a brake on the TSH [thyroid-stimulating hormone],” Dr. Heaney said. “So, there’s probably some rebound in TSH that occurs, and that could be driving the thyroiditis, to some extent, that we see in these patients.”

Only one patient with NFPA developed new-onset autoimmune disease, a woman who developed Graves disease 22 months after surgery. When the researchers excluded patients in both groups with central hypothyroidism, new-onset autoimmune disease was still significantly higher (11.4%) in the Cushing group than in the NFPA group (1.9%; HR, 7.02; 95% CI, 2.54-19.39).
 

Could Postoperative Adrenal Insufficiency Contribute to Risk?

Within the Cushing cohort, those who developed autoimmune disease had a lower BMI (31.8 vs 34.8) and larger tumor size (7.2 vs 5.6 mm) than those who didn’t develop new autoimmune disease. Patients who developed autoimmune disease also had a lower baseline urine free cortisol ratio (2.7 vs 6.3) before surgery and more family history of autoimmune disease (41.2% vs 20.9%) than those who didn’t develop one.

“The higher prevalence of adrenal insufficiency and the lower nadir serum cortisol levels in the Cushing disease group suggest that the postoperative adrenal insufficiency in the Cushing disease group might have contributed to autoimmune disease pathogenesis,” the authors wrote. “This finding is clinically significant because cortisol plays a pivotal role in modulating the immune system.”

Most postoperative management among patients with Cushing disease was similar, with all but one patient receiving 0.5 or 1 mg daily dexamethasone within the first week after surgery. (The one outlier received 5 mg daily prednisone.) However, fewer patients who developed autoimmune disease (17.6%) received supraphysiologic doses of glucocorticoid — equivalent to at least 25 mg hydrocortisone — compared with patients who didn’t develop autoimmune disease (41.8%).

“Although the daily average hydrocortisone equivalent replacement doses within the first month and during long-term follow-up were within the physiologic range in both subgroups, patients with Cushing disease who had autoimmune disease received slightly lower doses of glucocorticoid replacement within the first month after surgery,” the authors reported. “The immediate postoperative period might be a critical window where supraphysiologic glucocorticoids seem to be protective with regard to development of autoimmune disease,” they wrote, though they acknowledged the study’s retrospective design as a limitation in drawing that conclusion.

At the least, they suggested that new symptoms in patients with Cushing disease, particularly those with a family history of autoimmune disease, should prompt investigation of potential autoimmune disease.

Recordati Rare Diseases funded the study. The research was also conducted with support from Harvard Catalyst (the Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center) as well as financial contributions from Harvard University and its affiliated academic healthcare centers. One author reported holding stocks in Pfizer and Amgen, and another reported receiving consulting fees from Corcept. Dr. Heaney reported receiving institutional grants for trials from Corcept, Ascendis, Crinetics, and Sparrow Pharm; serving on the advisory board for Xeris, Recordati, Corcept, Novo Nordisk, Lundbeck, and Crinetics; and serving as a speaker for Chiesi, Novo Nordisk, and Corcept.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Selenium supplementation is associated with improvements in key thyroid measures in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis who are not treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy, research from a new meta-analysis showed.

METHODOLOGY:

• For the systematic review and meta-analysis, 35 randomized controlled trials were identified that included evaluation of selenium supplementation’s effects on thyroid function.
• The studies focused on a variety of key thyroid function measures, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total thyroxine (fT4, T4), free and total triiodothyronine (fT3, T3), thyroid antibodies, safety, and other factors.
• Stratified analyses were conducted to evaluate key factors including the dose and duration of selenium supplementation; patients’ thyroid status, age, gender, treatment with hormone replacement, and selenium status, such as deficiency or sufficiency; and other factors.
• While patients’ selenium levels at baseline were reported in only about half of the studies, among those that did have the data, the vast majority — 89% of cohorts — were selenium deficient.
• The study populations ranged from 31 to 364 and included children, adolescents, and adults.

TAKEAWAY:

• The analysis showed selenium supplementation to be significantly associated with decreased TSH in patients who were not treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.21 in seven cohorts, involving 869 participants).
• Improvements associated with selenium replacement were also observed regardless of whether patients were on thyroid hormone replacement therapy in terms of decreases in thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) (SMD, −0.96 in 29 cohorts, involving 2358 participants) and malondialdehyde (SMD, −1.16 in three cohorts, involving 248 participants).
• Overall, selenium supplementation had no significant effects on other notable thyroid measures, including fT4, T4, fT3, T3, thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), thyroid volume, interleukin 2, or interleukin 10. However, when the analysis only included adults aged 18 and older, the selenium supplementation was linked to reductions in TSH and TPOAb, as well as increases in fT4 levels.
• Importantly, no significant differences were observed in terms of adverse effects between the studies’ intervention and control groups at selenium supplementation doses ranging from 80 to 400 μg/d for up to 12 months (odds ratio, 0.89 in 16 cohorts, involving 1339 participants).
• The authors determined that the certainty of evidence, overall, was moderate.

IN PRACTICE:

The results regarding effects of selenium on TSH “add to the existing knowledge in this field by demonstrating an effect of selenium supplementation on lowering TSH levels exclusively in Hashimoto thyroiditis patients without thyroid hormone replacement therapy,” the authors wrote. Furthermore, “our study reaffirmed the results of six prior meta-analyses reporting an effect of selenium in reducing TPOAb levels,” they added. “The inclusion of 31 cohorts enhanced statistical power compared to the previous meta-analyses, which included a maximum of nine cohorts.” “Our study suggests that selenium supplementation is safe and holds potential as a disease-modifying factor for Hashimoto thyroiditis–associated hypothyroidism,” the authors reported. “Further research is needed to confirm its efficacy, fully understand its mechanism of action, and elucidate its cost-effectiveness.”

SOURCE:

The study’s first author was Valentina V. Huwiler, MSc, of the Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. The study was published in Thyroid.

LIMITATIONS:

Due to variations in assays used in the different studies for measures including TPOAb and TGAb, the authors used SMD instead of the mean difference typically recommended when varying assays are used; however, only the effect size can be interpreted and not the clinical significance, the authors noted. Serum selenium concentrations may vary based on the analytical technique. Data on participants’ dietary habits and compliance with study regimens were not available.

DISCLOSURES:

The authors had no disclosures to report.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Selenium supplementation is associated with improvements in key thyroid measures in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis who are not treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy, research from a new meta-analysis showed.

METHODOLOGY:

• For the systematic review and meta-analysis, 35 randomized controlled trials were identified that included evaluation of selenium supplementation’s effects on thyroid function.
• The studies focused on a variety of key thyroid function measures, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total thyroxine (fT4, T4), free and total triiodothyronine (fT3, T3), thyroid antibodies, safety, and other factors.
• Stratified analyses were conducted to evaluate key factors including the dose and duration of selenium supplementation; patients’ thyroid status, age, gender, treatment with hormone replacement, and selenium status, such as deficiency or sufficiency; and other factors.
• While patients’ selenium levels at baseline were reported in only about half of the studies, among those that did have the data, the vast majority — 89% of cohorts — were selenium deficient.
• The study populations ranged from 31 to 364 and included children, adolescents, and adults.

TAKEAWAY:

• The analysis showed selenium supplementation to be significantly associated with decreased TSH in patients who were not treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.21 in seven cohorts, involving 869 participants).
• Improvements associated with selenium replacement were also observed regardless of whether patients were on thyroid hormone replacement therapy in terms of decreases in thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) (SMD, −0.96 in 29 cohorts, involving 2358 participants) and malondialdehyde (SMD, −1.16 in three cohorts, involving 248 participants).
• Overall, selenium supplementation had no significant effects on other notable thyroid measures, including fT4, T4, fT3, T3, thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), thyroid volume, interleukin 2, or interleukin 10. However, when the analysis only included adults aged 18 and older, the selenium supplementation was linked to reductions in TSH and TPOAb, as well as increases in fT4 levels.
• Importantly, no significant differences were observed in terms of adverse effects between the studies’ intervention and control groups at selenium supplementation doses ranging from 80 to 400 μg/d for up to 12 months (odds ratio, 0.89 in 16 cohorts, involving 1339 participants).
• The authors determined that the certainty of evidence, overall, was moderate.

IN PRACTICE:

The results regarding effects of selenium on TSH “add to the existing knowledge in this field by demonstrating an effect of selenium supplementation on lowering TSH levels exclusively in Hashimoto thyroiditis patients without thyroid hormone replacement therapy,” the authors wrote. Furthermore, “our study reaffirmed the results of six prior meta-analyses reporting an effect of selenium in reducing TPOAb levels,” they added. “The inclusion of 31 cohorts enhanced statistical power compared to the previous meta-analyses, which included a maximum of nine cohorts.” “Our study suggests that selenium supplementation is safe and holds potential as a disease-modifying factor for Hashimoto thyroiditis–associated hypothyroidism,” the authors reported. “Further research is needed to confirm its efficacy, fully understand its mechanism of action, and elucidate its cost-effectiveness.”

SOURCE:

The study’s first author was Valentina V. Huwiler, MSc, of the Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. The study was published in Thyroid.

LIMITATIONS:

Due to variations in assays used in the different studies for measures including TPOAb and TGAb, the authors used SMD instead of the mean difference typically recommended when varying assays are used; however, only the effect size can be interpreted and not the clinical significance, the authors noted. Serum selenium concentrations may vary based on the analytical technique. Data on participants’ dietary habits and compliance with study regimens were not available.

DISCLOSURES:

The authors had no disclosures to report.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

Selenium supplementation is associated with improvements in key thyroid measures in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis who are not treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy, research from a new meta-analysis showed.

METHODOLOGY:

• For the systematic review and meta-analysis, 35 randomized controlled trials were identified that included evaluation of selenium supplementation’s effects on thyroid function.
• The studies focused on a variety of key thyroid function measures, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total thyroxine (fT4, T4), free and total triiodothyronine (fT3, T3), thyroid antibodies, safety, and other factors.
• Stratified analyses were conducted to evaluate key factors including the dose and duration of selenium supplementation; patients’ thyroid status, age, gender, treatment with hormone replacement, and selenium status, such as deficiency or sufficiency; and other factors.
• While patients’ selenium levels at baseline were reported in only about half of the studies, among those that did have the data, the vast majority — 89% of cohorts — were selenium deficient.
• The study populations ranged from 31 to 364 and included children, adolescents, and adults.

TAKEAWAY:

• The analysis showed selenium supplementation to be significantly associated with decreased TSH in patients who were not treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.21 in seven cohorts, involving 869 participants).
• Improvements associated with selenium replacement were also observed regardless of whether patients were on thyroid hormone replacement therapy in terms of decreases in thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) (SMD, −0.96 in 29 cohorts, involving 2358 participants) and malondialdehyde (SMD, −1.16 in three cohorts, involving 248 participants).
• Overall, selenium supplementation had no significant effects on other notable thyroid measures, including fT4, T4, fT3, T3, thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), thyroid volume, interleukin 2, or interleukin 10. However, when the analysis only included adults aged 18 and older, the selenium supplementation was linked to reductions in TSH and TPOAb, as well as increases in fT4 levels.
• Importantly, no significant differences were observed in terms of adverse effects between the studies’ intervention and control groups at selenium supplementation doses ranging from 80 to 400 μg/d for up to 12 months (odds ratio, 0.89 in 16 cohorts, involving 1339 participants).
• The authors determined that the certainty of evidence, overall, was moderate.

IN PRACTICE:

The results regarding effects of selenium on TSH “add to the existing knowledge in this field by demonstrating an effect of selenium supplementation on lowering TSH levels exclusively in Hashimoto thyroiditis patients without thyroid hormone replacement therapy,” the authors wrote. Furthermore, “our study reaffirmed the results of six prior meta-analyses reporting an effect of selenium in reducing TPOAb levels,” they added. “The inclusion of 31 cohorts enhanced statistical power compared to the previous meta-analyses, which included a maximum of nine cohorts.” “Our study suggests that selenium supplementation is safe and holds potential as a disease-modifying factor for Hashimoto thyroiditis–associated hypothyroidism,” the authors reported. “Further research is needed to confirm its efficacy, fully understand its mechanism of action, and elucidate its cost-effectiveness.”

SOURCE:

The study’s first author was Valentina V. Huwiler, MSc, of the Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. The study was published in Thyroid.

LIMITATIONS:

Due to variations in assays used in the different studies for measures including TPOAb and TGAb, the authors used SMD instead of the mean difference typically recommended when varying assays are used; however, only the effect size can be interpreted and not the clinical significance, the authors noted. Serum selenium concentrations may vary based on the analytical technique. Data on participants’ dietary habits and compliance with study regimens were not available.

DISCLOSURES:

The authors had no disclosures to report.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a frequently overlooked yet common cause of secondary hypertension, presenting significant risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

But fewer than 4% of at-risk patients receive the recommended screening for PA, leaving a substantial gap in early detection and management, according to Adina F. Turcu, MD, MS, associate professor in endocrinology and internal medicine at University of Michigan Health in Ann Arbor. 

In response to this clinical challenge, Dr. Turcu and her colleagues developed a best-practice advisory (BPA) to identify patients who were at risk for PA and embedded it into electronic health record at University of Michigan ambulatory clinics. Her team found that use of the tool led to increased rates of screening for PA, particularly among primary care physicians.

Over a 15-month period, Dr. Turcu and her colleagues tested the BPA through a quality improvement study, identifying 14,603 unique candidates for PA screening, with a mean age of 65.5 years and a diverse representation of ethnic backgrounds. 

Notably, 48.1% of these candidates had treatment-resistant hypertension, 43.5% exhibited hypokalemia, 10.5% were younger than 35 years, and 3.1% had adrenal nodules. Of these candidates, 14.0% received orders for PA screening, with 70.5% completing the recommended screening within the system, and 17.4% receiving positive screening results. 

The study, conducted over 6 months in 2023, targeted adults with hypertension and at least one of the following: Those who took four or more antihypertensive medications, exhibited hypokalemia, were younger than age 35 years, or had adrenal nodules. Patients previously tested for PA were excluded from the analysis. 

The noninterruptive BPA was triggered during outpatient visits with clinicians who specialized in hypertension. The advisory would then offer an order set for PA screening and provide a link to interpretation guidance for results. Clinicians had the option to use, ignore, or decline the BPA.

“Although we were hoping for broader uptake of this EHR-embedded BPA, we were delighted to see an increase in PA screening rates to 14% of identified candidates as compared to an average of less than 3% in retrospective studies of similar populations, including in our own institution prior to implementing this BPA,” Dr. Turcu told this news organization.

Physician specialty played a crucial role in the utilization of the BPA. Internists and family medicine physicians accounted for the majority of screening orders, placing 40.0% and 28.1% of these, respectively. Family practitioners and internists predominantly used the embedded order set (80.3% and 68.9%, respectively).

“Hypertension often gets treated rather than screening for [causes of] secondary hypertension prior to treatment,” said Kaniksha Desai, MD, clinical associate professor and endocrinology quality director at Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, who was not involved in the research. But “primary hyperaldosteronism is a condition that can be treated surgically and has increased long term cardiovascular consequences if not identified. While guidelines recommend screening at-risk patients, this often can get lost in translation in clinical practice due to many factors, including time constraints and volume of patients.” 

Patients who did vs did not undergo screening were more likely to be women, Black, and younger than age 35 years. Additionally, the likelihood of screening was higher among patients with obesity and dyslipidemia, whereas it was lower in those with chronic kidney disease and established cardiovascular complications.

According to Dr. Turcu, the findings from this study suggest that noninterruptive BPAs, especially when integrated into primary care workflows, hold promise as effective tools for PA screening.

When coupled with artificial intelligence to optimize detection yield, these refined BPAs could significantly contribute to personalized care for hypertension, the investigators said. 

“Considering that in the United States almost one in two adults has hypertension, such automatized tools become instrumental to busy clinicians, particularly those in primary care,” Dr. Turcu said. “Our results indicate a promising opportunity to meaningfully improve PA awareness and enhance its diagnosis.” 

Dr. Turcu reported receiving grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Doris Duke Foundation, served as an investigator in a CinCor Pharma clinical trial, and received financial support to her institution during the conduct of the study. Dr. Desai reported no relevant financial disclosures. 
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a frequently overlooked yet common cause of secondary hypertension, presenting significant risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

But fewer than 4% of at-risk patients receive the recommended screening for PA, leaving a substantial gap in early detection and management, according to Adina F. Turcu, MD, MS, associate professor in endocrinology and internal medicine at University of Michigan Health in Ann Arbor. 

In response to this clinical challenge, Dr. Turcu and her colleagues developed a best-practice advisory (BPA) to identify patients who were at risk for PA and embedded it into electronic health record at University of Michigan ambulatory clinics. Her team found that use of the tool led to increased rates of screening for PA, particularly among primary care physicians.

Over a 15-month period, Dr. Turcu and her colleagues tested the BPA through a quality improvement study, identifying 14,603 unique candidates for PA screening, with a mean age of 65.5 years and a diverse representation of ethnic backgrounds. 

Notably, 48.1% of these candidates had treatment-resistant hypertension, 43.5% exhibited hypokalemia, 10.5% were younger than 35 years, and 3.1% had adrenal nodules. Of these candidates, 14.0% received orders for PA screening, with 70.5% completing the recommended screening within the system, and 17.4% receiving positive screening results. 

The study, conducted over 6 months in 2023, targeted adults with hypertension and at least one of the following: Those who took four or more antihypertensive medications, exhibited hypokalemia, were younger than age 35 years, or had adrenal nodules. Patients previously tested for PA were excluded from the analysis. 

The noninterruptive BPA was triggered during outpatient visits with clinicians who specialized in hypertension. The advisory would then offer an order set for PA screening and provide a link to interpretation guidance for results. Clinicians had the option to use, ignore, or decline the BPA.

“Although we were hoping for broader uptake of this EHR-embedded BPA, we were delighted to see an increase in PA screening rates to 14% of identified candidates as compared to an average of less than 3% in retrospective studies of similar populations, including in our own institution prior to implementing this BPA,” Dr. Turcu told this news organization.

Physician specialty played a crucial role in the utilization of the BPA. Internists and family medicine physicians accounted for the majority of screening orders, placing 40.0% and 28.1% of these, respectively. Family practitioners and internists predominantly used the embedded order set (80.3% and 68.9%, respectively).

“Hypertension often gets treated rather than screening for [causes of] secondary hypertension prior to treatment,” said Kaniksha Desai, MD, clinical associate professor and endocrinology quality director at Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, who was not involved in the research. But “primary hyperaldosteronism is a condition that can be treated surgically and has increased long term cardiovascular consequences if not identified. While guidelines recommend screening at-risk patients, this often can get lost in translation in clinical practice due to many factors, including time constraints and volume of patients.” 

Patients who did vs did not undergo screening were more likely to be women, Black, and younger than age 35 years. Additionally, the likelihood of screening was higher among patients with obesity and dyslipidemia, whereas it was lower in those with chronic kidney disease and established cardiovascular complications.

According to Dr. Turcu, the findings from this study suggest that noninterruptive BPAs, especially when integrated into primary care workflows, hold promise as effective tools for PA screening.

When coupled with artificial intelligence to optimize detection yield, these refined BPAs could significantly contribute to personalized care for hypertension, the investigators said. 

“Considering that in the United States almost one in two adults has hypertension, such automatized tools become instrumental to busy clinicians, particularly those in primary care,” Dr. Turcu said. “Our results indicate a promising opportunity to meaningfully improve PA awareness and enhance its diagnosis.” 

Dr. Turcu reported receiving grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Doris Duke Foundation, served as an investigator in a CinCor Pharma clinical trial, and received financial support to her institution during the conduct of the study. Dr. Desai reported no relevant financial disclosures. 
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a frequently overlooked yet common cause of secondary hypertension, presenting significant risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

But fewer than 4% of at-risk patients receive the recommended screening for PA, leaving a substantial gap in early detection and management, according to Adina F. Turcu, MD, MS, associate professor in endocrinology and internal medicine at University of Michigan Health in Ann Arbor. 

In response to this clinical challenge, Dr. Turcu and her colleagues developed a best-practice advisory (BPA) to identify patients who were at risk for PA and embedded it into electronic health record at University of Michigan ambulatory clinics. Her team found that use of the tool led to increased rates of screening for PA, particularly among primary care physicians.

Over a 15-month period, Dr. Turcu and her colleagues tested the BPA through a quality improvement study, identifying 14,603 unique candidates for PA screening, with a mean age of 65.5 years and a diverse representation of ethnic backgrounds. 

Notably, 48.1% of these candidates had treatment-resistant hypertension, 43.5% exhibited hypokalemia, 10.5% were younger than 35 years, and 3.1% had adrenal nodules. Of these candidates, 14.0% received orders for PA screening, with 70.5% completing the recommended screening within the system, and 17.4% receiving positive screening results. 

The study, conducted over 6 months in 2023, targeted adults with hypertension and at least one of the following: Those who took four or more antihypertensive medications, exhibited hypokalemia, were younger than age 35 years, or had adrenal nodules. Patients previously tested for PA were excluded from the analysis. 

The noninterruptive BPA was triggered during outpatient visits with clinicians who specialized in hypertension. The advisory would then offer an order set for PA screening and provide a link to interpretation guidance for results. Clinicians had the option to use, ignore, or decline the BPA.

“Although we were hoping for broader uptake of this EHR-embedded BPA, we were delighted to see an increase in PA screening rates to 14% of identified candidates as compared to an average of less than 3% in retrospective studies of similar populations, including in our own institution prior to implementing this BPA,” Dr. Turcu told this news organization.

Physician specialty played a crucial role in the utilization of the BPA. Internists and family medicine physicians accounted for the majority of screening orders, placing 40.0% and 28.1% of these, respectively. Family practitioners and internists predominantly used the embedded order set (80.3% and 68.9%, respectively).

“Hypertension often gets treated rather than screening for [causes of] secondary hypertension prior to treatment,” said Kaniksha Desai, MD, clinical associate professor and endocrinology quality director at Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, who was not involved in the research. But “primary hyperaldosteronism is a condition that can be treated surgically and has increased long term cardiovascular consequences if not identified. While guidelines recommend screening at-risk patients, this often can get lost in translation in clinical practice due to many factors, including time constraints and volume of patients.” 

Patients who did vs did not undergo screening were more likely to be women, Black, and younger than age 35 years. Additionally, the likelihood of screening was higher among patients with obesity and dyslipidemia, whereas it was lower in those with chronic kidney disease and established cardiovascular complications.

According to Dr. Turcu, the findings from this study suggest that noninterruptive BPAs, especially when integrated into primary care workflows, hold promise as effective tools for PA screening.

When coupled with artificial intelligence to optimize detection yield, these refined BPAs could significantly contribute to personalized care for hypertension, the investigators said. 

“Considering that in the United States almost one in two adults has hypertension, such automatized tools become instrumental to busy clinicians, particularly those in primary care,” Dr. Turcu said. “Our results indicate a promising opportunity to meaningfully improve PA awareness and enhance its diagnosis.” 

Dr. Turcu reported receiving grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Doris Duke Foundation, served as an investigator in a CinCor Pharma clinical trial, and received financial support to her institution during the conduct of the study. Dr. Desai reported no relevant financial disclosures. 
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

To assess thyroid function, clinicians typically determine blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) and do not directly measure triiodothyronine (T3).

However, findings from a large observational study of a US sample of adults with normal thyroid function suggested that subclinical variation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)–axis effector hormone T3 “is an important and overlooked factor linking socioeconomic forces, human biology, and aging,” researchers reported.

The study, with lead author Ralph I. Lawton, an MD-PhD student at Harvard Medical School, Boston, was published online on January 4, 2024, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In this national sample of healthy adults older than 20, free T3 was negatively related to household income. At age 40 and older, free T3 was significantly linked to being employed. Among adults from age 51 to 80, free T3 levels were inversely related to mortality.

“It is important to note that the more typically measured biomarkers for thyroid function (T4 and TSH) are poorly linked to free T3 levels,” Dr. Lawton and colleagues wrote.

The ratio of TSH:T4 explained only 1.7% of variation in T3 levels, they noted, which suggested that TSH and T4 may not be accurate surrogates of free T3. Thus, “direct measurement of free T3 is likely vital to properly stratify the effects of HPT-axis variation,” they maintained. “Improved methods for measurement [of T3] and further investigation of the role of free T3 in clinical conditions may be high yield,” according to the researchers.

Further studies of the relationship between the action of deiodinase in converting T4 to T3 and social forces and aging could elucidate critical biology. “New therapeutics targeting T3/T4 ratios,” they suggested, “may be more beneficial for a significant cohort of older individuals [with hypothyroidism] currently treated with levothyroxine [(LT4)].”
 

‘Cherry on Top’

“I think this is a really important paper,” thyroidology expert Antonio Bianco, MD, PhD, professor of medicine, The University of Chicago, who was not involved with this research, told this news organization.

His research group and others “have slowly been providing evidence of the relevance of measuring T3 levels,” he said. “This paper is sort of a cherry on top. It is really the most recent strong evidence that looking at T3 levels in plasma is really important. We need to do a better job at developing a much more precise assay for T3,” he said, “because now we know T3 is a very important parameter that endocrinologists should be looking for. We know that about 20 million Americans have hypothyroidism, and are being treated with T4 (levothyroxine),” Dr. Bianco continued.

“As endocrinologists, we believe that if you treat someone with levothyroxine, you normalize T3 levels. However, many times, with standard of care with levothyroxine, T3 levels are not normalized.”
 

Larger Variations in T3

Thyroid hormones (TSH, free T4, and free T3) influence many aspects of human physiology and behavior, but it is not known how variations in these levels in a population free of thyroid disease are associated with mortality and socioeconomic factors.

The researchers analyzed data from 7626 adults over age 20 up to age 80 who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2007-2012 and had blood tests to determine TSH, free T4, and free T3 and were not being actively treated for thyroid conditions. Among the 3603 older adults (over age 50), there were 981 deaths up until the end of 2019. TSH levels were not linked to mortality, but increasing levels of free T3 and decreasing levels of free T4 were protective for mortality (hazard ratios, 0.88 and 1.26, respectively; P < .01).

There was a robust negative relationship between household income and employment and free T3 but no relationship between these factors and T4. There was a much larger variation across age in levels of free T3 than in levels of TSH or free T4. Free T4 and free T3 diverged at older ages, when free T4 increased and free T3 continually decreased.

Older adults with symptoms of hypothyroidism may have high free T4 levels despite low free T3, the researchers noted.

“In a nonclinical sample representative of the US population,” they summarized, “we find that free T3 is much more strongly related to all domains studied — age, sex, seasonality, household income, employment, and longevity — than the other molecules of the HPT axis.”

This work was supported by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career at Scientific Interface award, a Brain and Behavior Research Foundation young investigator award, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Institute of Aging, and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Dr. Bianco served as a consultant for AbbVie, Avion Pharmaceuticals, Synthonics, Synthion, and Thyron and recently published the book Rethinking Hypothyroidism: Why Treatment Must Change and What Patients Can Do.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

To assess thyroid function, clinicians typically determine blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) and do not directly measure triiodothyronine (T3).

However, findings from a large observational study of a US sample of adults with normal thyroid function suggested that subclinical variation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)–axis effector hormone T3 “is an important and overlooked factor linking socioeconomic forces, human biology, and aging,” researchers reported.

The study, with lead author Ralph I. Lawton, an MD-PhD student at Harvard Medical School, Boston, was published online on January 4, 2024, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In this national sample of healthy adults older than 20, free T3 was negatively related to household income. At age 40 and older, free T3 was significantly linked to being employed. Among adults from age 51 to 80, free T3 levels were inversely related to mortality.

“It is important to note that the more typically measured biomarkers for thyroid function (T4 and TSH) are poorly linked to free T3 levels,” Dr. Lawton and colleagues wrote.

The ratio of TSH:T4 explained only 1.7% of variation in T3 levels, they noted, which suggested that TSH and T4 may not be accurate surrogates of free T3. Thus, “direct measurement of free T3 is likely vital to properly stratify the effects of HPT-axis variation,” they maintained. “Improved methods for measurement [of T3] and further investigation of the role of free T3 in clinical conditions may be high yield,” according to the researchers.

Further studies of the relationship between the action of deiodinase in converting T4 to T3 and social forces and aging could elucidate critical biology. “New therapeutics targeting T3/T4 ratios,” they suggested, “may be more beneficial for a significant cohort of older individuals [with hypothyroidism] currently treated with levothyroxine [(LT4)].”
 

‘Cherry on Top’

“I think this is a really important paper,” thyroidology expert Antonio Bianco, MD, PhD, professor of medicine, The University of Chicago, who was not involved with this research, told this news organization.

His research group and others “have slowly been providing evidence of the relevance of measuring T3 levels,” he said. “This paper is sort of a cherry on top. It is really the most recent strong evidence that looking at T3 levels in plasma is really important. We need to do a better job at developing a much more precise assay for T3,” he said, “because now we know T3 is a very important parameter that endocrinologists should be looking for. We know that about 20 million Americans have hypothyroidism, and are being treated with T4 (levothyroxine),” Dr. Bianco continued.

“As endocrinologists, we believe that if you treat someone with levothyroxine, you normalize T3 levels. However, many times, with standard of care with levothyroxine, T3 levels are not normalized.”
 

Larger Variations in T3

Thyroid hormones (TSH, free T4, and free T3) influence many aspects of human physiology and behavior, but it is not known how variations in these levels in a population free of thyroid disease are associated with mortality and socioeconomic factors.

The researchers analyzed data from 7626 adults over age 20 up to age 80 who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2007-2012 and had blood tests to determine TSH, free T4, and free T3 and were not being actively treated for thyroid conditions. Among the 3603 older adults (over age 50), there were 981 deaths up until the end of 2019. TSH levels were not linked to mortality, but increasing levels of free T3 and decreasing levels of free T4 were protective for mortality (hazard ratios, 0.88 and 1.26, respectively; P < .01).

There was a robust negative relationship between household income and employment and free T3 but no relationship between these factors and T4. There was a much larger variation across age in levels of free T3 than in levels of TSH or free T4. Free T4 and free T3 diverged at older ages, when free T4 increased and free T3 continually decreased.

Older adults with symptoms of hypothyroidism may have high free T4 levels despite low free T3, the researchers noted.

“In a nonclinical sample representative of the US population,” they summarized, “we find that free T3 is much more strongly related to all domains studied — age, sex, seasonality, household income, employment, and longevity — than the other molecules of the HPT axis.”

This work was supported by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career at Scientific Interface award, a Brain and Behavior Research Foundation young investigator award, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Institute of Aging, and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Dr. Bianco served as a consultant for AbbVie, Avion Pharmaceuticals, Synthonics, Synthion, and Thyron and recently published the book Rethinking Hypothyroidism: Why Treatment Must Change and What Patients Can Do.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

To assess thyroid function, clinicians typically determine blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) and do not directly measure triiodothyronine (T3).

However, findings from a large observational study of a US sample of adults with normal thyroid function suggested that subclinical variation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)–axis effector hormone T3 “is an important and overlooked factor linking socioeconomic forces, human biology, and aging,” researchers reported.

The study, with lead author Ralph I. Lawton, an MD-PhD student at Harvard Medical School, Boston, was published online on January 4, 2024, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. In this national sample of healthy adults older than 20, free T3 was negatively related to household income. At age 40 and older, free T3 was significantly linked to being employed. Among adults from age 51 to 80, free T3 levels were inversely related to mortality.

“It is important to note that the more typically measured biomarkers for thyroid function (T4 and TSH) are poorly linked to free T3 levels,” Dr. Lawton and colleagues wrote.

The ratio of TSH:T4 explained only 1.7% of variation in T3 levels, they noted, which suggested that TSH and T4 may not be accurate surrogates of free T3. Thus, “direct measurement of free T3 is likely vital to properly stratify the effects of HPT-axis variation,” they maintained. “Improved methods for measurement [of T3] and further investigation of the role of free T3 in clinical conditions may be high yield,” according to the researchers.

Further studies of the relationship between the action of deiodinase in converting T4 to T3 and social forces and aging could elucidate critical biology. “New therapeutics targeting T3/T4 ratios,” they suggested, “may be more beneficial for a significant cohort of older individuals [with hypothyroidism] currently treated with levothyroxine [(LT4)].”
 

‘Cherry on Top’

“I think this is a really important paper,” thyroidology expert Antonio Bianco, MD, PhD, professor of medicine, The University of Chicago, who was not involved with this research, told this news organization.

His research group and others “have slowly been providing evidence of the relevance of measuring T3 levels,” he said. “This paper is sort of a cherry on top. It is really the most recent strong evidence that looking at T3 levels in plasma is really important. We need to do a better job at developing a much more precise assay for T3,” he said, “because now we know T3 is a very important parameter that endocrinologists should be looking for. We know that about 20 million Americans have hypothyroidism, and are being treated with T4 (levothyroxine),” Dr. Bianco continued.

“As endocrinologists, we believe that if you treat someone with levothyroxine, you normalize T3 levels. However, many times, with standard of care with levothyroxine, T3 levels are not normalized.”
 

Larger Variations in T3

Thyroid hormones (TSH, free T4, and free T3) influence many aspects of human physiology and behavior, but it is not known how variations in these levels in a population free of thyroid disease are associated with mortality and socioeconomic factors.

The researchers analyzed data from 7626 adults over age 20 up to age 80 who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2007-2012 and had blood tests to determine TSH, free T4, and free T3 and were not being actively treated for thyroid conditions. Among the 3603 older adults (over age 50), there were 981 deaths up until the end of 2019. TSH levels were not linked to mortality, but increasing levels of free T3 and decreasing levels of free T4 were protective for mortality (hazard ratios, 0.88 and 1.26, respectively; P < .01).

There was a robust negative relationship between household income and employment and free T3 but no relationship between these factors and T4. There was a much larger variation across age in levels of free T3 than in levels of TSH or free T4. Free T4 and free T3 diverged at older ages, when free T4 increased and free T3 continually decreased.

Older adults with symptoms of hypothyroidism may have high free T4 levels despite low free T3, the researchers noted.

“In a nonclinical sample representative of the US population,” they summarized, “we find that free T3 is much more strongly related to all domains studied — age, sex, seasonality, household income, employment, and longevity — than the other molecules of the HPT axis.”

This work was supported by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career at Scientific Interface award, a Brain and Behavior Research Foundation young investigator award, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Institute of Aging, and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Dr. Bianco served as a consultant for AbbVie, Avion Pharmaceuticals, Synthonics, Synthion, and Thyron and recently published the book Rethinking Hypothyroidism: Why Treatment Must Change and What Patients Can Do.
 

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Women with autoimmune disease are more likely to have perinatal depression (PND), according to findings from a new study that also suggested the reverse relationship is true: Women with a history of PND have a higher risk of developing autoimmune disease.

The research, published online on January 9, 2024, in Molecular Psychiatry, was led by Emma Bränn, PhD, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

The researchers used data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and identified all women who had given birth in Sweden between 2001 and 2013. Out of the group of approximately 815,000 women and 1.3 million pregnancies, just more than 55,000 women had been diagnosed with depression during their pregnancy or within a year after delivery.

The researchers then compared the incidence of 41 autoimmune diseases in women who had and did not have PND. They controlled for factors including genetic makeup and childhood environment.

Results indicated that women with autoimmune disease were 30% more likely to have PND (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.25-1.35). Conversely, women with PND were 30% more likely than women with no PND to develop an autoimmune disease (hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.25-1.36).

A sibling comparison helped confirm the results by controlling for some shared genetic and early life environmental factors related to the household in which sisters grew up.
 

Potential Shared Biological Mechanisms

The association was independent of psychiatric comorbidities, suggesting there may be shared biological mechanisms.

Dr. Bränn told this news organization that the research team wanted to do the study because previous research has shown involvement of the immune system in depression, with similarities in both the symptoms of immune system–activated diseases and depression and the molecular pathways activated by the immune system.

“Adding on top of the tremendous changes in the immune system that we see in the body of the woman during the perinatal period, we hypothesized that autoimmune diseases could be associated to perinatal depression,” she said. “This had also been shown in some previous literature but not to the extent as what we have investigated in this paper.”

She said their results help make a case for counseling women at several points in healthcare interactions — before and after conception and childbirth — and in rheumatology visits to inform women with autoimmune diseases who are contemplating motherhood of the association with developing PND. The results may also demonstrate a need for monitoring women in these groups for depression or autoimmune disease.

Fred Miller, MD, PhD, retired Scientist Emeritus of the Environmental Autoimmunity Group at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, who was not part of the study, said the results seem plausible as they build on early work that demonstrated selected associations between autoimmune conditions and mental illness.

“These associations may be the result of shared genetic and environmental risk factors, including stress, hormonal changes, medications, and the proinflammatory states that can lead to both,” he said.

The novelty, he said, is in the relatively strong associations of PND with autoimmune disease overall and with specific autoimmune diseases.
 

Strong Link Found With Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

According to the paper, a significant positive bidirectional link was found for autoimmune thyroid disease, psoriasis, MS, ulcerative colitis, and celiac disease.

Researchers found a particularly strong association — double the risk in both directions — between PND and MS.

Dr. Miller said though it is unclear from this study why the association of PND with MS was stronger than with other autoimmune diseases, people with MS are known to be at a high risk for depression in general. That may come from greater shared genetic and environmental risk factors, he added.

Additionally, MS is one of the more common autoimmune diseases, he noted, so the population is larger for study.

He said he was surprised the researchers didn’t investigate medication use because medications used in depression have immunologic effects and medications used in autoimmune diseases could have effects on mental conditions.

The study has implications for clinicians in a wide variety of specialties, Dr. Miller noted.

“It suggests that caregivers be more alert to the signs of developing autoimmune disease in women with perinatal depression and to the signs of developing perinatal depression in those with autoimmune disease,” Dr. Miller said, “so that appropriate screening, diagnostics, and interventions may be undertaken.”

The researchers say they will continue to examine the long-term effects of depression during pregnancy and in the year after childbirth.

“Depression during this sensitive period can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby,” Dr. Bränn said. “We hope that our results will help decision-makers to steer funding toward maternal healthcare so that more women can get help and support in time.”

The study was financed by Karolinska Institute, Forte (the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare), the Swedish Research Council, and the Icelandic Research Fund.

The researchers and Dr. Miller reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Women with autoimmune disease are more likely to have perinatal depression (PND), according to findings from a new study that also suggested the reverse relationship is true: Women with a history of PND have a higher risk of developing autoimmune disease.

The research, published online on January 9, 2024, in Molecular Psychiatry, was led by Emma Bränn, PhD, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

The researchers used data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and identified all women who had given birth in Sweden between 2001 and 2013. Out of the group of approximately 815,000 women and 1.3 million pregnancies, just more than 55,000 women had been diagnosed with depression during their pregnancy or within a year after delivery.

The researchers then compared the incidence of 41 autoimmune diseases in women who had and did not have PND. They controlled for factors including genetic makeup and childhood environment.

Results indicated that women with autoimmune disease were 30% more likely to have PND (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.25-1.35). Conversely, women with PND were 30% more likely than women with no PND to develop an autoimmune disease (hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.25-1.36).

A sibling comparison helped confirm the results by controlling for some shared genetic and early life environmental factors related to the household in which sisters grew up.
 

Potential Shared Biological Mechanisms

The association was independent of psychiatric comorbidities, suggesting there may be shared biological mechanisms.

Dr. Bränn told this news organization that the research team wanted to do the study because previous research has shown involvement of the immune system in depression, with similarities in both the symptoms of immune system–activated diseases and depression and the molecular pathways activated by the immune system.

“Adding on top of the tremendous changes in the immune system that we see in the body of the woman during the perinatal period, we hypothesized that autoimmune diseases could be associated to perinatal depression,” she said. “This had also been shown in some previous literature but not to the extent as what we have investigated in this paper.”

She said their results help make a case for counseling women at several points in healthcare interactions — before and after conception and childbirth — and in rheumatology visits to inform women with autoimmune diseases who are contemplating motherhood of the association with developing PND. The results may also demonstrate a need for monitoring women in these groups for depression or autoimmune disease.

Fred Miller, MD, PhD, retired Scientist Emeritus of the Environmental Autoimmunity Group at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, who was not part of the study, said the results seem plausible as they build on early work that demonstrated selected associations between autoimmune conditions and mental illness.

“These associations may be the result of shared genetic and environmental risk factors, including stress, hormonal changes, medications, and the proinflammatory states that can lead to both,” he said.

The novelty, he said, is in the relatively strong associations of PND with autoimmune disease overall and with specific autoimmune diseases.
 

Strong Link Found With Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

According to the paper, a significant positive bidirectional link was found for autoimmune thyroid disease, psoriasis, MS, ulcerative colitis, and celiac disease.

Researchers found a particularly strong association — double the risk in both directions — between PND and MS.

Dr. Miller said though it is unclear from this study why the association of PND with MS was stronger than with other autoimmune diseases, people with MS are known to be at a high risk for depression in general. That may come from greater shared genetic and environmental risk factors, he added.

Additionally, MS is one of the more common autoimmune diseases, he noted, so the population is larger for study.

He said he was surprised the researchers didn’t investigate medication use because medications used in depression have immunologic effects and medications used in autoimmune diseases could have effects on mental conditions.

The study has implications for clinicians in a wide variety of specialties, Dr. Miller noted.

“It suggests that caregivers be more alert to the signs of developing autoimmune disease in women with perinatal depression and to the signs of developing perinatal depression in those with autoimmune disease,” Dr. Miller said, “so that appropriate screening, diagnostics, and interventions may be undertaken.”

The researchers say they will continue to examine the long-term effects of depression during pregnancy and in the year after childbirth.

“Depression during this sensitive period can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby,” Dr. Bränn said. “We hope that our results will help decision-makers to steer funding toward maternal healthcare so that more women can get help and support in time.”

The study was financed by Karolinska Institute, Forte (the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare), the Swedish Research Council, and the Icelandic Research Fund.

The researchers and Dr. Miller reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Women with autoimmune disease are more likely to have perinatal depression (PND), according to findings from a new study that also suggested the reverse relationship is true: Women with a history of PND have a higher risk of developing autoimmune disease.

The research, published online on January 9, 2024, in Molecular Psychiatry, was led by Emma Bränn, PhD, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

The researchers used data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and identified all women who had given birth in Sweden between 2001 and 2013. Out of the group of approximately 815,000 women and 1.3 million pregnancies, just more than 55,000 women had been diagnosed with depression during their pregnancy or within a year after delivery.

The researchers then compared the incidence of 41 autoimmune diseases in women who had and did not have PND. They controlled for factors including genetic makeup and childhood environment.

Results indicated that women with autoimmune disease were 30% more likely to have PND (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.25-1.35). Conversely, women with PND were 30% more likely than women with no PND to develop an autoimmune disease (hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.25-1.36).

A sibling comparison helped confirm the results by controlling for some shared genetic and early life environmental factors related to the household in which sisters grew up.
 

Potential Shared Biological Mechanisms

The association was independent of psychiatric comorbidities, suggesting there may be shared biological mechanisms.

Dr. Bränn told this news organization that the research team wanted to do the study because previous research has shown involvement of the immune system in depression, with similarities in both the symptoms of immune system–activated diseases and depression and the molecular pathways activated by the immune system.

“Adding on top of the tremendous changes in the immune system that we see in the body of the woman during the perinatal period, we hypothesized that autoimmune diseases could be associated to perinatal depression,” she said. “This had also been shown in some previous literature but not to the extent as what we have investigated in this paper.”

She said their results help make a case for counseling women at several points in healthcare interactions — before and after conception and childbirth — and in rheumatology visits to inform women with autoimmune diseases who are contemplating motherhood of the association with developing PND. The results may also demonstrate a need for monitoring women in these groups for depression or autoimmune disease.

Fred Miller, MD, PhD, retired Scientist Emeritus of the Environmental Autoimmunity Group at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, who was not part of the study, said the results seem plausible as they build on early work that demonstrated selected associations between autoimmune conditions and mental illness.

“These associations may be the result of shared genetic and environmental risk factors, including stress, hormonal changes, medications, and the proinflammatory states that can lead to both,” he said.

The novelty, he said, is in the relatively strong associations of PND with autoimmune disease overall and with specific autoimmune diseases.
 

Strong Link Found With Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

According to the paper, a significant positive bidirectional link was found for autoimmune thyroid disease, psoriasis, MS, ulcerative colitis, and celiac disease.

Researchers found a particularly strong association — double the risk in both directions — between PND and MS.

Dr. Miller said though it is unclear from this study why the association of PND with MS was stronger than with other autoimmune diseases, people with MS are known to be at a high risk for depression in general. That may come from greater shared genetic and environmental risk factors, he added.

Additionally, MS is one of the more common autoimmune diseases, he noted, so the population is larger for study.

He said he was surprised the researchers didn’t investigate medication use because medications used in depression have immunologic effects and medications used in autoimmune diseases could have effects on mental conditions.

The study has implications for clinicians in a wide variety of specialties, Dr. Miller noted.

“It suggests that caregivers be more alert to the signs of developing autoimmune disease in women with perinatal depression and to the signs of developing perinatal depression in those with autoimmune disease,” Dr. Miller said, “so that appropriate screening, diagnostics, and interventions may be undertaken.”

The researchers say they will continue to examine the long-term effects of depression during pregnancy and in the year after childbirth.

“Depression during this sensitive period can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby,” Dr. Bränn said. “We hope that our results will help decision-makers to steer funding toward maternal healthcare so that more women can get help and support in time.”

The study was financed by Karolinska Institute, Forte (the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare), the Swedish Research Council, and the Icelandic Research Fund.

The researchers and Dr. Miller reported no relevant financial relationships.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

TOPLINE:

In patients with Hashimoto disease and persistent symptoms despite adequate medical treatment, total thyroidectomy had a beneficial effect up to 5 years but with a substantially higher risk for complications than initially anticipated.

METHODOLOGY:

• The 5-year follow-up of 65 participants in a randomized, open-label trial of thyroidectomy plus medical management vs medical management alone aimed at testing the hypothesis that persistent symptoms despite adequate thyroxine replacement may be related to extrathyroidal autoimmune reactions and that complete removal of thyroid tissues may attenuate autoimmune responses and relieve symptoms.
• Patients in the control group were given the option of having surgery 18 months after enrollment, depending on trial results.
• The primary outcome was patient-reported health-related quality of life measured by the dimensional general health score in the generic Short Form-36 Health Survey questionnaire.

TAKEAWAY:

• The positive treatment effect seen after 18 months was maintained throughout the 3-year follow-up.
• In the intervention group, the improved general health score remained at the same level during the 5-year follow-up.
• Results were similar for the other Short Form-36 Health Survey domains and for total fatigue and chronic fatigue.
• Short-term (<12 months) or longer-lasting complications occurred in 23 patients, including 6 with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (4 were long-term) and 12 with hypoparathyroidism (6 long-term, including 3 permanent).
• Five patients had postoperative hematoma and/or infection requiring intervention.

IN PRACTICE:

“The improvements in patient-reported outcome measures reported at 18 months after surgery were maintained at 5 years after surgery in the intervention group. In contrast, no spontaneous improvement was seen during 3 years in the control group.”

“Long-term complications in 10 of 73 (14%) patients despite use of meticulous dissection to achieve total thyroidectomy is unacceptably high. Medication and compensatory mechanisms for hypoparathyroidism and unilateral recurrent nerve injury, respectively, did alleviate symptoms.”

SOURCE:

This study was published in Annals of Internal Medicine, by Geir Hoff, MD, PhD, of the Department of Research, Telemark Hospital, Skien, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and colleagues.

LIMITATIONS:

None listed.

DISCLOSURES:

None.

TOPLINE:

In patients with Hashimoto disease and persistent symptoms despite adequate medical treatment, total thyroidectomy had a beneficial effect up to 5 years but with a substantially higher risk for complications than initially anticipated.

METHODOLOGY:

• The 5-year follow-up of 65 participants in a randomized, open-label trial of thyroidectomy plus medical management vs medical management alone aimed at testing the hypothesis that persistent symptoms despite adequate thyroxine replacement may be related to extrathyroidal autoimmune reactions and that complete removal of thyroid tissues may attenuate autoimmune responses and relieve symptoms.
• Patients in the control group were given the option of having surgery 18 months after enrollment, depending on trial results.
• The primary outcome was patient-reported health-related quality of life measured by the dimensional general health score in the generic Short Form-36 Health Survey questionnaire.

TAKEAWAY:

• The positive treatment effect seen after 18 months was maintained throughout the 3-year follow-up.
• In the intervention group, the improved general health score remained at the same level during the 5-year follow-up.
• Results were similar for the other Short Form-36 Health Survey domains and for total fatigue and chronic fatigue.
• Short-term (<12 months) or longer-lasting complications occurred in 23 patients, including 6 with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (4 were long-term) and 12 with hypoparathyroidism (6 long-term, including 3 permanent).
• Five patients had postoperative hematoma and/or infection requiring intervention.

IN PRACTICE:

“The improvements in patient-reported outcome measures reported at 18 months after surgery were maintained at 5 years after surgery in the intervention group. In contrast, no spontaneous improvement was seen during 3 years in the control group.”

“Long-term complications in 10 of 73 (14%) patients despite use of meticulous dissection to achieve total thyroidectomy is unacceptably high. Medication and compensatory mechanisms for hypoparathyroidism and unilateral recurrent nerve injury, respectively, did alleviate symptoms.”

SOURCE:

This study was published in Annals of Internal Medicine, by Geir Hoff, MD, PhD, of the Department of Research, Telemark Hospital, Skien, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and colleagues.

LIMITATIONS:

None listed.

DISCLOSURES:

None.

TOPLINE:

In patients with Hashimoto disease and persistent symptoms despite adequate medical treatment, total thyroidectomy had a beneficial effect up to 5 years but with a substantially higher risk for complications than initially anticipated.

METHODOLOGY:

• The 5-year follow-up of 65 participants in a randomized, open-label trial of thyroidectomy plus medical management vs medical management alone aimed at testing the hypothesis that persistent symptoms despite adequate thyroxine replacement may be related to extrathyroidal autoimmune reactions and that complete removal of thyroid tissues may attenuate autoimmune responses and relieve symptoms.
• Patients in the control group were given the option of having surgery 18 months after enrollment, depending on trial results.
• The primary outcome was patient-reported health-related quality of life measured by the dimensional general health score in the generic Short Form-36 Health Survey questionnaire.

TAKEAWAY:

• The positive treatment effect seen after 18 months was maintained throughout the 3-year follow-up.
• In the intervention group, the improved general health score remained at the same level during the 5-year follow-up.
• Results were similar for the other Short Form-36 Health Survey domains and for total fatigue and chronic fatigue.
• Short-term (<12 months) or longer-lasting complications occurred in 23 patients, including 6 with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (4 were long-term) and 12 with hypoparathyroidism (6 long-term, including 3 permanent).
• Five patients had postoperative hematoma and/or infection requiring intervention.

IN PRACTICE:

“The improvements in patient-reported outcome measures reported at 18 months after surgery were maintained at 5 years after surgery in the intervention group. In contrast, no spontaneous improvement was seen during 3 years in the control group.”

“Long-term complications in 10 of 73 (14%) patients despite use of meticulous dissection to achieve total thyroidectomy is unacceptably high. Medication and compensatory mechanisms for hypoparathyroidism and unilateral recurrent nerve injury, respectively, did alleviate symptoms.”

SOURCE:

This study was published in Annals of Internal Medicine, by Geir Hoff, MD, PhD, of the Department of Research, Telemark Hospital, Skien, and the Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and colleagues.

LIMITATIONS:

None listed.

DISCLOSURES:

None.

Nearly three quarters of dedicated thyroid ultrasounds don’t identify biopsy-recommended nodules, and over a third don’t identify any nodules, new research finds.

“The number of thyroid ultrasounds performed in the United States has increased fivefold since 2002. This substantial increase produces a significant strain on healthcare resources and leads to over-detection and overtreatment of benign thyroid nodules and small, indolent cancers with questionable clinical relevance,” wrote Elena Kennedy, MD, then a medical student in the department of surgery at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, and colleagues.

The data, published online in Thyroid, come from a retrospective chart analysis of more than 1700 people who underwent dedicated (ie, specifically to look for a nodule) thyroid ultrasounds at a tertiary academic center. The rates of detecting both nodules and biopsy-recommended nodules were highest when the indication was a nodule seen incidentally on other imaging (aka “incidentaloma”) and lowest when the ultrasound was ordered because the patient had either metabolic or compressive symptoms.

And for the most commonly listed indication, a suspected palpable nodule, nearly half of the ultrasounds found no nodule, and only one in five detected a nodule that warranted a biopsy.

The principal investigator of the study David O. Francis, MD, an otolaryngologist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, said in an interview, “Thyroid cancer has grown in incidence three to four times over the last 30 years without a good explanation for why…It seems to be that we’re detecting smaller and smaller nodules…Why are people being referred for all these ultrasounds? We looked for the upstream factors.”

One clear clinical implication of the new data, Dr. Francis noted, is that “if someone has compressive symptoms including dysphagia, swallowing problems, voice change, or globus sensation, ultrasound should not be the first way to work them up…It would be smarter to have someone evaluate their voice or their swallowing to see if there’s another reason besides the thyroid. The thyroid would have to get pretty big to cause dysphagia or swallowing problems.”
 

No Current Guidelines Advise When not to Order a Thyroid Ultrasound

Problematically, while there are professional society guidelines for what to do when a thyroid “incidentaloma” is found and other specific situations, there are no overall guidelines addressing when it’s appropriate to order a thyroid ultrasound, Dr. Kennedy, now an otolaryngology resident at the Indiana University of Indianapolis, and colleagues, point out.

According to Dr. Francis, “Ultrasounds are low cost and low risk. Those two factors result in people ordering more tests…The problem with that is we find things, and then we have to figure out what to do with them. That leads to incidentalomas, the surveillance, worry and anxiety, and costs…It’s tricky. We don’t want to discourage people from ever ordering ultrasounds, but there need to be some guidelines around when it’s appropriate to order.”

Asked to comment, Trevor E. Angell, MD, associate medical director of Thyroid Center at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, said that the study is “clinically very important.”

Dr. Angell pointed out that the current American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines on thyroid nodule management, of which he is an author, recommend ultrasound for a known or suspected nodule. But he added, “there certainly should be a message that obtaining ultrasound for these other reasons are less likely to identify a nodule or anything causative. Whether it’s gastroesophageal reflux or allergic rhinitis or vocal cord dysfunction, an ultrasound isn’t a good test for those either.”

Dr. Angell said that the next ATA thyroid nodule guidelines, expected out in 2024, will address this topic more fully, but he couldn’t provide more specific information because the document is still in development. He did say, however, “Addressing when not to do an ultrasound will be an important consideration in the next guidelines.”
 

Low Detection Rates for Most Indications

The retrospective observational cohort study included 1739 adults (76% women; mean age, 53 years) who underwent dedicated thyroid ultrasounds between 2017 and 2019. In most cases, the recommendation for biopsy was determined using the American College of Radiology TI-RADS system, based on nodule size and TI-RADS category.

The most common indication for thyroid ultrasound, suspected palpable nodule, accounted for 40% of those performed. Follow-up for an “incidentaloma” was the indication in 28% of patients, and referral for compressive and metabolic symptoms accounted for 13% and 6% of ultrasounds, respectively.

Among all ultrasounds performed, 62% identified a thyroid nodule. Patients referred for incidental findings had the highest percentage of ultrasounds with thyroid nodules present at 94%. By contrast, in those referred for suspected palpable nodule on exam and for compressive symptoms, nodules were identified on 55% and 39% of ultrasounds, respectively. Patients with metabolic symptoms had a nodule identified on ultrasound 43% of the time. Among those referred for high risk factors, 57% had a nodule present.

Overall, only 27% of ultrasounds identified a thyroid nodule that was recommended for a biopsy. Again, those referred because of an incidental imaging finding had the highest percentage (55%), followed by those referred for a suspected palpable nodule (21%), high risk factors (20%), combined indications (16%), metabolic symptoms (10%), and compressive symptoms (6%).

Mean nodule size was largest among the patients referred for incidentalomas (2.4 cm), whereas all the other groups had mean nodule sizes between 1.2 cm and 1.8 cm, a significant difference (P < .05). The median size of nodules among those referred to ultrasound for a suspected palpable nodule was 1.4 cm.

“That’s pretty small. It would have had to be in the front of the thyroid where they could actually touch it. I would argue that the number of clinicians who actually palpated something was smaller. We’ve done several projects looking at how small a nodule a clinician can actually feel in the thyroid gland from the neck. It turns out we’re pretty bad at physical examination of the thyroid. This paper kind of reinforces that,” Dr. Francis said in an interview.

Patients with incidental nodules were over 10 times more likely to have a nodule found on an ultrasound than those referred for a suspected palpable nodule on exam (odds ratio [OR], 10.6). Conversely, those referred for compressive symptoms were half as likely to have an identifiable nodule compared with those referred for physical exam findings (OR, 0.5).

The odds of finding a nodule increased with age, especially for those aged ≥ 65 years compared with those younger than 45 years (OR, 3.6). Women were twice as likely to have a nodule found on thyroid ultrasound (OR, 2.0). Results were similar for the biopsy-recommended nodules, except that there was no difference between sexes (female vs male OR, 1.2).

Dr. Angell called the study “a very robust comprehensive evaluation,” but also noted that the single center source is a limitation. “It would be nice to have those big databases of national healthcare settings, but getting that granular level of information about why something was done is nearly impossible in that context.”

Dr. Kennedy, Dr. Francis, and Dr. Angell have no disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Nearly three quarters of dedicated thyroid ultrasounds don’t identify biopsy-recommended nodules, and over a third don’t identify any nodules, new research finds.

“The number of thyroid ultrasounds performed in the United States has increased fivefold since 2002. This substantial increase produces a significant strain on healthcare resources and leads to over-detection and overtreatment of benign thyroid nodules and small, indolent cancers with questionable clinical relevance,” wrote Elena Kennedy, MD, then a medical student in the department of surgery at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, and colleagues.

The data, published online in Thyroid, come from a retrospective chart analysis of more than 1700 people who underwent dedicated (ie, specifically to look for a nodule) thyroid ultrasounds at a tertiary academic center. The rates of detecting both nodules and biopsy-recommended nodules were highest when the indication was a nodule seen incidentally on other imaging (aka “incidentaloma”) and lowest when the ultrasound was ordered because the patient had either metabolic or compressive symptoms.

And for the most commonly listed indication, a suspected palpable nodule, nearly half of the ultrasounds found no nodule, and only one in five detected a nodule that warranted a biopsy.

The principal investigator of the study David O. Francis, MD, an otolaryngologist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, said in an interview, “Thyroid cancer has grown in incidence three to four times over the last 30 years without a good explanation for why…It seems to be that we’re detecting smaller and smaller nodules…Why are people being referred for all these ultrasounds? We looked for the upstream factors.”

One clear clinical implication of the new data, Dr. Francis noted, is that “if someone has compressive symptoms including dysphagia, swallowing problems, voice change, or globus sensation, ultrasound should not be the first way to work them up…It would be smarter to have someone evaluate their voice or their swallowing to see if there’s another reason besides the thyroid. The thyroid would have to get pretty big to cause dysphagia or swallowing problems.”
 

No Current Guidelines Advise When not to Order a Thyroid Ultrasound

Problematically, while there are professional society guidelines for what to do when a thyroid “incidentaloma” is found and other specific situations, there are no overall guidelines addressing when it’s appropriate to order a thyroid ultrasound, Dr. Kennedy, now an otolaryngology resident at the Indiana University of Indianapolis, and colleagues, point out.

According to Dr. Francis, “Ultrasounds are low cost and low risk. Those two factors result in people ordering more tests…The problem with that is we find things, and then we have to figure out what to do with them. That leads to incidentalomas, the surveillance, worry and anxiety, and costs…It’s tricky. We don’t want to discourage people from ever ordering ultrasounds, but there need to be some guidelines around when it’s appropriate to order.”

Asked to comment, Trevor E. Angell, MD, associate medical director of Thyroid Center at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, said that the study is “clinically very important.”

Dr. Angell pointed out that the current American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines on thyroid nodule management, of which he is an author, recommend ultrasound for a known or suspected nodule. But he added, “there certainly should be a message that obtaining ultrasound for these other reasons are less likely to identify a nodule or anything causative. Whether it’s gastroesophageal reflux or allergic rhinitis or vocal cord dysfunction, an ultrasound isn’t a good test for those either.”

Dr. Angell said that the next ATA thyroid nodule guidelines, expected out in 2024, will address this topic more fully, but he couldn’t provide more specific information because the document is still in development. He did say, however, “Addressing when not to do an ultrasound will be an important consideration in the next guidelines.”
 

Low Detection Rates for Most Indications

The retrospective observational cohort study included 1739 adults (76% women; mean age, 53 years) who underwent dedicated thyroid ultrasounds between 2017 and 2019. In most cases, the recommendation for biopsy was determined using the American College of Radiology TI-RADS system, based on nodule size and TI-RADS category.

The most common indication for thyroid ultrasound, suspected palpable nodule, accounted for 40% of those performed. Follow-up for an “incidentaloma” was the indication in 28% of patients, and referral for compressive and metabolic symptoms accounted for 13% and 6% of ultrasounds, respectively.

Among all ultrasounds performed, 62% identified a thyroid nodule. Patients referred for incidental findings had the highest percentage of ultrasounds with thyroid nodules present at 94%. By contrast, in those referred for suspected palpable nodule on exam and for compressive symptoms, nodules were identified on 55% and 39% of ultrasounds, respectively. Patients with metabolic symptoms had a nodule identified on ultrasound 43% of the time. Among those referred for high risk factors, 57% had a nodule present.

Overall, only 27% of ultrasounds identified a thyroid nodule that was recommended for a biopsy. Again, those referred because of an incidental imaging finding had the highest percentage (55%), followed by those referred for a suspected palpable nodule (21%), high risk factors (20%), combined indications (16%), metabolic symptoms (10%), and compressive symptoms (6%).

Mean nodule size was largest among the patients referred for incidentalomas (2.4 cm), whereas all the other groups had mean nodule sizes between 1.2 cm and 1.8 cm, a significant difference (P < .05). The median size of nodules among those referred to ultrasound for a suspected palpable nodule was 1.4 cm.

“That’s pretty small. It would have had to be in the front of the thyroid where they could actually touch it. I would argue that the number of clinicians who actually palpated something was smaller. We’ve done several projects looking at how small a nodule a clinician can actually feel in the thyroid gland from the neck. It turns out we’re pretty bad at physical examination of the thyroid. This paper kind of reinforces that,” Dr. Francis said in an interview.

Patients with incidental nodules were over 10 times more likely to have a nodule found on an ultrasound than those referred for a suspected palpable nodule on exam (odds ratio [OR], 10.6). Conversely, those referred for compressive symptoms were half as likely to have an identifiable nodule compared with those referred for physical exam findings (OR, 0.5).

The odds of finding a nodule increased with age, especially for those aged ≥ 65 years compared with those younger than 45 years (OR, 3.6). Women were twice as likely to have a nodule found on thyroid ultrasound (OR, 2.0). Results were similar for the biopsy-recommended nodules, except that there was no difference between sexes (female vs male OR, 1.2).

Dr. Angell called the study “a very robust comprehensive evaluation,” but also noted that the single center source is a limitation. “It would be nice to have those big databases of national healthcare settings, but getting that granular level of information about why something was done is nearly impossible in that context.”

Dr. Kennedy, Dr. Francis, and Dr. Angell have no disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.

Nearly three quarters of dedicated thyroid ultrasounds don’t identify biopsy-recommended nodules, and over a third don’t identify any nodules, new research finds.

“The number of thyroid ultrasounds performed in the United States has increased fivefold since 2002. This substantial increase produces a significant strain on healthcare resources and leads to over-detection and overtreatment of benign thyroid nodules and small, indolent cancers with questionable clinical relevance,” wrote Elena Kennedy, MD, then a medical student in the department of surgery at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, and colleagues.

The data, published online in Thyroid, come from a retrospective chart analysis of more than 1700 people who underwent dedicated (ie, specifically to look for a nodule) thyroid ultrasounds at a tertiary academic center. The rates of detecting both nodules and biopsy-recommended nodules were highest when the indication was a nodule seen incidentally on other imaging (aka “incidentaloma”) and lowest when the ultrasound was ordered because the patient had either metabolic or compressive symptoms.

And for the most commonly listed indication, a suspected palpable nodule, nearly half of the ultrasounds found no nodule, and only one in five detected a nodule that warranted a biopsy.

The principal investigator of the study David O. Francis, MD, an otolaryngologist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, said in an interview, “Thyroid cancer has grown in incidence three to four times over the last 30 years without a good explanation for why…It seems to be that we’re detecting smaller and smaller nodules…Why are people being referred for all these ultrasounds? We looked for the upstream factors.”

One clear clinical implication of the new data, Dr. Francis noted, is that “if someone has compressive symptoms including dysphagia, swallowing problems, voice change, or globus sensation, ultrasound should not be the first way to work them up…It would be smarter to have someone evaluate their voice or their swallowing to see if there’s another reason besides the thyroid. The thyroid would have to get pretty big to cause dysphagia or swallowing problems.”
 

No Current Guidelines Advise When not to Order a Thyroid Ultrasound

Problematically, while there are professional society guidelines for what to do when a thyroid “incidentaloma” is found and other specific situations, there are no overall guidelines addressing when it’s appropriate to order a thyroid ultrasound, Dr. Kennedy, now an otolaryngology resident at the Indiana University of Indianapolis, and colleagues, point out.

According to Dr. Francis, “Ultrasounds are low cost and low risk. Those two factors result in people ordering more tests…The problem with that is we find things, and then we have to figure out what to do with them. That leads to incidentalomas, the surveillance, worry and anxiety, and costs…It’s tricky. We don’t want to discourage people from ever ordering ultrasounds, but there need to be some guidelines around when it’s appropriate to order.”

Asked to comment, Trevor E. Angell, MD, associate medical director of Thyroid Center at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, said that the study is “clinically very important.”

Dr. Angell pointed out that the current American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines on thyroid nodule management, of which he is an author, recommend ultrasound for a known or suspected nodule. But he added, “there certainly should be a message that obtaining ultrasound for these other reasons are less likely to identify a nodule or anything causative. Whether it’s gastroesophageal reflux or allergic rhinitis or vocal cord dysfunction, an ultrasound isn’t a good test for those either.”

Dr. Angell said that the next ATA thyroid nodule guidelines, expected out in 2024, will address this topic more fully, but he couldn’t provide more specific information because the document is still in development. He did say, however, “Addressing when not to do an ultrasound will be an important consideration in the next guidelines.”
 

Low Detection Rates for Most Indications

The retrospective observational cohort study included 1739 adults (76% women; mean age, 53 years) who underwent dedicated thyroid ultrasounds between 2017 and 2019. In most cases, the recommendation for biopsy was determined using the American College of Radiology TI-RADS system, based on nodule size and TI-RADS category.

The most common indication for thyroid ultrasound, suspected palpable nodule, accounted for 40% of those performed. Follow-up for an “incidentaloma” was the indication in 28% of patients, and referral for compressive and metabolic symptoms accounted for 13% and 6% of ultrasounds, respectively.

Among all ultrasounds performed, 62% identified a thyroid nodule. Patients referred for incidental findings had the highest percentage of ultrasounds with thyroid nodules present at 94%. By contrast, in those referred for suspected palpable nodule on exam and for compressive symptoms, nodules were identified on 55% and 39% of ultrasounds, respectively. Patients with metabolic symptoms had a nodule identified on ultrasound 43% of the time. Among those referred for high risk factors, 57% had a nodule present.

Overall, only 27% of ultrasounds identified a thyroid nodule that was recommended for a biopsy. Again, those referred because of an incidental imaging finding had the highest percentage (55%), followed by those referred for a suspected palpable nodule (21%), high risk factors (20%), combined indications (16%), metabolic symptoms (10%), and compressive symptoms (6%).

Mean nodule size was largest among the patients referred for incidentalomas (2.4 cm), whereas all the other groups had mean nodule sizes between 1.2 cm and 1.8 cm, a significant difference (P < .05). The median size of nodules among those referred to ultrasound for a suspected palpable nodule was 1.4 cm.

“That’s pretty small. It would have had to be in the front of the thyroid where they could actually touch it. I would argue that the number of clinicians who actually palpated something was smaller. We’ve done several projects looking at how small a nodule a clinician can actually feel in the thyroid gland from the neck. It turns out we’re pretty bad at physical examination of the thyroid. This paper kind of reinforces that,” Dr. Francis said in an interview.

Patients with incidental nodules were over 10 times more likely to have a nodule found on an ultrasound than those referred for a suspected palpable nodule on exam (odds ratio [OR], 10.6). Conversely, those referred for compressive symptoms were half as likely to have an identifiable nodule compared with those referred for physical exam findings (OR, 0.5).

The odds of finding a nodule increased with age, especially for those aged ≥ 65 years compared with those younger than 45 years (OR, 3.6). Women were twice as likely to have a nodule found on thyroid ultrasound (OR, 2.0). Results were similar for the biopsy-recommended nodules, except that there was no difference between sexes (female vs male OR, 1.2).

Dr. Angell called the study “a very robust comprehensive evaluation,” but also noted that the single center source is a limitation. “It would be nice to have those big databases of national healthcare settings, but getting that granular level of information about why something was done is nearly impossible in that context.”

Dr. Kennedy, Dr. Francis, and Dr. Angell have no disclosures.

A version of this article appeared on Medscape.com.