Michele G. Sullivan

Even on-time pneumococcal vaccines don’t completely protect children with asthma from developing invasive pneumococcal disease, a meta-analysis has determined.

Despite receiving pneumococcal valent 7, 10, or 13, children with asthma were still almost twice as likely to develop the disease as were children without asthma, Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez, MD, PhD, and colleagues reported in Pediatrics (2020 Jan. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1200). None of the studies included rates for those who received the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23).

“For the first time, this meta-analysis reveals 90% increased odds of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among [vaccinated] children with asthma,” said Dr. Castro-Rodriguez, of Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, and colleagues. “If confirmed, these findings will bear clinical and public health importance,” they noted, because guidelines now recommend PPSV23 after age 2 in children with asthma only if they’re treated with prolonged high-dose oral corticosteroids.

However, because the analysis comprised only four studies, the authors cautioned that the results aren’t enough to justify changes to practice recommendations.

Asthma treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) may be driving the increased risk, Dr. Castro-Rodriguez and his coauthors suggested. ICS deposition in the oropharynx could boost oropharyngeal candidiasis risk by weakening the mucosal immune response, the researchers noted. And that same process may be at work with Streptococcus pneumoniae.

A prior study found that children with asthma who received ICS for at least 1 month were almost four times more likely to have oropharyngeal colonization by S. pneumoniae as were those who didn’t get the drugs. Thus, a higher carrier rate of S. pneumoniae in the oropharynx, along with asthma’s impaired airway clearance, might increase the risk of pneumococcal diseases, the investigators explained.

Dr. Castro-Rodriguez and colleagues analyzed four studies with more than 4,000 cases and controls, and about 26 million person-years of follow-up.

Rates and risks of IPD in the four studies were as follows:

• Among those with IPD, 27% had asthma, with 18% of those without, an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.8.
• In a European of patients who received at least 3 doses of PCV7, IPD rates per 100,000 person-years for 5-year-olds were 11.6 for children with asthma and 7.3 for those without. For 5- to 17-year-olds with and without asthma, the rates were 2.3 and 1.6, respectively.
• In 2001, a Korean found an aOR of 2.08 for IPD in children with asthma, compared with those without. In 2010, the aOR was 3.26. No vaccine types were reported in the study.
• of IPD were 3.7 per 100,000 person-years for children with asthma, compared with 2.5 for healthy controls – an adjusted relative risk of 1.5.

The pooled estimate of the four studies revealed an aOR of 1.9 for IPD among children with asthma, compared with those without, Dr. Castro-Rodriguez and his team concluded.

None of the studies reported hospital admissions, mortality, length of hospital stay, intensive care admission, invasive respiratory support, or additional medication use.

One, however, did find asthma severity was significantly associated with increasing IPD treatment costs per 100,000 person-years: $72,581 for healthy controls, compared with $100,020 for children with mild asthma, $172,002 for moderate asthma, and $638,452 for severe asthma.

In addition, treating all-cause pneumonia was more expensive in children with asthma. For all-cause pneumonia, the researchers found that estimated costs per 100,000 person-years for mild, moderate, and severe asthma were $7.5 million, $14.6 million, and $46.8 million, respectively, compared with $1.7 million for healthy controls.

The authors had no relevant financial disclosures.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Castro-Rodriguez J et al. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1200.

Even on-time pneumococcal vaccines don’t completely protect children with asthma from developing invasive pneumococcal disease, a meta-analysis has determined.

Despite receiving pneumococcal valent 7, 10, or 13, children with asthma were still almost twice as likely to develop the disease as were children without asthma, Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez, MD, PhD, and colleagues reported in Pediatrics (2020 Jan. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1200). None of the studies included rates for those who received the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23).

“For the first time, this meta-analysis reveals 90% increased odds of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among [vaccinated] children with asthma,” said Dr. Castro-Rodriguez, of Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, and colleagues. “If confirmed, these findings will bear clinical and public health importance,” they noted, because guidelines now recommend PPSV23 after age 2 in children with asthma only if they’re treated with prolonged high-dose oral corticosteroids.

However, because the analysis comprised only four studies, the authors cautioned that the results aren’t enough to justify changes to practice recommendations.

Asthma treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) may be driving the increased risk, Dr. Castro-Rodriguez and his coauthors suggested. ICS deposition in the oropharynx could boost oropharyngeal candidiasis risk by weakening the mucosal immune response, the researchers noted. And that same process may be at work with Streptococcus pneumoniae.

A prior study found that children with asthma who received ICS for at least 1 month were almost four times more likely to have oropharyngeal colonization by S. pneumoniae as were those who didn’t get the drugs. Thus, a higher carrier rate of S. pneumoniae in the oropharynx, along with asthma’s impaired airway clearance, might increase the risk of pneumococcal diseases, the investigators explained.

Dr. Castro-Rodriguez and colleagues analyzed four studies with more than 4,000 cases and controls, and about 26 million person-years of follow-up.

Rates and risks of IPD in the four studies were as follows:

• Among those with IPD, 27% had asthma, with 18% of those without, an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.8.
• In a European of patients who received at least 3 doses of PCV7, IPD rates per 100,000 person-years for 5-year-olds were 11.6 for children with asthma and 7.3 for those without. For 5- to 17-year-olds with and without asthma, the rates were 2.3 and 1.6, respectively.
• In 2001, a Korean found an aOR of 2.08 for IPD in children with asthma, compared with those without. In 2010, the aOR was 3.26. No vaccine types were reported in the study.
• of IPD were 3.7 per 100,000 person-years for children with asthma, compared with 2.5 for healthy controls – an adjusted relative risk of 1.5.

The pooled estimate of the four studies revealed an aOR of 1.9 for IPD among children with asthma, compared with those without, Dr. Castro-Rodriguez and his team concluded.

None of the studies reported hospital admissions, mortality, length of hospital stay, intensive care admission, invasive respiratory support, or additional medication use.

One, however, did find asthma severity was significantly associated with increasing IPD treatment costs per 100,000 person-years: $72,581 for healthy controls, compared with $100,020 for children with mild asthma, $172,002 for moderate asthma, and $638,452 for severe asthma.

In addition, treating all-cause pneumonia was more expensive in children with asthma. For all-cause pneumonia, the researchers found that estimated costs per 100,000 person-years for mild, moderate, and severe asthma were $7.5 million, $14.6 million, and $46.8 million, respectively, compared with $1.7 million for healthy controls.

The authors had no relevant financial disclosures.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Castro-Rodriguez J et al. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1200.

Even on-time pneumococcal vaccines don’t completely protect children with asthma from developing invasive pneumococcal disease, a meta-analysis has determined.

Despite receiving pneumococcal valent 7, 10, or 13, children with asthma were still almost twice as likely to develop the disease as were children without asthma, Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez, MD, PhD, and colleagues reported in Pediatrics (2020 Jan. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1200). None of the studies included rates for those who received the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23).

“For the first time, this meta-analysis reveals 90% increased odds of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among [vaccinated] children with asthma,” said Dr. Castro-Rodriguez, of Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, and colleagues. “If confirmed, these findings will bear clinical and public health importance,” they noted, because guidelines now recommend PPSV23 after age 2 in children with asthma only if they’re treated with prolonged high-dose oral corticosteroids.

However, because the analysis comprised only four studies, the authors cautioned that the results aren’t enough to justify changes to practice recommendations.

Asthma treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) may be driving the increased risk, Dr. Castro-Rodriguez and his coauthors suggested. ICS deposition in the oropharynx could boost oropharyngeal candidiasis risk by weakening the mucosal immune response, the researchers noted. And that same process may be at work with Streptococcus pneumoniae.

A prior study found that children with asthma who received ICS for at least 1 month were almost four times more likely to have oropharyngeal colonization by S. pneumoniae as were those who didn’t get the drugs. Thus, a higher carrier rate of S. pneumoniae in the oropharynx, along with asthma’s impaired airway clearance, might increase the risk of pneumococcal diseases, the investigators explained.

Dr. Castro-Rodriguez and colleagues analyzed four studies with more than 4,000 cases and controls, and about 26 million person-years of follow-up.

Rates and risks of IPD in the four studies were as follows:

• Among those with IPD, 27% had asthma, with 18% of those without, an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.8.
• In a European of patients who received at least 3 doses of PCV7, IPD rates per 100,000 person-years for 5-year-olds were 11.6 for children with asthma and 7.3 for those without. For 5- to 17-year-olds with and without asthma, the rates were 2.3 and 1.6, respectively.
• In 2001, a Korean found an aOR of 2.08 for IPD in children with asthma, compared with those without. In 2010, the aOR was 3.26. No vaccine types were reported in the study.
• of IPD were 3.7 per 100,000 person-years for children with asthma, compared with 2.5 for healthy controls – an adjusted relative risk of 1.5.

The pooled estimate of the four studies revealed an aOR of 1.9 for IPD among children with asthma, compared with those without, Dr. Castro-Rodriguez and his team concluded.

None of the studies reported hospital admissions, mortality, length of hospital stay, intensive care admission, invasive respiratory support, or additional medication use.

One, however, did find asthma severity was significantly associated with increasing IPD treatment costs per 100,000 person-years: $72,581 for healthy controls, compared with $100,020 for children with mild asthma, $172,002 for moderate asthma, and $638,452 for severe asthma.

In addition, treating all-cause pneumonia was more expensive in children with asthma. For all-cause pneumonia, the researchers found that estimated costs per 100,000 person-years for mild, moderate, and severe asthma were $7.5 million, $14.6 million, and $46.8 million, respectively, compared with $1.7 million for healthy controls.

The authors had no relevant financial disclosures.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Castro-Rodriguez J et al. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1200.

SAN DIEGO – To prevent dementia, follow Mom’s advice: Get up off the couch, go play with your friends, and eat your vegetables.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

After 15 years of disappointing drug trials, strong new evidence says the best way to attack Alzheimer’s disease is not to treat it once it develops, but to prevent it in the first place, Laura D. Baker, PhD, said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference. Studies of exercise, cognitive and social stimulation, and diet show that each one can reduce the risk of dementia, and that a combination of all three may have even a more powerful and synergistic effect.

“We have become absolutely phobic of exercise,” said Dr. Baker of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, N.C. And it’s not just structured exercise we shirk. “We take the closest parking space, sit for hours on end, don’t even take the stairs. Yet we know from years of work that exercise has a powerful benefit on cardiovascular disease, lipid profiles, metabolic disease, stress, and mood. Now we are seeing that exercise also promotes brain health in normal aging and protects against cognitive decline and prevention.”
 

Get off the couch

The general benefits of exercise – chiefly aerobic exercise – are myriad, Dr. Baker said.

“Exercise increases effective neurorepair. It reduces oxidative stress. It improves insulin sensitivity and helps with maintaining normal weight. It reduces inflammation and increases normal clearance of amyloid-beta.”

A 2017 meta-analysis reviewed some of these findings. “The current review [of 16 studies] suggests that aerobic exercise may have positive effects on the right hippocampus and potentially beneficial effects on the overall and other parts of the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex, and the medial temporal areas. ... Moreover, aerobic exercise may increase functional connectivity or activation in the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus regions,” wrote Mo-yi Li, PhD, of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China, and colleagues.

Exercise increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which in turn increases neuronal potentiation and synaptic plasticity. BDNF is also important in hippocampal neurogenesis; mice, after just one aerobic session, showed dramatic boosts in BDNF. A 2018 review elaborates on these findings.

Eat right

Diet mediates dementia risk through less direct, but very effective, pathways, Dr. Baker said. Diets rich in vegetables, berries, nuts, fish, lean proteins, and healthy fats improves virtually all metabolic measures. These, in turn, reduce the risk cerebrovascular disease – an important driver of vascular dementias and a contributor to Alzheimer’s disease risk as well.

The MIND diet study (Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay), reported in 2015 was a very successful demonstration of this concept. A combination of the Mediterranean diet and the DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), the MIND diet stresses frequent consumption of vegetables – especially leafy greens – as well as nuts, berries, whole grains, fish, poultry, and wine or grape juice. In the large, nearly 5-year study of 923 subjects aged 58-98 years, the MIND diet was associated with significant gains in cognition – equivalent to a 7-year reversal of age. After 4.5 years, those who strictly adhered to the diet had a 53% reduction in risk for Alzheimer’s disease, and those who adhered moderately had a 35% reduction. And in a more recent Australian longitudinal study, the MIND diet was associated with a 53% reduced risk of cognitive impairment over 12 years.

Ketogenic diets also may exert a benefit. Theoretically, a state of ketosis forces the brain to burn ketones as an alternative fuel to glucose, thus boosting brain function in glucose-starved brains. A small pilot study with exploratory cognitive endpoints determined that diet-compliant subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s experienced a mean 5-point improvement in the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Score–Cognition. They reverted to baseline scores within a month of ending the study.

Recent initial work into the gut microbiome provides some additional speculative, but interesting, data. A dysregulated microbiome can shift microbial populations toward a more inflammatory profile. Some work suggests that inflammatory cytokines then travel to the brain and induce a hyperresponse of neuron-damaging immune cells. A comprehensive review article discusses the complicated mechanisms that may be in play.

Play with your friends

Cognitive stimulation and social interaction also appear to modify dementia risk, although the data are a little more limited. But personal interaction is a key element of Dr. Baker’s ongoing EXERT trial.

The ongoing phase 3 trial randomized 300 adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment to moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise plus one-on-one support at local YMCA gyms or a low-intensity stretching, balance, and range of motion program. In additional to cognitive testing, the trial includes brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid sampling for biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, and a sleep study.

A key component is personal interaction with a trainer. “They spend a lot of one-on-one time with each person,” Dr. Baker said. “For me, that’s the crucial ingredient – that personal touch. It’s what helps people move from Point A to Point B in their behaviors.”

Virtual cognitive stimulation is also a burgeoning area of dementia prevention research right now. Numerous studies are ongoing to test whether virtual reality or other computer-based games might keep the mind sharp or even improve cognition in people at risk.
 

The power of three

If one lifestyle change can reduce dementia risk, what happens when all three work together?

That’s the newest question, first successfully explored in the mid-2000s, with the FINGER study (Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability). In FINGER, the triad of exercise, personal support at the gym, and a modified Mediterranean diet reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk and improved cognition relative to the control group.

FINGER showed that the intervention was feasible and that it was associated with cognitive preservation and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk in a group of at-risk subjects. The active group also had a 25% greater improvement on a neuropsychological test battery relative to the control group. They also performed 150% better in processing speed, 83% better in executive function, and 40% better in short-term memory. They showed no increased risk of cognitive decline relative to the control group, which experienced a 30% increase in risk, according to lead investigator Miia Kivipelto, PhD, of the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.

So successful was FINGER that it launched a global consortium of related studies called World Wide FINGERS. Active in six countries now, including the United States, the studies aim to discover whether such combinations of lifestyle interventions are workable across countries and cultures. World Wide FINGERS is largely supported by the Alzheimer’s Association.

Global enthusiasm for lifestyle interventions

In recognition of the importance of lifestyle changes for dementia prevention, the World Health Organization recently published “Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia.” The document reviews many studies and makes recommendations regarding not only exercise, diet, and cognitive stimulation, but also smoking and alcohol.

Research interest in these areas is surging, Dr. Baker said. “The [U.S.] National Institute on Aging now has 29 ongoing trials. There’s a strong commitment to investigations into how lifestyle interventions could protect brain health as we get older. Certainly, many fit and healthy people do develop Alzheimer’s. But for some, it could be medicine.”

But no matter how compliant people are, lifestyle changes will never completely rid the world of Alzheimer’s and other dementias. The view of Dr. Baker – and most other Alzheimer’s researchers – is to employ lifestyle changes to reduce risk as much as possible and not to stop when cognitive problems do present.

“We need to understand how lifestyle interventions might work in combination with pharmaceuticals,” she said. “If we can support the health of the body and the health of the mind, lifestyle interventions can be the fertilizer that would help drug therapy have its maximum effect.”

msullivan@mdedge.com

SAN DIEGO – To prevent dementia, follow Mom’s advice: Get up off the couch, go play with your friends, and eat your vegetables.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

After 15 years of disappointing drug trials, strong new evidence says the best way to attack Alzheimer’s disease is not to treat it once it develops, but to prevent it in the first place, Laura D. Baker, PhD, said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference. Studies of exercise, cognitive and social stimulation, and diet show that each one can reduce the risk of dementia, and that a combination of all three may have even a more powerful and synergistic effect.

“We have become absolutely phobic of exercise,” said Dr. Baker of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, N.C. And it’s not just structured exercise we shirk. “We take the closest parking space, sit for hours on end, don’t even take the stairs. Yet we know from years of work that exercise has a powerful benefit on cardiovascular disease, lipid profiles, metabolic disease, stress, and mood. Now we are seeing that exercise also promotes brain health in normal aging and protects against cognitive decline and prevention.”
 

Get off the couch

The general benefits of exercise – chiefly aerobic exercise – are myriad, Dr. Baker said.

“Exercise increases effective neurorepair. It reduces oxidative stress. It improves insulin sensitivity and helps with maintaining normal weight. It reduces inflammation and increases normal clearance of amyloid-beta.”

A 2017 meta-analysis reviewed some of these findings. “The current review [of 16 studies] suggests that aerobic exercise may have positive effects on the right hippocampus and potentially beneficial effects on the overall and other parts of the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex, and the medial temporal areas. ... Moreover, aerobic exercise may increase functional connectivity or activation in the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus regions,” wrote Mo-yi Li, PhD, of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China, and colleagues.

Exercise increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which in turn increases neuronal potentiation and synaptic plasticity. BDNF is also important in hippocampal neurogenesis; mice, after just one aerobic session, showed dramatic boosts in BDNF. A 2018 review elaborates on these findings.

Eat right

Diet mediates dementia risk through less direct, but very effective, pathways, Dr. Baker said. Diets rich in vegetables, berries, nuts, fish, lean proteins, and healthy fats improves virtually all metabolic measures. These, in turn, reduce the risk cerebrovascular disease – an important driver of vascular dementias and a contributor to Alzheimer’s disease risk as well.

The MIND diet study (Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay), reported in 2015 was a very successful demonstration of this concept. A combination of the Mediterranean diet and the DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), the MIND diet stresses frequent consumption of vegetables – especially leafy greens – as well as nuts, berries, whole grains, fish, poultry, and wine or grape juice. In the large, nearly 5-year study of 923 subjects aged 58-98 years, the MIND diet was associated with significant gains in cognition – equivalent to a 7-year reversal of age. After 4.5 years, those who strictly adhered to the diet had a 53% reduction in risk for Alzheimer’s disease, and those who adhered moderately had a 35% reduction. And in a more recent Australian longitudinal study, the MIND diet was associated with a 53% reduced risk of cognitive impairment over 12 years.

Ketogenic diets also may exert a benefit. Theoretically, a state of ketosis forces the brain to burn ketones as an alternative fuel to glucose, thus boosting brain function in glucose-starved brains. A small pilot study with exploratory cognitive endpoints determined that diet-compliant subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s experienced a mean 5-point improvement in the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Score–Cognition. They reverted to baseline scores within a month of ending the study.

Recent initial work into the gut microbiome provides some additional speculative, but interesting, data. A dysregulated microbiome can shift microbial populations toward a more inflammatory profile. Some work suggests that inflammatory cytokines then travel to the brain and induce a hyperresponse of neuron-damaging immune cells. A comprehensive review article discusses the complicated mechanisms that may be in play.

Play with your friends

Cognitive stimulation and social interaction also appear to modify dementia risk, although the data are a little more limited. But personal interaction is a key element of Dr. Baker’s ongoing EXERT trial.

The ongoing phase 3 trial randomized 300 adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment to moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise plus one-on-one support at local YMCA gyms or a low-intensity stretching, balance, and range of motion program. In additional to cognitive testing, the trial includes brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid sampling for biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, and a sleep study.

A key component is personal interaction with a trainer. “They spend a lot of one-on-one time with each person,” Dr. Baker said. “For me, that’s the crucial ingredient – that personal touch. It’s what helps people move from Point A to Point B in their behaviors.”

Virtual cognitive stimulation is also a burgeoning area of dementia prevention research right now. Numerous studies are ongoing to test whether virtual reality or other computer-based games might keep the mind sharp or even improve cognition in people at risk.
 

The power of three

If one lifestyle change can reduce dementia risk, what happens when all three work together?

That’s the newest question, first successfully explored in the mid-2000s, with the FINGER study (Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability). In FINGER, the triad of exercise, personal support at the gym, and a modified Mediterranean diet reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk and improved cognition relative to the control group.

FINGER showed that the intervention was feasible and that it was associated with cognitive preservation and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk in a group of at-risk subjects. The active group also had a 25% greater improvement on a neuropsychological test battery relative to the control group. They also performed 150% better in processing speed, 83% better in executive function, and 40% better in short-term memory. They showed no increased risk of cognitive decline relative to the control group, which experienced a 30% increase in risk, according to lead investigator Miia Kivipelto, PhD, of the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.

So successful was FINGER that it launched a global consortium of related studies called World Wide FINGERS. Active in six countries now, including the United States, the studies aim to discover whether such combinations of lifestyle interventions are workable across countries and cultures. World Wide FINGERS is largely supported by the Alzheimer’s Association.

Global enthusiasm for lifestyle interventions

In recognition of the importance of lifestyle changes for dementia prevention, the World Health Organization recently published “Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia.” The document reviews many studies and makes recommendations regarding not only exercise, diet, and cognitive stimulation, but also smoking and alcohol.

Research interest in these areas is surging, Dr. Baker said. “The [U.S.] National Institute on Aging now has 29 ongoing trials. There’s a strong commitment to investigations into how lifestyle interventions could protect brain health as we get older. Certainly, many fit and healthy people do develop Alzheimer’s. But for some, it could be medicine.”

But no matter how compliant people are, lifestyle changes will never completely rid the world of Alzheimer’s and other dementias. The view of Dr. Baker – and most other Alzheimer’s researchers – is to employ lifestyle changes to reduce risk as much as possible and not to stop when cognitive problems do present.

“We need to understand how lifestyle interventions might work in combination with pharmaceuticals,” she said. “If we can support the health of the body and the health of the mind, lifestyle interventions can be the fertilizer that would help drug therapy have its maximum effect.”

msullivan@mdedge.com

SAN DIEGO – To prevent dementia, follow Mom’s advice: Get up off the couch, go play with your friends, and eat your vegetables.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

After 15 years of disappointing drug trials, strong new evidence says the best way to attack Alzheimer’s disease is not to treat it once it develops, but to prevent it in the first place, Laura D. Baker, PhD, said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference. Studies of exercise, cognitive and social stimulation, and diet show that each one can reduce the risk of dementia, and that a combination of all three may have even a more powerful and synergistic effect.

“We have become absolutely phobic of exercise,” said Dr. Baker of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, N.C. And it’s not just structured exercise we shirk. “We take the closest parking space, sit for hours on end, don’t even take the stairs. Yet we know from years of work that exercise has a powerful benefit on cardiovascular disease, lipid profiles, metabolic disease, stress, and mood. Now we are seeing that exercise also promotes brain health in normal aging and protects against cognitive decline and prevention.”
 

Get off the couch

The general benefits of exercise – chiefly aerobic exercise – are myriad, Dr. Baker said.

“Exercise increases effective neurorepair. It reduces oxidative stress. It improves insulin sensitivity and helps with maintaining normal weight. It reduces inflammation and increases normal clearance of amyloid-beta.”

A 2017 meta-analysis reviewed some of these findings. “The current review [of 16 studies] suggests that aerobic exercise may have positive effects on the right hippocampus and potentially beneficial effects on the overall and other parts of the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex, and the medial temporal areas. ... Moreover, aerobic exercise may increase functional connectivity or activation in the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus regions,” wrote Mo-yi Li, PhD, of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China, and colleagues.

Exercise increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which in turn increases neuronal potentiation and synaptic plasticity. BDNF is also important in hippocampal neurogenesis; mice, after just one aerobic session, showed dramatic boosts in BDNF. A 2018 review elaborates on these findings.

Eat right

Diet mediates dementia risk through less direct, but very effective, pathways, Dr. Baker said. Diets rich in vegetables, berries, nuts, fish, lean proteins, and healthy fats improves virtually all metabolic measures. These, in turn, reduce the risk cerebrovascular disease – an important driver of vascular dementias and a contributor to Alzheimer’s disease risk as well.

The MIND diet study (Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay), reported in 2015 was a very successful demonstration of this concept. A combination of the Mediterranean diet and the DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), the MIND diet stresses frequent consumption of vegetables – especially leafy greens – as well as nuts, berries, whole grains, fish, poultry, and wine or grape juice. In the large, nearly 5-year study of 923 subjects aged 58-98 years, the MIND diet was associated with significant gains in cognition – equivalent to a 7-year reversal of age. After 4.5 years, those who strictly adhered to the diet had a 53% reduction in risk for Alzheimer’s disease, and those who adhered moderately had a 35% reduction. And in a more recent Australian longitudinal study, the MIND diet was associated with a 53% reduced risk of cognitive impairment over 12 years.

Ketogenic diets also may exert a benefit. Theoretically, a state of ketosis forces the brain to burn ketones as an alternative fuel to glucose, thus boosting brain function in glucose-starved brains. A small pilot study with exploratory cognitive endpoints determined that diet-compliant subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s experienced a mean 5-point improvement in the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Score–Cognition. They reverted to baseline scores within a month of ending the study.

Recent initial work into the gut microbiome provides some additional speculative, but interesting, data. A dysregulated microbiome can shift microbial populations toward a more inflammatory profile. Some work suggests that inflammatory cytokines then travel to the brain and induce a hyperresponse of neuron-damaging immune cells. A comprehensive review article discusses the complicated mechanisms that may be in play.

Play with your friends

Cognitive stimulation and social interaction also appear to modify dementia risk, although the data are a little more limited. But personal interaction is a key element of Dr. Baker’s ongoing EXERT trial.

The ongoing phase 3 trial randomized 300 adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment to moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise plus one-on-one support at local YMCA gyms or a low-intensity stretching, balance, and range of motion program. In additional to cognitive testing, the trial includes brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid sampling for biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, and a sleep study.

A key component is personal interaction with a trainer. “They spend a lot of one-on-one time with each person,” Dr. Baker said. “For me, that’s the crucial ingredient – that personal touch. It’s what helps people move from Point A to Point B in their behaviors.”

Virtual cognitive stimulation is also a burgeoning area of dementia prevention research right now. Numerous studies are ongoing to test whether virtual reality or other computer-based games might keep the mind sharp or even improve cognition in people at risk.
 

The power of three

If one lifestyle change can reduce dementia risk, what happens when all three work together?

That’s the newest question, first successfully explored in the mid-2000s, with the FINGER study (Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability). In FINGER, the triad of exercise, personal support at the gym, and a modified Mediterranean diet reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk and improved cognition relative to the control group.

FINGER showed that the intervention was feasible and that it was associated with cognitive preservation and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk in a group of at-risk subjects. The active group also had a 25% greater improvement on a neuropsychological test battery relative to the control group. They also performed 150% better in processing speed, 83% better in executive function, and 40% better in short-term memory. They showed no increased risk of cognitive decline relative to the control group, which experienced a 30% increase in risk, according to lead investigator Miia Kivipelto, PhD, of the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.

So successful was FINGER that it launched a global consortium of related studies called World Wide FINGERS. Active in six countries now, including the United States, the studies aim to discover whether such combinations of lifestyle interventions are workable across countries and cultures. World Wide FINGERS is largely supported by the Alzheimer’s Association.

Global enthusiasm for lifestyle interventions

In recognition of the importance of lifestyle changes for dementia prevention, the World Health Organization recently published “Risk reduction of cognitive decline and dementia.” The document reviews many studies and makes recommendations regarding not only exercise, diet, and cognitive stimulation, but also smoking and alcohol.

Research interest in these areas is surging, Dr. Baker said. “The [U.S.] National Institute on Aging now has 29 ongoing trials. There’s a strong commitment to investigations into how lifestyle interventions could protect brain health as we get older. Certainly, many fit and healthy people do develop Alzheimer’s. But for some, it could be medicine.”

But no matter how compliant people are, lifestyle changes will never completely rid the world of Alzheimer’s and other dementias. The view of Dr. Baker – and most other Alzheimer’s researchers – is to employ lifestyle changes to reduce risk as much as possible and not to stop when cognitive problems do present.

“We need to understand how lifestyle interventions might work in combination with pharmaceuticals,” she said. “If we can support the health of the body and the health of the mind, lifestyle interventions can be the fertilizer that would help drug therapy have its maximum effect.”

msullivan@mdedge.com

SAN DIEGO – Pimavanserin, a second-generation antipsychotic approved for hallucinations and delusions in patients with Parkinson’s disease, may also be helpful for psychotic symptoms in other dementia patients, Erin P. Foff, MD, said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

In fact, the phase 3 HARMONY trial was stopped early, after an interim efficacy analysis determined that treatment with pimavanserin (Nuplazid) had achieved its primary endpoint – a statistically significant threefold reduction in the risk of relapse (P less than .0033).

Importantly, pimavanserin didn’t significantly affect cognition nor, at least in this controlled setting, did it appear to increase falls or other adverse events often seen with antipsychotic use in elderly patients, said Dr. Foff, clinical lead for the dementia-related psychosis program at Acadia Pharmaceuticals, which makes the drug and sponsored the study.

Based on the positive results, Acadia intends to submit a supplemental new drug application for this indication, according to an investor presentation posted on the company website.

“There is a critical need for an intervention [for psychosis symptoms] in this population,” Dr. Foff said. “We saw a robust response that was well tolerated and well maintained with no negative impact on cognitive scores.”

The second-generation antipsychotic was approved in 2016 for treating hallucinations and delusions in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

The drug is a selective antagonist of 5-HT₂ receptors, with low affinity for dopamine receptors. This slightly differentiates it from other second-generation antipsychotics that affect dopamine receptors as well as 5-HT₂ receptors.

HARMONY was not a typical placebo-controlled, randomized efficacy trial. Rather, it employed a two-phase design: an open-label treatment response period followed by a placebo-controlled randomization limited to open-label responders. Overall, HARMONY involved 392 patients with mild to severe dementia of numerous etiologies, including Alzheimer’s disease (66.8%), Parkinson’s disease dementia (14.3%), frontotemporal dementia (1.8%), vascular dementia (9.7%), and dementia with Lewy bodies (7.4%). All patients entered a 12-week, open-label period during which they received pimavanserin 34 mg daily. The primary endpoint was a combination of least a 30% reduction on the total Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptom–Hallucinations and Delusions (SAPS-HD) scale plus a score of 1-2 on the Clinical Global Impressions–Improvement (CGI-I) scale, meaning better or very much better.

At 12 weeks, all responders were then randomized to placebo or continued therapy for 26 weeks. The primary endpoint was relapse, defined as at least a 30% worsening of the SAPS-HD relative to open-label baseline, plus a CGI-I score of 6-7 (worse or very much worse).

Patients were aged a mean of 74 years. Most (about 90%) were living at home. Visual hallucinations occurred in 80% and delusions in 83%. At baseline, the mean SAPS-HD score was 24.4, and the mean CGI-Severity score was 4.7. The mean Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score was 16.7.

In the open-label period, pimavanserin reduced the SAPS-HD score at 12 weeks by a mean of 75%. Symptoms began to decline in the first week of treatment, with continuing improvement throughout the treatment period. By week 4, 30% had hit the response target. This number increased steadily, with 51% responding by week 4, 75% by week 8, and 88% by week 12.

By probable diagnosis, response rates were 59.8% in Alzheimer’s patients, 45.5% for those with Lewy body dementia, 71.2% among patients with Parkinson’s disease, 71% in patients with vascular dementia, and 50% in patients with frontotemporal dementia. In the final analysis, 80% of patients overall were considered responders.

The randomized potion began immediately thereafter with no washout period. About 62% (194) of the entire cohort – all responders – entered into the placebo-controlled phase. The remaining patients were either not responders (20%), dropped out because of an adverse event (7.7%), or left the study for unspecified reasons (10%). There was one death, which was not related to the study medication. A total of 41 patients were still being treated when the study was discontinued, and they were excluded from the final analysis.

When the randomized study ended, relapses had occurred in 28.3% of those taking placebo and in 12.6% of those taking pimavanserin – a statistically significant difference (hazard ratio, 0.353). This translated to a 180% reduction in relapse.

The rate of adverse events was similar in both active and placebo groups (41% vs. 36.6%). Serious adverse events occurred in 4.8% and 3.6%, respectively. The most commonly reported adverse events were headache (9.5% vs. 4.5%) and urinary tract infection (6.7% vs. 3.6%). Asthenia occurred in 2.9% of treated patients and 0.9% of placebo patients, but no falls were reported. Anxiety and dizziness were also reported in three patients taking the study medication.

Three patients (2.9%) experienced a prolonged QT phase on ECG, with a mean delay of 5.4 milliseconds from baseline. “Pimavanserin is known to have this effect of QT prolongation,” Dr. Foff said. “This 5.4-ms change is exactly in line with what we already know about pimavanserin and is not clinically significant. We saw no effect on motor function, consistent with the mechanism of action, and very low levels of agitation or aggression.”

Pimavanserin didn’t significantly change cognition from baseline in the open-label period, and in the randomized period, MMSE never differed significantly between groups.

The company also conducted an exploratory subgroup analysis that looked at placebo versus pimavanserin relapse by probable clinical diagnosis. Among the types of dementia, relapse rates for placebo versus pimavanserin were 23% versus 13% among Alzheimer’s patients, 67% versus 0% in Lewy body dementia patients, 50% versus 7% in patients with Parkinson’s, and 17% each among vascular dementia patients. Only one patient in the randomized period had frontotemporal dementia, and that patient relapsed on treatment.

Whether pimavanserin is effective specifically for psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease patients, however, remains in question. In 2018, Acadia published a negative phase 2 trial in a targeted group of 181 Alzheimer’s patients. The primary outcome in each study was mean change on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory–Nursing Home Version psychosis score (NPI-NH-PS). Clive Ballard, MD, of the University of Exeter (England), was the primary investigator.

After 6 weeks, those taking pimavanserin had a 3.76-point change in the NPI-NH-PS, compared with a 1.93-point change in the placebo group. The mean 1.84-point difference was not statistically significant.

This Alzheimer’s-only cohort group also experienced more adverse events than the HARMONY mixed-diagnosis cohort did, although the differences between pimavanserin and placebo groups were not significant. Adverse events included falls (23% of each group) and agitation (21% with pimavanserin vs. 14% with placebo). Cognition was unaffected.

Later that year, Acadia published a subgroup analysis of the same cohort parsing response by symptom severity, again with Dr. Ballard as the lead investigator.

The analysis focused on 57 patients with a baseline NPI-NH-PS of at least 12, indicating severe symptoms of psychosis.

Treatment effects were more pronounced in this group, significantly favoring pimavanserin. On the NPI-NH-PS, 88.9% of the pimavanserin group and 43.3% of the placebo group had at least a 30% improvement; 77.8% and 43.3% experienced at least a 50% improvement. The rate of serious adverse events was similar (18% with pimavanserin and 17% with placebo) and cognition was unaffected. Falls occurred in 14% of the treated group and 20% of the placebo group.

“These findings coupled with the results from other studies of pimavanserin suggest a potential role for pimavanserin in treating psychosis in patients across a range of neuropsychiatric conditions,” Dr. Ballard wrote.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Foff EP et al. CTAD 2019, Late-breaker 1

SAN DIEGO – Pimavanserin, a second-generation antipsychotic approved for hallucinations and delusions in patients with Parkinson’s disease, may also be helpful for psychotic symptoms in other dementia patients, Erin P. Foff, MD, said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

In fact, the phase 3 HARMONY trial was stopped early, after an interim efficacy analysis determined that treatment with pimavanserin (Nuplazid) had achieved its primary endpoint – a statistically significant threefold reduction in the risk of relapse (P less than .0033).

Importantly, pimavanserin didn’t significantly affect cognition nor, at least in this controlled setting, did it appear to increase falls or other adverse events often seen with antipsychotic use in elderly patients, said Dr. Foff, clinical lead for the dementia-related psychosis program at Acadia Pharmaceuticals, which makes the drug and sponsored the study.

Based on the positive results, Acadia intends to submit a supplemental new drug application for this indication, according to an investor presentation posted on the company website.

“There is a critical need for an intervention [for psychosis symptoms] in this population,” Dr. Foff said. “We saw a robust response that was well tolerated and well maintained with no negative impact on cognitive scores.”

The second-generation antipsychotic was approved in 2016 for treating hallucinations and delusions in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

The drug is a selective antagonist of 5-HT₂ receptors, with low affinity for dopamine receptors. This slightly differentiates it from other second-generation antipsychotics that affect dopamine receptors as well as 5-HT₂ receptors.

HARMONY was not a typical placebo-controlled, randomized efficacy trial. Rather, it employed a two-phase design: an open-label treatment response period followed by a placebo-controlled randomization limited to open-label responders. Overall, HARMONY involved 392 patients with mild to severe dementia of numerous etiologies, including Alzheimer’s disease (66.8%), Parkinson’s disease dementia (14.3%), frontotemporal dementia (1.8%), vascular dementia (9.7%), and dementia with Lewy bodies (7.4%). All patients entered a 12-week, open-label period during which they received pimavanserin 34 mg daily. The primary endpoint was a combination of least a 30% reduction on the total Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptom–Hallucinations and Delusions (SAPS-HD) scale plus a score of 1-2 on the Clinical Global Impressions–Improvement (CGI-I) scale, meaning better or very much better.

At 12 weeks, all responders were then randomized to placebo or continued therapy for 26 weeks. The primary endpoint was relapse, defined as at least a 30% worsening of the SAPS-HD relative to open-label baseline, plus a CGI-I score of 6-7 (worse or very much worse).

Patients were aged a mean of 74 years. Most (about 90%) were living at home. Visual hallucinations occurred in 80% and delusions in 83%. At baseline, the mean SAPS-HD score was 24.4, and the mean CGI-Severity score was 4.7. The mean Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score was 16.7.

In the open-label period, pimavanserin reduced the SAPS-HD score at 12 weeks by a mean of 75%. Symptoms began to decline in the first week of treatment, with continuing improvement throughout the treatment period. By week 4, 30% had hit the response target. This number increased steadily, with 51% responding by week 4, 75% by week 8, and 88% by week 12.

By probable diagnosis, response rates were 59.8% in Alzheimer’s patients, 45.5% for those with Lewy body dementia, 71.2% among patients with Parkinson’s disease, 71% in patients with vascular dementia, and 50% in patients with frontotemporal dementia. In the final analysis, 80% of patients overall were considered responders.

The randomized potion began immediately thereafter with no washout period. About 62% (194) of the entire cohort – all responders – entered into the placebo-controlled phase. The remaining patients were either not responders (20%), dropped out because of an adverse event (7.7%), or left the study for unspecified reasons (10%). There was one death, which was not related to the study medication. A total of 41 patients were still being treated when the study was discontinued, and they were excluded from the final analysis.

When the randomized study ended, relapses had occurred in 28.3% of those taking placebo and in 12.6% of those taking pimavanserin – a statistically significant difference (hazard ratio, 0.353). This translated to a 180% reduction in relapse.

The rate of adverse events was similar in both active and placebo groups (41% vs. 36.6%). Serious adverse events occurred in 4.8% and 3.6%, respectively. The most commonly reported adverse events were headache (9.5% vs. 4.5%) and urinary tract infection (6.7% vs. 3.6%). Asthenia occurred in 2.9% of treated patients and 0.9% of placebo patients, but no falls were reported. Anxiety and dizziness were also reported in three patients taking the study medication.

Three patients (2.9%) experienced a prolonged QT phase on ECG, with a mean delay of 5.4 milliseconds from baseline. “Pimavanserin is known to have this effect of QT prolongation,” Dr. Foff said. “This 5.4-ms change is exactly in line with what we already know about pimavanserin and is not clinically significant. We saw no effect on motor function, consistent with the mechanism of action, and very low levels of agitation or aggression.”

Pimavanserin didn’t significantly change cognition from baseline in the open-label period, and in the randomized period, MMSE never differed significantly between groups.

The company also conducted an exploratory subgroup analysis that looked at placebo versus pimavanserin relapse by probable clinical diagnosis. Among the types of dementia, relapse rates for placebo versus pimavanserin were 23% versus 13% among Alzheimer’s patients, 67% versus 0% in Lewy body dementia patients, 50% versus 7% in patients with Parkinson’s, and 17% each among vascular dementia patients. Only one patient in the randomized period had frontotemporal dementia, and that patient relapsed on treatment.

Whether pimavanserin is effective specifically for psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease patients, however, remains in question. In 2018, Acadia published a negative phase 2 trial in a targeted group of 181 Alzheimer’s patients. The primary outcome in each study was mean change on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory–Nursing Home Version psychosis score (NPI-NH-PS). Clive Ballard, MD, of the University of Exeter (England), was the primary investigator.

After 6 weeks, those taking pimavanserin had a 3.76-point change in the NPI-NH-PS, compared with a 1.93-point change in the placebo group. The mean 1.84-point difference was not statistically significant.

This Alzheimer’s-only cohort group also experienced more adverse events than the HARMONY mixed-diagnosis cohort did, although the differences between pimavanserin and placebo groups were not significant. Adverse events included falls (23% of each group) and agitation (21% with pimavanserin vs. 14% with placebo). Cognition was unaffected.

Later that year, Acadia published a subgroup analysis of the same cohort parsing response by symptom severity, again with Dr. Ballard as the lead investigator.

The analysis focused on 57 patients with a baseline NPI-NH-PS of at least 12, indicating severe symptoms of psychosis.

Treatment effects were more pronounced in this group, significantly favoring pimavanserin. On the NPI-NH-PS, 88.9% of the pimavanserin group and 43.3% of the placebo group had at least a 30% improvement; 77.8% and 43.3% experienced at least a 50% improvement. The rate of serious adverse events was similar (18% with pimavanserin and 17% with placebo) and cognition was unaffected. Falls occurred in 14% of the treated group and 20% of the placebo group.

“These findings coupled with the results from other studies of pimavanserin suggest a potential role for pimavanserin in treating psychosis in patients across a range of neuropsychiatric conditions,” Dr. Ballard wrote.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Foff EP et al. CTAD 2019, Late-breaker 1

SAN DIEGO – Pimavanserin, a second-generation antipsychotic approved for hallucinations and delusions in patients with Parkinson’s disease, may also be helpful for psychotic symptoms in other dementia patients, Erin P. Foff, MD, said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

In fact, the phase 3 HARMONY trial was stopped early, after an interim efficacy analysis determined that treatment with pimavanserin (Nuplazid) had achieved its primary endpoint – a statistically significant threefold reduction in the risk of relapse (P less than .0033).

Importantly, pimavanserin didn’t significantly affect cognition nor, at least in this controlled setting, did it appear to increase falls or other adverse events often seen with antipsychotic use in elderly patients, said Dr. Foff, clinical lead for the dementia-related psychosis program at Acadia Pharmaceuticals, which makes the drug and sponsored the study.

Based on the positive results, Acadia intends to submit a supplemental new drug application for this indication, according to an investor presentation posted on the company website.

“There is a critical need for an intervention [for psychosis symptoms] in this population,” Dr. Foff said. “We saw a robust response that was well tolerated and well maintained with no negative impact on cognitive scores.”

The second-generation antipsychotic was approved in 2016 for treating hallucinations and delusions in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

The drug is a selective antagonist of 5-HT₂ receptors, with low affinity for dopamine receptors. This slightly differentiates it from other second-generation antipsychotics that affect dopamine receptors as well as 5-HT₂ receptors.

HARMONY was not a typical placebo-controlled, randomized efficacy trial. Rather, it employed a two-phase design: an open-label treatment response period followed by a placebo-controlled randomization limited to open-label responders. Overall, HARMONY involved 392 patients with mild to severe dementia of numerous etiologies, including Alzheimer’s disease (66.8%), Parkinson’s disease dementia (14.3%), frontotemporal dementia (1.8%), vascular dementia (9.7%), and dementia with Lewy bodies (7.4%). All patients entered a 12-week, open-label period during which they received pimavanserin 34 mg daily. The primary endpoint was a combination of least a 30% reduction on the total Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptom–Hallucinations and Delusions (SAPS-HD) scale plus a score of 1-2 on the Clinical Global Impressions–Improvement (CGI-I) scale, meaning better or very much better.

At 12 weeks, all responders were then randomized to placebo or continued therapy for 26 weeks. The primary endpoint was relapse, defined as at least a 30% worsening of the SAPS-HD relative to open-label baseline, plus a CGI-I score of 6-7 (worse or very much worse).

Patients were aged a mean of 74 years. Most (about 90%) were living at home. Visual hallucinations occurred in 80% and delusions in 83%. At baseline, the mean SAPS-HD score was 24.4, and the mean CGI-Severity score was 4.7. The mean Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score was 16.7.

In the open-label period, pimavanserin reduced the SAPS-HD score at 12 weeks by a mean of 75%. Symptoms began to decline in the first week of treatment, with continuing improvement throughout the treatment period. By week 4, 30% had hit the response target. This number increased steadily, with 51% responding by week 4, 75% by week 8, and 88% by week 12.

By probable diagnosis, response rates were 59.8% in Alzheimer’s patients, 45.5% for those with Lewy body dementia, 71.2% among patients with Parkinson’s disease, 71% in patients with vascular dementia, and 50% in patients with frontotemporal dementia. In the final analysis, 80% of patients overall were considered responders.

The randomized potion began immediately thereafter with no washout period. About 62% (194) of the entire cohort – all responders – entered into the placebo-controlled phase. The remaining patients were either not responders (20%), dropped out because of an adverse event (7.7%), or left the study for unspecified reasons (10%). There was one death, which was not related to the study medication. A total of 41 patients were still being treated when the study was discontinued, and they were excluded from the final analysis.

When the randomized study ended, relapses had occurred in 28.3% of those taking placebo and in 12.6% of those taking pimavanserin – a statistically significant difference (hazard ratio, 0.353). This translated to a 180% reduction in relapse.

The rate of adverse events was similar in both active and placebo groups (41% vs. 36.6%). Serious adverse events occurred in 4.8% and 3.6%, respectively. The most commonly reported adverse events were headache (9.5% vs. 4.5%) and urinary tract infection (6.7% vs. 3.6%). Asthenia occurred in 2.9% of treated patients and 0.9% of placebo patients, but no falls were reported. Anxiety and dizziness were also reported in three patients taking the study medication.

Three patients (2.9%) experienced a prolonged QT phase on ECG, with a mean delay of 5.4 milliseconds from baseline. “Pimavanserin is known to have this effect of QT prolongation,” Dr. Foff said. “This 5.4-ms change is exactly in line with what we already know about pimavanserin and is not clinically significant. We saw no effect on motor function, consistent with the mechanism of action, and very low levels of agitation or aggression.”

Pimavanserin didn’t significantly change cognition from baseline in the open-label period, and in the randomized period, MMSE never differed significantly between groups.

The company also conducted an exploratory subgroup analysis that looked at placebo versus pimavanserin relapse by probable clinical diagnosis. Among the types of dementia, relapse rates for placebo versus pimavanserin were 23% versus 13% among Alzheimer’s patients, 67% versus 0% in Lewy body dementia patients, 50% versus 7% in patients with Parkinson’s, and 17% each among vascular dementia patients. Only one patient in the randomized period had frontotemporal dementia, and that patient relapsed on treatment.

Whether pimavanserin is effective specifically for psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease patients, however, remains in question. In 2018, Acadia published a negative phase 2 trial in a targeted group of 181 Alzheimer’s patients. The primary outcome in each study was mean change on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory–Nursing Home Version psychosis score (NPI-NH-PS). Clive Ballard, MD, of the University of Exeter (England), was the primary investigator.

After 6 weeks, those taking pimavanserin had a 3.76-point change in the NPI-NH-PS, compared with a 1.93-point change in the placebo group. The mean 1.84-point difference was not statistically significant.

This Alzheimer’s-only cohort group also experienced more adverse events than the HARMONY mixed-diagnosis cohort did, although the differences between pimavanserin and placebo groups were not significant. Adverse events included falls (23% of each group) and agitation (21% with pimavanserin vs. 14% with placebo). Cognition was unaffected.

Later that year, Acadia published a subgroup analysis of the same cohort parsing response by symptom severity, again with Dr. Ballard as the lead investigator.

The analysis focused on 57 patients with a baseline NPI-NH-PS of at least 12, indicating severe symptoms of psychosis.

Treatment effects were more pronounced in this group, significantly favoring pimavanserin. On the NPI-NH-PS, 88.9% of the pimavanserin group and 43.3% of the placebo group had at least a 30% improvement; 77.8% and 43.3% experienced at least a 50% improvement. The rate of serious adverse events was similar (18% with pimavanserin and 17% with placebo) and cognition was unaffected. Falls occurred in 14% of the treated group and 20% of the placebo group.

“These findings coupled with the results from other studies of pimavanserin suggest a potential role for pimavanserin in treating psychosis in patients across a range of neuropsychiatric conditions,” Dr. Ballard wrote.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Foff EP et al. CTAD 2019, Late-breaker 1

A low-density nonablative laser successfully treated postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) in a group of patients with darker skin types, Yoon‐Soo Cindy Bae, MD, and colleagues reported.

Among patients treated with the nonablative fractional 1,927 nm laser, there was a mean improvement of about 43% in hyperpigmented areas, and no side effects were reported, wrote Dr. Bae, of the department of dermatology at New York University and the Laser & Skin Surgery Center of New York, and coauthors in Lasers in Surgery and Medicine.

Lasers have not been the first choice for hyperpigmentation in Fitzpatrick skin types IV, V, and VI, they pointed out. More commonly used treatments are hydroquinone and chemical peels that use glycolic acid or salicylic acid. But these are not always ideal options, Dr. Bae said in an interview.

“There are side effects to medical therapy. The drawbacks of medical therapy include compliance issues, risk of skin irritation from the product ... and a risk of hyperpigmentation specifically for hydroquinone. There are also risks to laser therapy, including dyspigmentation and scarring,” she added. “However, the laser we used is a low energy, nonablative type of laser, so the risk of scarring is extremely rare and the dyspigmentation is actually what we are aiming to treat.”

The retrospective study comprised 61 patients with PIH who had received more than one treatment with the low energy fractionated 1,927 nm diode laser between 2013 and 2016. Most were Fitzpatrick type IV (73.8%). The remainder were Type V (16.4%) and Type VI (9.8%). The most common treatment site was the face or cheeks (68.9%), followed by legs (13%), the rest of the cases were unspecified.

Patients had received treatment with the laser with fixed fluence at 5 mJ, fixed spot size of 140 micrometers, depth of 170 micrometers, and 5% coverage. They required several treatments: 15 had two, 14 had three, 16 had four, and the remainder had five or more. Topical treatment data were not collected. Photographs taken before treatment and before the last treatment were evaluated by dermatologists who had not treated the patients. Based on those evaluations, the mean improvement was a statistically significant 43.2%.

There did not, however, appear to be much difference between the treatment groups. The mean improvement among patients with two treatments was 44.5%; three treatments, 44.29%; four treatments, 40.63%; five or more treatments, 43.75%.

Although those with darker skin types tended to have better results, there were no statistically significant differences between the skin-type groups. Among those with Fitzpatrick skin type IV, the mean improvement was 40.39%; skin type V, 47.25%; and skin type VI, 57.92%.

“The fact that there was no correlation between Fitzpatrick skin type … and average percent improvement demonstrates that this laser is a viable treatment option for patients with very dark skin,” the authors wrote. “There were also no significant differences between the average percent improvements for people receiving different numbers of treatments. A trend was observed that favored treating patients with darker skin type; however, this lacked statistical significance. This may have been due to an underpowered study.”

Limitations of the study included the retrospective design and nonstandardization of photographs; “further studies with prospective controlled designs are needed to confirm our findings,” they added.

No funding or disclosure information was provided.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Bae YS et al. Lasers Surg Med. 2019 Oct 29. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23173.

A low-density nonablative laser successfully treated postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) in a group of patients with darker skin types, Yoon‐Soo Cindy Bae, MD, and colleagues reported.

Among patients treated with the nonablative fractional 1,927 nm laser, there was a mean improvement of about 43% in hyperpigmented areas, and no side effects were reported, wrote Dr. Bae, of the department of dermatology at New York University and the Laser & Skin Surgery Center of New York, and coauthors in Lasers in Surgery and Medicine.

Lasers have not been the first choice for hyperpigmentation in Fitzpatrick skin types IV, V, and VI, they pointed out. More commonly used treatments are hydroquinone and chemical peels that use glycolic acid or salicylic acid. But these are not always ideal options, Dr. Bae said in an interview.

“There are side effects to medical therapy. The drawbacks of medical therapy include compliance issues, risk of skin irritation from the product ... and a risk of hyperpigmentation specifically for hydroquinone. There are also risks to laser therapy, including dyspigmentation and scarring,” she added. “However, the laser we used is a low energy, nonablative type of laser, so the risk of scarring is extremely rare and the dyspigmentation is actually what we are aiming to treat.”

The retrospective study comprised 61 patients with PIH who had received more than one treatment with the low energy fractionated 1,927 nm diode laser between 2013 and 2016. Most were Fitzpatrick type IV (73.8%). The remainder were Type V (16.4%) and Type VI (9.8%). The most common treatment site was the face or cheeks (68.9%), followed by legs (13%), the rest of the cases were unspecified.

Patients had received treatment with the laser with fixed fluence at 5 mJ, fixed spot size of 140 micrometers, depth of 170 micrometers, and 5% coverage. They required several treatments: 15 had two, 14 had three, 16 had four, and the remainder had five or more. Topical treatment data were not collected. Photographs taken before treatment and before the last treatment were evaluated by dermatologists who had not treated the patients. Based on those evaluations, the mean improvement was a statistically significant 43.2%.

There did not, however, appear to be much difference between the treatment groups. The mean improvement among patients with two treatments was 44.5%; three treatments, 44.29%; four treatments, 40.63%; five or more treatments, 43.75%.

Although those with darker skin types tended to have better results, there were no statistically significant differences between the skin-type groups. Among those with Fitzpatrick skin type IV, the mean improvement was 40.39%; skin type V, 47.25%; and skin type VI, 57.92%.

“The fact that there was no correlation between Fitzpatrick skin type … and average percent improvement demonstrates that this laser is a viable treatment option for patients with very dark skin,” the authors wrote. “There were also no significant differences between the average percent improvements for people receiving different numbers of treatments. A trend was observed that favored treating patients with darker skin type; however, this lacked statistical significance. This may have been due to an underpowered study.”

Limitations of the study included the retrospective design and nonstandardization of photographs; “further studies with prospective controlled designs are needed to confirm our findings,” they added.

No funding or disclosure information was provided.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Bae YS et al. Lasers Surg Med. 2019 Oct 29. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23173.

A low-density nonablative laser successfully treated postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) in a group of patients with darker skin types, Yoon‐Soo Cindy Bae, MD, and colleagues reported.

Among patients treated with the nonablative fractional 1,927 nm laser, there was a mean improvement of about 43% in hyperpigmented areas, and no side effects were reported, wrote Dr. Bae, of the department of dermatology at New York University and the Laser & Skin Surgery Center of New York, and coauthors in Lasers in Surgery and Medicine.

Lasers have not been the first choice for hyperpigmentation in Fitzpatrick skin types IV, V, and VI, they pointed out. More commonly used treatments are hydroquinone and chemical peels that use glycolic acid or salicylic acid. But these are not always ideal options, Dr. Bae said in an interview.

“There are side effects to medical therapy. The drawbacks of medical therapy include compliance issues, risk of skin irritation from the product ... and a risk of hyperpigmentation specifically for hydroquinone. There are also risks to laser therapy, including dyspigmentation and scarring,” she added. “However, the laser we used is a low energy, nonablative type of laser, so the risk of scarring is extremely rare and the dyspigmentation is actually what we are aiming to treat.”

The retrospective study comprised 61 patients with PIH who had received more than one treatment with the low energy fractionated 1,927 nm diode laser between 2013 and 2016. Most were Fitzpatrick type IV (73.8%). The remainder were Type V (16.4%) and Type VI (9.8%). The most common treatment site was the face or cheeks (68.9%), followed by legs (13%), the rest of the cases were unspecified.

Patients had received treatment with the laser with fixed fluence at 5 mJ, fixed spot size of 140 micrometers, depth of 170 micrometers, and 5% coverage. They required several treatments: 15 had two, 14 had three, 16 had four, and the remainder had five or more. Topical treatment data were not collected. Photographs taken before treatment and before the last treatment were evaluated by dermatologists who had not treated the patients. Based on those evaluations, the mean improvement was a statistically significant 43.2%.

There did not, however, appear to be much difference between the treatment groups. The mean improvement among patients with two treatments was 44.5%; three treatments, 44.29%; four treatments, 40.63%; five or more treatments, 43.75%.

Although those with darker skin types tended to have better results, there were no statistically significant differences between the skin-type groups. Among those with Fitzpatrick skin type IV, the mean improvement was 40.39%; skin type V, 47.25%; and skin type VI, 57.92%.

“The fact that there was no correlation between Fitzpatrick skin type … and average percent improvement demonstrates that this laser is a viable treatment option for patients with very dark skin,” the authors wrote. “There were also no significant differences between the average percent improvements for people receiving different numbers of treatments. A trend was observed that favored treating patients with darker skin type; however, this lacked statistical significance. This may have been due to an underpowered study.”

Limitations of the study included the retrospective design and nonstandardization of photographs; “further studies with prospective controlled designs are needed to confirm our findings,” they added.

No funding or disclosure information was provided.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Bae YS et al. Lasers Surg Med. 2019 Oct 29. doi: 10.1002/lsm.23173.

SAN DIEGO – Positive findings from a post hoc subanalysis of two unsuccessful studies represent “a major step forward in Alzheimer’s disease research” and could set the antiamyloid antibody up as a “foothold” in slowing disease progression, study investigators said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

After full follow-up of 78 weeks, patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) who took the highest 10-mg/kg dose for a full 14 doses experienced up to a 53% slowing of functional decline on the Clinical Dementia Rating–Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) in one study and a 48% slowing in the other study – relative to placebo – a result that might give them “an extra year or 2” of independence; they might perhaps retain the ability to drive and even stay employed, said Sharon Cohen, MD, a panelist at the meeting’s aducanumab presentation session and a clinical investigator in EMERGE, one of two phase 3 studies from which the data were derived.

Samantha Budd Haeberlein, PhD, Biogen’s vice president and head of late-stage clinical development in Alzheimer’s disease, presented the new data. They “are complex” and require much more study before investigators, clinicians, and federal regulators can fully embrace them, said the panelists who discussed the results. Nevertheless, Biogen, which is codeveloping the antibody with partner Eisai, said in October it will put aducanumab forward to the Food and Drug Administration in a new drug application for the first-ever AD disease-modifying agent. FDA regulators have said they will review the data.

The new subanalysis comprised 570 of 3,285 patients in two identical studies with negative primary endpoint results. One, ENGAGE, failed to reach both its primary and secondary endpoints; the other, EMERGE, was halted last spring after a futility analysis determined that aducanumab was unlikely to confer significant benefit. The post hoc subanalysis looked at a combined subset of those who received the highest 10-mg/kg dose for the full 78 weeks of each trial. The statistically significant functional endpoints occurred in this group, comprised largely of apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 (APOE4) allele carriers.

“The futility analysis of EMERGE was highly unfortunate,” said panelist Paul Aisen, MD, founding director of the Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. “Clearly in the final analysis, EMERGE was positive in the primary endpoints, and now the secondary analysis of both studies is positive and consistent.” The diverging trajectory of placebo and treatment groups continued to the end of follow-up in both studies, a finding that at least suggests continuing improvement, he added.

Biogen undertook the pooled analysis after ENGAGE’s futility analysis. Early in the development program, concern about amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) in APOE4 carriers led Biogen to stratify doses in that group.

“When we started [creating aducanumab trials], we stratified the dose so that e4 carriers had the lowest dose, but in PRIME [the phase 1b study], we saw the best result from the 10-mg/kg dose, so we believed that was important for efficacy. However, we didn’t have sufficient evidence to believe that it was safe to put carriers on that dose. In EMERGE, we saw that carriers could safely take it until the end of the study.”

Since the trials were running almost synchronously, a new version of randomization ensued. This allowed more e4 carriers to go forward on the 10-mg/kg dose.

“I would not normally recommend changing dose in the middle of a phase 3 trial, but it did have a real impact in the high-dose group,” Dr. Haeberlein said. Additionally, by the time of data lock after the futility analysis, more patients had completed the entire 78 weeks at the 10-mg/kg dose. Cumulative dosing ended up being quite different in the APOE4 carriers after this new version ensued. Before, the median cumulative dose for both carriers and noncarriers was 116 mg/kg. After the change, the median cumulative dose was 153 mg/kg. And before the alteration, 21% in EMERGE and 15% in ENGAGE received the full 14 possible 10-mg/kg doses. After the change, 51% in EMERGE and 47% in ENGAGE received the full 14 doses of 10 mg/kg.

The pooled analysis comprised this combined group, which was then largely composed of APOE4 carriers.

Imaging confirmed such dose-driven reductions in both brain amyloid plaques and phosphorylated tau. Although amyloid reduction has never been tied to cognitive or functional benefits, tau reduction has been associated with nonsignificant cognitive benefits in prior studies.

In the primary analysis of ENGAGE, aducanumab conferred no cognitive or functional benefit. In EMERGE, there were significant cognitive improvements on both the Mini Mental State Exam score (an 18% slowing of decline relative to placebo) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale cognitive portion (a 27% slowing).

However, the functional improvements seen in the pooled post hoc data “are a big deal,” and probably more meaningful to patients and families than the memory improvements, Dr. Cohen said.

“Those of us who know this disease well know what it means to lose yourself slice by slice, and anything you can hang onto is a triumph,” said Dr. Cohen, medical director and principal investigator of the Toronto Memory Program, an independent medical facility for dementia care and research. “I am pleased with a 27% slowing of cognitive decline, but a 40% slowing of functional decline is what will be really meaningful to patients. This is a long, slow disease, and if we can slow it at all, we’re winning out.”

Safety endpoints, especially ARIA, were not unexpected considering past studies. ARIA occurred in 41% of patients treated with the high aducanumab dose in EMERGE and in 40% in ENGAGE. It was largely asymptomatic (80% in EMERGE and 71% in ENGAGE). Headache was the next most common adverse event, followed by dizziness, visual disturbance, and nausea and vomiting. ARIA generally resolved within 4-6 weeks, and most patients continued their 10-mg/kg dose.

Biogen intends to begin a new study, an open-label nonrandomized trial that will offer the 10-mg/kg dose to all patients in both trials, including those who took placebo. This may provide interesting data regarding redosing patients who were off their successful 10-mg/kg dose for an extended period of time, said Laurie Ryan, PhD, chief of the Dementias of Aging Branch in the Division of Neuroscience at the National Institute on Aging.

“If those in the high-dose group had a regression of their improvements and then improved again when restarted, that would certainly tell us something,” she said in an interview. Likewise, researchers will be carefully looking at any placebo group response. “But we have to remember that this will not be a randomized study,” and will bring with it all the issues that such a study typically carries.

“I agree it’s unfortunate that they had to stop the EMERGE trial,” she said. “It really did complicate the results, even though they are certainly trending in the right way. But we have had a number of post hoc analyses that show APOE4-positive benefiting, or e4-negative benefiting, and these haven’t panned out.”

msullivan@medege.com

SAN DIEGO – Positive findings from a post hoc subanalysis of two unsuccessful studies represent “a major step forward in Alzheimer’s disease research” and could set the antiamyloid antibody up as a “foothold” in slowing disease progression, study investigators said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

After full follow-up of 78 weeks, patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) who took the highest 10-mg/kg dose for a full 14 doses experienced up to a 53% slowing of functional decline on the Clinical Dementia Rating–Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) in one study and a 48% slowing in the other study – relative to placebo – a result that might give them “an extra year or 2” of independence; they might perhaps retain the ability to drive and even stay employed, said Sharon Cohen, MD, a panelist at the meeting’s aducanumab presentation session and a clinical investigator in EMERGE, one of two phase 3 studies from which the data were derived.

Samantha Budd Haeberlein, PhD, Biogen’s vice president and head of late-stage clinical development in Alzheimer’s disease, presented the new data. They “are complex” and require much more study before investigators, clinicians, and federal regulators can fully embrace them, said the panelists who discussed the results. Nevertheless, Biogen, which is codeveloping the antibody with partner Eisai, said in October it will put aducanumab forward to the Food and Drug Administration in a new drug application for the first-ever AD disease-modifying agent. FDA regulators have said they will review the data.

The new subanalysis comprised 570 of 3,285 patients in two identical studies with negative primary endpoint results. One, ENGAGE, failed to reach both its primary and secondary endpoints; the other, EMERGE, was halted last spring after a futility analysis determined that aducanumab was unlikely to confer significant benefit. The post hoc subanalysis looked at a combined subset of those who received the highest 10-mg/kg dose for the full 78 weeks of each trial. The statistically significant functional endpoints occurred in this group, comprised largely of apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 (APOE4) allele carriers.

“The futility analysis of EMERGE was highly unfortunate,” said panelist Paul Aisen, MD, founding director of the Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. “Clearly in the final analysis, EMERGE was positive in the primary endpoints, and now the secondary analysis of both studies is positive and consistent.” The diverging trajectory of placebo and treatment groups continued to the end of follow-up in both studies, a finding that at least suggests continuing improvement, he added.

Biogen undertook the pooled analysis after ENGAGE’s futility analysis. Early in the development program, concern about amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) in APOE4 carriers led Biogen to stratify doses in that group.

“When we started [creating aducanumab trials], we stratified the dose so that e4 carriers had the lowest dose, but in PRIME [the phase 1b study], we saw the best result from the 10-mg/kg dose, so we believed that was important for efficacy. However, we didn’t have sufficient evidence to believe that it was safe to put carriers on that dose. In EMERGE, we saw that carriers could safely take it until the end of the study.”

Since the trials were running almost synchronously, a new version of randomization ensued. This allowed more e4 carriers to go forward on the 10-mg/kg dose.

“I would not normally recommend changing dose in the middle of a phase 3 trial, but it did have a real impact in the high-dose group,” Dr. Haeberlein said. Additionally, by the time of data lock after the futility analysis, more patients had completed the entire 78 weeks at the 10-mg/kg dose. Cumulative dosing ended up being quite different in the APOE4 carriers after this new version ensued. Before, the median cumulative dose for both carriers and noncarriers was 116 mg/kg. After the change, the median cumulative dose was 153 mg/kg. And before the alteration, 21% in EMERGE and 15% in ENGAGE received the full 14 possible 10-mg/kg doses. After the change, 51% in EMERGE and 47% in ENGAGE received the full 14 doses of 10 mg/kg.

The pooled analysis comprised this combined group, which was then largely composed of APOE4 carriers.

Imaging confirmed such dose-driven reductions in both brain amyloid plaques and phosphorylated tau. Although amyloid reduction has never been tied to cognitive or functional benefits, tau reduction has been associated with nonsignificant cognitive benefits in prior studies.

In the primary analysis of ENGAGE, aducanumab conferred no cognitive or functional benefit. In EMERGE, there were significant cognitive improvements on both the Mini Mental State Exam score (an 18% slowing of decline relative to placebo) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale cognitive portion (a 27% slowing).

However, the functional improvements seen in the pooled post hoc data “are a big deal,” and probably more meaningful to patients and families than the memory improvements, Dr. Cohen said.

“Those of us who know this disease well know what it means to lose yourself slice by slice, and anything you can hang onto is a triumph,” said Dr. Cohen, medical director and principal investigator of the Toronto Memory Program, an independent medical facility for dementia care and research. “I am pleased with a 27% slowing of cognitive decline, but a 40% slowing of functional decline is what will be really meaningful to patients. This is a long, slow disease, and if we can slow it at all, we’re winning out.”

Safety endpoints, especially ARIA, were not unexpected considering past studies. ARIA occurred in 41% of patients treated with the high aducanumab dose in EMERGE and in 40% in ENGAGE. It was largely asymptomatic (80% in EMERGE and 71% in ENGAGE). Headache was the next most common adverse event, followed by dizziness, visual disturbance, and nausea and vomiting. ARIA generally resolved within 4-6 weeks, and most patients continued their 10-mg/kg dose.

Biogen intends to begin a new study, an open-label nonrandomized trial that will offer the 10-mg/kg dose to all patients in both trials, including those who took placebo. This may provide interesting data regarding redosing patients who were off their successful 10-mg/kg dose for an extended period of time, said Laurie Ryan, PhD, chief of the Dementias of Aging Branch in the Division of Neuroscience at the National Institute on Aging.

“If those in the high-dose group had a regression of their improvements and then improved again when restarted, that would certainly tell us something,” she said in an interview. Likewise, researchers will be carefully looking at any placebo group response. “But we have to remember that this will not be a randomized study,” and will bring with it all the issues that such a study typically carries.

“I agree it’s unfortunate that they had to stop the EMERGE trial,” she said. “It really did complicate the results, even though they are certainly trending in the right way. But we have had a number of post hoc analyses that show APOE4-positive benefiting, or e4-negative benefiting, and these haven’t panned out.”

msullivan@medege.com

SAN DIEGO – Positive findings from a post hoc subanalysis of two unsuccessful studies represent “a major step forward in Alzheimer’s disease research” and could set the antiamyloid antibody up as a “foothold” in slowing disease progression, study investigators said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

After full follow-up of 78 weeks, patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) who took the highest 10-mg/kg dose for a full 14 doses experienced up to a 53% slowing of functional decline on the Clinical Dementia Rating–Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) in one study and a 48% slowing in the other study – relative to placebo – a result that might give them “an extra year or 2” of independence; they might perhaps retain the ability to drive and even stay employed, said Sharon Cohen, MD, a panelist at the meeting’s aducanumab presentation session and a clinical investigator in EMERGE, one of two phase 3 studies from which the data were derived.

Samantha Budd Haeberlein, PhD, Biogen’s vice president and head of late-stage clinical development in Alzheimer’s disease, presented the new data. They “are complex” and require much more study before investigators, clinicians, and federal regulators can fully embrace them, said the panelists who discussed the results. Nevertheless, Biogen, which is codeveloping the antibody with partner Eisai, said in October it will put aducanumab forward to the Food and Drug Administration in a new drug application for the first-ever AD disease-modifying agent. FDA regulators have said they will review the data.

The new subanalysis comprised 570 of 3,285 patients in two identical studies with negative primary endpoint results. One, ENGAGE, failed to reach both its primary and secondary endpoints; the other, EMERGE, was halted last spring after a futility analysis determined that aducanumab was unlikely to confer significant benefit. The post hoc subanalysis looked at a combined subset of those who received the highest 10-mg/kg dose for the full 78 weeks of each trial. The statistically significant functional endpoints occurred in this group, comprised largely of apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 (APOE4) allele carriers.

“The futility analysis of EMERGE was highly unfortunate,” said panelist Paul Aisen, MD, founding director of the Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. “Clearly in the final analysis, EMERGE was positive in the primary endpoints, and now the secondary analysis of both studies is positive and consistent.” The diverging trajectory of placebo and treatment groups continued to the end of follow-up in both studies, a finding that at least suggests continuing improvement, he added.

Biogen undertook the pooled analysis after ENGAGE’s futility analysis. Early in the development program, concern about amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) in APOE4 carriers led Biogen to stratify doses in that group.

“When we started [creating aducanumab trials], we stratified the dose so that e4 carriers had the lowest dose, but in PRIME [the phase 1b study], we saw the best result from the 10-mg/kg dose, so we believed that was important for efficacy. However, we didn’t have sufficient evidence to believe that it was safe to put carriers on that dose. In EMERGE, we saw that carriers could safely take it until the end of the study.”

Since the trials were running almost synchronously, a new version of randomization ensued. This allowed more e4 carriers to go forward on the 10-mg/kg dose.

“I would not normally recommend changing dose in the middle of a phase 3 trial, but it did have a real impact in the high-dose group,” Dr. Haeberlein said. Additionally, by the time of data lock after the futility analysis, more patients had completed the entire 78 weeks at the 10-mg/kg dose. Cumulative dosing ended up being quite different in the APOE4 carriers after this new version ensued. Before, the median cumulative dose for both carriers and noncarriers was 116 mg/kg. After the change, the median cumulative dose was 153 mg/kg. And before the alteration, 21% in EMERGE and 15% in ENGAGE received the full 14 possible 10-mg/kg doses. After the change, 51% in EMERGE and 47% in ENGAGE received the full 14 doses of 10 mg/kg.

The pooled analysis comprised this combined group, which was then largely composed of APOE4 carriers.

Imaging confirmed such dose-driven reductions in both brain amyloid plaques and phosphorylated tau. Although amyloid reduction has never been tied to cognitive or functional benefits, tau reduction has been associated with nonsignificant cognitive benefits in prior studies.

In the primary analysis of ENGAGE, aducanumab conferred no cognitive or functional benefit. In EMERGE, there were significant cognitive improvements on both the Mini Mental State Exam score (an 18% slowing of decline relative to placebo) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale cognitive portion (a 27% slowing).

However, the functional improvements seen in the pooled post hoc data “are a big deal,” and probably more meaningful to patients and families than the memory improvements, Dr. Cohen said.

“Those of us who know this disease well know what it means to lose yourself slice by slice, and anything you can hang onto is a triumph,” said Dr. Cohen, medical director and principal investigator of the Toronto Memory Program, an independent medical facility for dementia care and research. “I am pleased with a 27% slowing of cognitive decline, but a 40% slowing of functional decline is what will be really meaningful to patients. This is a long, slow disease, and if we can slow it at all, we’re winning out.”

Safety endpoints, especially ARIA, were not unexpected considering past studies. ARIA occurred in 41% of patients treated with the high aducanumab dose in EMERGE and in 40% in ENGAGE. It was largely asymptomatic (80% in EMERGE and 71% in ENGAGE). Headache was the next most common adverse event, followed by dizziness, visual disturbance, and nausea and vomiting. ARIA generally resolved within 4-6 weeks, and most patients continued their 10-mg/kg dose.

Biogen intends to begin a new study, an open-label nonrandomized trial that will offer the 10-mg/kg dose to all patients in both trials, including those who took placebo. This may provide interesting data regarding redosing patients who were off their successful 10-mg/kg dose for an extended period of time, said Laurie Ryan, PhD, chief of the Dementias of Aging Branch in the Division of Neuroscience at the National Institute on Aging.

“If those in the high-dose group had a regression of their improvements and then improved again when restarted, that would certainly tell us something,” she said in an interview. Likewise, researchers will be carefully looking at any placebo group response. “But we have to remember that this will not be a randomized study,” and will bring with it all the issues that such a study typically carries.

“I agree it’s unfortunate that they had to stop the EMERGE trial,” she said. “It really did complicate the results, even though they are certainly trending in the right way. But we have had a number of post hoc analyses that show APOE4-positive benefiting, or e4-negative benefiting, and these haven’t panned out.”

msullivan@medege.com

SAN DIEGO – Intensive blood pressure control over 4 years reduced the overall risk of all-cause dementia by 17%, compared with standard care, but in subanalyses of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) it was also associated with significant decreases in cognitive function and total brain volume, researchers said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

Whether these between-group differences were clinically meaningful was the topic of some debate, but they were enough to prompt Mary Sano, PhD, to strongly state her reservations.

“The cardiovascular effects of SPRINT were impressive, but I am concerned about minimizing the potentially negative effect on cognition,” said Dr. Sano, professor of psychiatry and director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. “Do I really want to treat a healthy, nonimpaired patient like this if I have to warn them that their cognition might actually get worse? We just cannot minimize this risk. There is very strong evidence that [intensive treatment of blood pressure] might be a step backward in cognition. Would you lower your own blood pressure at a risk of losing some points on your cognition?”

The subanalyses were conducted as part of the SPRINT Memory and Cognition In Decreased Hypertension (SPRINT MIND) substudy, which looked at cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in 9,361 subjects whose hypertension was managed intensively or by standard care (target systolic blood pressure less than 120 mm Hg vs. less than 140 mm Hg). The trial was stopped early because of a 25% reduction in the primary composite cardiovascular disease endpoint and a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality in the intensive-treatment group.

SPRINT MIND examined the risks of incident probable dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and a composite outcome of both. Intensive control reduced the risk of MCI by 19% and the combined outcome by 15%.

At the conference, SPRINT MIND investigators presented three long-term subanalyses with a median intervention and follow-up time of about 4 years.

Sarah Gaussoin of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, N.C., presented unpublished data detailing the effects of intensive control on several dementia subtypes: nonamnestic single domain, nonamnestic multidomain, amnestic single domain, and amnestic multidomain. There were 640 subjects in this analysis.

After a median of 3.3 years of intervention and 5 years of follow-up, there were no differences in the rate of incident probable dementia between the single- and multidomain nonamnestic groups. “We did see a strong 22% decreased risk in single-domain versus multidomain amnestic MCI, however,” she said.

Nicholas Pajewski, PhD, also of Wake Forest University, discussed more detailed cognitive outcomes in SPRINT MIND among 2,900 subjects who had a full battery of cognitive testing at every assessment over 5 years. The outcomes included memory deficit and processing speed.

Dr. Pajewski reported finding no significant difference between the groups in the rates of memory decline in either outcome. But there was a greater rate of decline in processing speed in the intensively treated group, he added. The difference was small but statistically significant.

The difference was largely driven by results of a single cognitive test – the Trail Making Test Part A. “It corresponded to about a 1.25-second increase over 4 years,” in processing speed on this test, Dr. Pajewski said.

There were no between-group differences in any of the other domains explored, including language, executive function, global cognitive function, or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

“Obviously, these results are perplexing,” given the overall positive results of SPRINT MIND, he said. “Intensive blood pressure control is a beneficial thing, and we expected to see an effect on memory, or a blunting of decline, and instead we saw some small decrements going the other way. This led us to speculate about what’s going on.”

The trial relied on a narrow definition of MCI that might have affected the outcomes. There was also a very broad range of ages in the study, ranging from 53 to 86 years. More importantly, he said, the original SPRINT study didn’t collect cognitive data at baseline, so there was no way to know how many subjects already might have had MCI when they entered the trial.

Ilya Nasrallah, MD, PhD, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, presented MRI data on white-matter lesions, hippocampal volume fractional anisotropy in the cingulum, and cerebral blood flow. The median time between scans was 4 years, with a median treatment time of 3.4 years.

The standard-care group showed a significantly greater increase in white-matter lesion volume at the follow-up scan than did the intensive-treatment group (1.45 cm³ vs. 0.92 cm³). But the intensively treated group had significantly more brain atrophy, losing a median of 30.6 cm^3, compared with a loss of 26.9 cm³ in the standard-treatment group.

“It was a very small difference amounting to less than 1% of the total brain volume, but it was still statistically significant,” Dr. Nasrallah said.

Loss of gray-matter volume drove about two-thirds of the difference in the intensively treated group. There was a corresponding increase in cerebrospinal fluid volume that was driven by differences in the ventricles and the subarachnoid space.

However, there were no significant differences in right, left, or total hippocampal volume. There also were no differences in cingulate bundle anisotropy or cerebral blood flow.

SPRINT was funded by the National Institutes of Health. None of the investigators reported having financial conflicts of interest.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SAN DIEGO – Intensive blood pressure control over 4 years reduced the overall risk of all-cause dementia by 17%, compared with standard care, but in subanalyses of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) it was also associated with significant decreases in cognitive function and total brain volume, researchers said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

Whether these between-group differences were clinically meaningful was the topic of some debate, but they were enough to prompt Mary Sano, PhD, to strongly state her reservations.

“The cardiovascular effects of SPRINT were impressive, but I am concerned about minimizing the potentially negative effect on cognition,” said Dr. Sano, professor of psychiatry and director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. “Do I really want to treat a healthy, nonimpaired patient like this if I have to warn them that their cognition might actually get worse? We just cannot minimize this risk. There is very strong evidence that [intensive treatment of blood pressure] might be a step backward in cognition. Would you lower your own blood pressure at a risk of losing some points on your cognition?”

The subanalyses were conducted as part of the SPRINT Memory and Cognition In Decreased Hypertension (SPRINT MIND) substudy, which looked at cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in 9,361 subjects whose hypertension was managed intensively or by standard care (target systolic blood pressure less than 120 mm Hg vs. less than 140 mm Hg). The trial was stopped early because of a 25% reduction in the primary composite cardiovascular disease endpoint and a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality in the intensive-treatment group.

SPRINT MIND examined the risks of incident probable dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and a composite outcome of both. Intensive control reduced the risk of MCI by 19% and the combined outcome by 15%.

At the conference, SPRINT MIND investigators presented three long-term subanalyses with a median intervention and follow-up time of about 4 years.

Sarah Gaussoin of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, N.C., presented unpublished data detailing the effects of intensive control on several dementia subtypes: nonamnestic single domain, nonamnestic multidomain, amnestic single domain, and amnestic multidomain. There were 640 subjects in this analysis.

After a median of 3.3 years of intervention and 5 years of follow-up, there were no differences in the rate of incident probable dementia between the single- and multidomain nonamnestic groups. “We did see a strong 22% decreased risk in single-domain versus multidomain amnestic MCI, however,” she said.

Nicholas Pajewski, PhD, also of Wake Forest University, discussed more detailed cognitive outcomes in SPRINT MIND among 2,900 subjects who had a full battery of cognitive testing at every assessment over 5 years. The outcomes included memory deficit and processing speed.

Dr. Pajewski reported finding no significant difference between the groups in the rates of memory decline in either outcome. But there was a greater rate of decline in processing speed in the intensively treated group, he added. The difference was small but statistically significant.

The difference was largely driven by results of a single cognitive test – the Trail Making Test Part A. “It corresponded to about a 1.25-second increase over 4 years,” in processing speed on this test, Dr. Pajewski said.

There were no between-group differences in any of the other domains explored, including language, executive function, global cognitive function, or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

“Obviously, these results are perplexing,” given the overall positive results of SPRINT MIND, he said. “Intensive blood pressure control is a beneficial thing, and we expected to see an effect on memory, or a blunting of decline, and instead we saw some small decrements going the other way. This led us to speculate about what’s going on.”

The trial relied on a narrow definition of MCI that might have affected the outcomes. There was also a very broad range of ages in the study, ranging from 53 to 86 years. More importantly, he said, the original SPRINT study didn’t collect cognitive data at baseline, so there was no way to know how many subjects already might have had MCI when they entered the trial.

Ilya Nasrallah, MD, PhD, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, presented MRI data on white-matter lesions, hippocampal volume fractional anisotropy in the cingulum, and cerebral blood flow. The median time between scans was 4 years, with a median treatment time of 3.4 years.

The standard-care group showed a significantly greater increase in white-matter lesion volume at the follow-up scan than did the intensive-treatment group (1.45 cm³ vs. 0.92 cm³). But the intensively treated group had significantly more brain atrophy, losing a median of 30.6 cm^3, compared with a loss of 26.9 cm³ in the standard-treatment group.

“It was a very small difference amounting to less than 1% of the total brain volume, but it was still statistically significant,” Dr. Nasrallah said.

Loss of gray-matter volume drove about two-thirds of the difference in the intensively treated group. There was a corresponding increase in cerebrospinal fluid volume that was driven by differences in the ventricles and the subarachnoid space.

However, there were no significant differences in right, left, or total hippocampal volume. There also were no differences in cingulate bundle anisotropy or cerebral blood flow.

SPRINT was funded by the National Institutes of Health. None of the investigators reported having financial conflicts of interest.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SAN DIEGO – Intensive blood pressure control over 4 years reduced the overall risk of all-cause dementia by 17%, compared with standard care, but in subanalyses of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) it was also associated with significant decreases in cognitive function and total brain volume, researchers said at the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer’s Disease conference.

Michele G. Sullivan/MDedge News

Whether these between-group differences were clinically meaningful was the topic of some debate, but they were enough to prompt Mary Sano, PhD, to strongly state her reservations.

“The cardiovascular effects of SPRINT were impressive, but I am concerned about minimizing the potentially negative effect on cognition,” said Dr. Sano, professor of psychiatry and director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. “Do I really want to treat a healthy, nonimpaired patient like this if I have to warn them that their cognition might actually get worse? We just cannot minimize this risk. There is very strong evidence that [intensive treatment of blood pressure] might be a step backward in cognition. Would you lower your own blood pressure at a risk of losing some points on your cognition?”

The subanalyses were conducted as part of the SPRINT Memory and Cognition In Decreased Hypertension (SPRINT MIND) substudy, which looked at cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in 9,361 subjects whose hypertension was managed intensively or by standard care (target systolic blood pressure less than 120 mm Hg vs. less than 140 mm Hg). The trial was stopped early because of a 25% reduction in the primary composite cardiovascular disease endpoint and a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality in the intensive-treatment group.

SPRINT MIND examined the risks of incident probable dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and a composite outcome of both. Intensive control reduced the risk of MCI by 19% and the combined outcome by 15%.

At the conference, SPRINT MIND investigators presented three long-term subanalyses with a median intervention and follow-up time of about 4 years.

Sarah Gaussoin of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, N.C., presented unpublished data detailing the effects of intensive control on several dementia subtypes: nonamnestic single domain, nonamnestic multidomain, amnestic single domain, and amnestic multidomain. There were 640 subjects in this analysis.

After a median of 3.3 years of intervention and 5 years of follow-up, there were no differences in the rate of incident probable dementia between the single- and multidomain nonamnestic groups. “We did see a strong 22% decreased risk in single-domain versus multidomain amnestic MCI, however,” she said.

Nicholas Pajewski, PhD, also of Wake Forest University, discussed more detailed cognitive outcomes in SPRINT MIND among 2,900 subjects who had a full battery of cognitive testing at every assessment over 5 years. The outcomes included memory deficit and processing speed.

Dr. Pajewski reported finding no significant difference between the groups in the rates of memory decline in either outcome. But there was a greater rate of decline in processing speed in the intensively treated group, he added. The difference was small but statistically significant.

The difference was largely driven by results of a single cognitive test – the Trail Making Test Part A. “It corresponded to about a 1.25-second increase over 4 years,” in processing speed on this test, Dr. Pajewski said.

There were no between-group differences in any of the other domains explored, including language, executive function, global cognitive function, or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

“Obviously, these results are perplexing,” given the overall positive results of SPRINT MIND, he said. “Intensive blood pressure control is a beneficial thing, and we expected to see an effect on memory, or a blunting of decline, and instead we saw some small decrements going the other way. This led us to speculate about what’s going on.”

The trial relied on a narrow definition of MCI that might have affected the outcomes. There was also a very broad range of ages in the study, ranging from 53 to 86 years. More importantly, he said, the original SPRINT study didn’t collect cognitive data at baseline, so there was no way to know how many subjects already might have had MCI when they entered the trial.

Ilya Nasrallah, MD, PhD, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, presented MRI data on white-matter lesions, hippocampal volume fractional anisotropy in the cingulum, and cerebral blood flow. The median time between scans was 4 years, with a median treatment time of 3.4 years.

The standard-care group showed a significantly greater increase in white-matter lesion volume at the follow-up scan than did the intensive-treatment group (1.45 cm³ vs. 0.92 cm³). But the intensively treated group had significantly more brain atrophy, losing a median of 30.6 cm^3, compared with a loss of 26.9 cm³ in the standard-treatment group.

“It was a very small difference amounting to less than 1% of the total brain volume, but it was still statistically significant,” Dr. Nasrallah said.

Loss of gray-matter volume drove about two-thirds of the difference in the intensively treated group. There was a corresponding increase in cerebrospinal fluid volume that was driven by differences in the ventricles and the subarachnoid space.

However, there were no significant differences in right, left, or total hippocampal volume. There also were no differences in cingulate bundle anisotropy or cerebral blood flow.

SPRINT was funded by the National Institutes of Health. None of the investigators reported having financial conflicts of interest.

msullivan@mdedge.com

Opioid pain management should be reserved for just 21 of the 87 most common dermatologic procedures, an expert panel of dermatologists has recommended.

sdominick/iStock/Getty Images

Rotation flaps, interpolation flaps, wedge resections, cartilage alar-batten grafts, and Mustarde flaps were among the 20 procedures that can be managed with up to 10 oral oxycodone 5-mg equivalents, according to the panel. Only the Abbe procedure might warrant dispensing up to 15 oxycodone 5-mg pills, Justin McLawhorn, MD, and colleagues wrote in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. The recommended amount of opioids are in addition to nonopioid analgesics, the guidelines point out.

All the other procedures can – and should – be managed with a combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen, either alone or in an alternating dose pattern, said Dr. McLawhorn, of the department of dermatology at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, and coauthors.

But limited opioid prescribing is an important part of healing for patients who undergo the most invasive procedures, they wrote. “The management of complications, including adequate pain control, should be tailored to each patient on a case-by-case basis. Moreover, any pain management plan should not strictly adhere to any single guideline, but rather should be formed with consideration of the expected pain from the procedure and/or closure and consider the patient’s expectations for pain control.”

The time is ripe for dermatologists to make a stand in combating the opioid crisis, according to a group email response to questions from Dr. McLawhorn, Thomas Stasko, MD, professor and chair of dermatology at the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, and Lindsey Collins, MD, also of the University of Oklahoma.

“The opioid crisis has reached epidemic proportions. More than 70,000 Americans have died from an opioid overdose in 2017,” they wrote. “Moreover, recent data suggest that nearly 6% of postsurgical, opioid-naive patients become long-term users of opioids. The lack of specific evidence-based recommendations likely contributes to a wide variety in prescribing patterns and a steady supply of unused opioids. Countering the opioid crisis necessitates a restructuring of the opioid prescribing practices that addresses pain in a procedure-specific manner. These recommendations are one tool in the dermatologists’ arsenal that can be used as a reference to help guide opioid management and prevent excessive opioid prescriptions at discharge following dermatologic interventions.”

Unfortunately, they added, dermatologists have inadvertently fueled the opioid abuse fire.

“It is difficult to quantify which providers are responsible for the onslaught of opioids into our communities,” the authors wrote in the email interview. “However, we can deduce, based on recent opioid prescribing patterns, that dermatologists provide approximately 500,000 unused opioid pills to their communities on an annual basis. This is the result of a wide variation in practice patterns and narratives that have been previously circulated in an attempt to mitigate the providers’ perception of the addictive nature of opioid analgesics. Our hope is that by addressing pain in a procedure-specific manner, we can help to limit the excessive number of unused opioid pills that are provided by dermatologists and ultimately decrease the rate of opioid-related complications, including addiction and death.”

Still, patients need and deserve effective pain management after a procedure. In the guidelines, the investigators wrote that a “one-size-fits-all” approach “does not account for the mechanism of pain, the invasiveness of the procedure, or the anatomic structures that are manipulated. As a result, current guidelines cannot accurately predict the quantity of opioids that are necessary to manage postoperative pain.”

The panel brought together experts in general dermatology, dermatologic surgery, cosmetics, and phlebology to develop a consensus on opioid prescribing guidelines for 87 of the most common procedures. Everyone on the panel was a member of the American College of Mohs Surgery, American Academy of Dermatology, or the American Vein and Lymphatic Society. The panel conducted a literature review to determine which procedures might require opioids and which would not. At least 75% of the panel had to agree on a reasonable but effective opioid amount; they were then polled as to whether they might employ that recommendation in their own clinical practice.

The recommendations are aimed at patients who experienced no peri- or postoperative complications.

The panel agreed that acetaminophen and ibuprofen – alone, in combination, or with opioids – were reasonable choices for all the 87 procedures. In such instances, acetaminophen 1 g can be staggered with ibuprofen 400 mg every 4 or 8 hours.

“I think providers will encounter a mixed bag of preconceived notions regarding patients’ expectations for pain control,” Dr. McLawhorn and coauthors wrote in the interview. “The important point for providers to make is to emphasize the noninferiority of acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen in controlling acute pain for patients who are not dependent on opioids for the management of chronic pain. Our experience in caring for many surgical patients has shown that patients are usually receptive to the use of nonopioid analgesics as many are familiar with their addictive potential because of the uptick in the publicity of the opioid-related complications.”

In cases where opioids might be appropriate, the panel unanimously agreed that dose limits be imposed. For 15 of the 87 procedures, the panel recommend a maximum prescription of 10 oxycodone 5-mg equivalents. Only one other – the Abbe flap – might warrant more, with a maximum of 15 oxycodone 5-mg pills at discharge.

Sometimes called a “lip switch,” the Abbe flap is reconstruction for full-thickness lip defects. It is a composite flap that moves skin, muscle, mucosa, and blood supply from the lower lip to reconstruct a defect of the upper lip. This reconstruction attempts to respect the native anatomic landmarks of the lip and allow for a better functional outcome.

“Because of the extensive nature of the repair and the anatomic territories that are manipulated, including the suturing of the lower lip to the upper lip with delayed separation, adequate pain control may require opioid analgesics in the immediate postoperative period,” the team wrote in the interview.

The panel could not agree on pain management strategies for five other procedures: Karapandzic flaps, en bloc nail excisions, facial resurfacing with deep chemical peels, and small- or large-volume liposuction. This was partly because of a lack of personal experience. Only 8 of the 40 panelists performed Karapandzic flaps. The maximum number of 5-mg oxycodone tablets any panelist prescribed for Karapandzic flaps and en bloc nail excisions was 20.

Facial resurfacing was likewise an uncommon procedure for the panel, with just 11 members performing this using deep chemical peels. However, five of those panelists said that opioids were routinely needed for postoperative pain with a maximum of 15 oxycodone 5-mg equivalents. And just four panelists performed liposuction, for which they used a maximum of 15 oxycodone 5-mg equivalents.

“However,” they wrote in the guidelines, “these providers noted that the location where the procedure is performed strongly influences the need for opioid pain management, with small-volume removal in the neck, arms, or flanks being unlikely to require opioids for adequate pain control, whereas large-volume removal in the thighs, knees, and hips may routinely require opioids.”

Addressing patient expectations is a very important part of pain management, the panel noted. “Patients will invariably experience postoperative pain after cutaneous surgeries or other interventions, often peaking within 4 hours after surgery. Wound tension, size and type of repair, anatomical location/nerve innervation, and patient pain tolerance are all factors that contribute to postoperative discomfort and should be considered when developing a postoperative pain management plan.”

Ultimately, according to Dr. McLawhorn and coauthors, the decision to use opioids at discharge for postoperative pain control should be an individual one based on patients’ comorbidities and expectations.

“Admittedly, many of the procedures listed within the recommendations may result in a rather large or complex defect that requires an equally large or complex repair,” they wrote in the interview. “However, proper education of the patient and provider regarding the risks of addiction with the use of opioids even short term should be discussed as part of every preoperative consultation. Furthermore, the patient and the provider must discuss their expectations for postoperative pain interventions for adequate pain control.”

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: McLawhorn J et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Nov 12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.080.

Opioid pain management should be reserved for just 21 of the 87 most common dermatologic procedures, an expert panel of dermatologists has recommended.

sdominick/iStock/Getty Images

Rotation flaps, interpolation flaps, wedge resections, cartilage alar-batten grafts, and Mustarde flaps were among the 20 procedures that can be managed with up to 10 oral oxycodone 5-mg equivalents, according to the panel. Only the Abbe procedure might warrant dispensing up to 15 oxycodone 5-mg pills, Justin McLawhorn, MD, and colleagues wrote in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. The recommended amount of opioids are in addition to nonopioid analgesics, the guidelines point out.

All the other procedures can – and should – be managed with a combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen, either alone or in an alternating dose pattern, said Dr. McLawhorn, of the department of dermatology at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, and coauthors.

But limited opioid prescribing is an important part of healing for patients who undergo the most invasive procedures, they wrote. “The management of complications, including adequate pain control, should be tailored to each patient on a case-by-case basis. Moreover, any pain management plan should not strictly adhere to any single guideline, but rather should be formed with consideration of the expected pain from the procedure and/or closure and consider the patient’s expectations for pain control.”

The time is ripe for dermatologists to make a stand in combating the opioid crisis, according to a group email response to questions from Dr. McLawhorn, Thomas Stasko, MD, professor and chair of dermatology at the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, and Lindsey Collins, MD, also of the University of Oklahoma.

“The opioid crisis has reached epidemic proportions. More than 70,000 Americans have died from an opioid overdose in 2017,” they wrote. “Moreover, recent data suggest that nearly 6% of postsurgical, opioid-naive patients become long-term users of opioids. The lack of specific evidence-based recommendations likely contributes to a wide variety in prescribing patterns and a steady supply of unused opioids. Countering the opioid crisis necessitates a restructuring of the opioid prescribing practices that addresses pain in a procedure-specific manner. These recommendations are one tool in the dermatologists’ arsenal that can be used as a reference to help guide opioid management and prevent excessive opioid prescriptions at discharge following dermatologic interventions.”

Unfortunately, they added, dermatologists have inadvertently fueled the opioid abuse fire.

“It is difficult to quantify which providers are responsible for the onslaught of opioids into our communities,” the authors wrote in the email interview. “However, we can deduce, based on recent opioid prescribing patterns, that dermatologists provide approximately 500,000 unused opioid pills to their communities on an annual basis. This is the result of a wide variation in practice patterns and narratives that have been previously circulated in an attempt to mitigate the providers’ perception of the addictive nature of opioid analgesics. Our hope is that by addressing pain in a procedure-specific manner, we can help to limit the excessive number of unused opioid pills that are provided by dermatologists and ultimately decrease the rate of opioid-related complications, including addiction and death.”

Still, patients need and deserve effective pain management after a procedure. In the guidelines, the investigators wrote that a “one-size-fits-all” approach “does not account for the mechanism of pain, the invasiveness of the procedure, or the anatomic structures that are manipulated. As a result, current guidelines cannot accurately predict the quantity of opioids that are necessary to manage postoperative pain.”

The panel brought together experts in general dermatology, dermatologic surgery, cosmetics, and phlebology to develop a consensus on opioid prescribing guidelines for 87 of the most common procedures. Everyone on the panel was a member of the American College of Mohs Surgery, American Academy of Dermatology, or the American Vein and Lymphatic Society. The panel conducted a literature review to determine which procedures might require opioids and which would not. At least 75% of the panel had to agree on a reasonable but effective opioid amount; they were then polled as to whether they might employ that recommendation in their own clinical practice.

The recommendations are aimed at patients who experienced no peri- or postoperative complications.

The panel agreed that acetaminophen and ibuprofen – alone, in combination, or with opioids – were reasonable choices for all the 87 procedures. In such instances, acetaminophen 1 g can be staggered with ibuprofen 400 mg every 4 or 8 hours.

“I think providers will encounter a mixed bag of preconceived notions regarding patients’ expectations for pain control,” Dr. McLawhorn and coauthors wrote in the interview. “The important point for providers to make is to emphasize the noninferiority of acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen in controlling acute pain for patients who are not dependent on opioids for the management of chronic pain. Our experience in caring for many surgical patients has shown that patients are usually receptive to the use of nonopioid analgesics as many are familiar with their addictive potential because of the uptick in the publicity of the opioid-related complications.”

In cases where opioids might be appropriate, the panel unanimously agreed that dose limits be imposed. For 15 of the 87 procedures, the panel recommend a maximum prescription of 10 oxycodone 5-mg equivalents. Only one other – the Abbe flap – might warrant more, with a maximum of 15 oxycodone 5-mg pills at discharge.

Sometimes called a “lip switch,” the Abbe flap is reconstruction for full-thickness lip defects. It is a composite flap that moves skin, muscle, mucosa, and blood supply from the lower lip to reconstruct a defect of the upper lip. This reconstruction attempts to respect the native anatomic landmarks of the lip and allow for a better functional outcome.

“Because of the extensive nature of the repair and the anatomic territories that are manipulated, including the suturing of the lower lip to the upper lip with delayed separation, adequate pain control may require opioid analgesics in the immediate postoperative period,” the team wrote in the interview.

The panel could not agree on pain management strategies for five other procedures: Karapandzic flaps, en bloc nail excisions, facial resurfacing with deep chemical peels, and small- or large-volume liposuction. This was partly because of a lack of personal experience. Only 8 of the 40 panelists performed Karapandzic flaps. The maximum number of 5-mg oxycodone tablets any panelist prescribed for Karapandzic flaps and en bloc nail excisions was 20.

Facial resurfacing was likewise an uncommon procedure for the panel, with just 11 members performing this using deep chemical peels. However, five of those panelists said that opioids were routinely needed for postoperative pain with a maximum of 15 oxycodone 5-mg equivalents. And just four panelists performed liposuction, for which they used a maximum of 15 oxycodone 5-mg equivalents.

“However,” they wrote in the guidelines, “these providers noted that the location where the procedure is performed strongly influences the need for opioid pain management, with small-volume removal in the neck, arms, or flanks being unlikely to require opioids for adequate pain control, whereas large-volume removal in the thighs, knees, and hips may routinely require opioids.”

Addressing patient expectations is a very important part of pain management, the panel noted. “Patients will invariably experience postoperative pain after cutaneous surgeries or other interventions, often peaking within 4 hours after surgery. Wound tension, size and type of repair, anatomical location/nerve innervation, and patient pain tolerance are all factors that contribute to postoperative discomfort and should be considered when developing a postoperative pain management plan.”

Ultimately, according to Dr. McLawhorn and coauthors, the decision to use opioids at discharge for postoperative pain control should be an individual one based on patients’ comorbidities and expectations.

“Admittedly, many of the procedures listed within the recommendations may result in a rather large or complex defect that requires an equally large or complex repair,” they wrote in the interview. “However, proper education of the patient and provider regarding the risks of addiction with the use of opioids even short term should be discussed as part of every preoperative consultation. Furthermore, the patient and the provider must discuss their expectations for postoperative pain interventions for adequate pain control.”

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: McLawhorn J et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Nov 12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.080.

Opioid pain management should be reserved for just 21 of the 87 most common dermatologic procedures, an expert panel of dermatologists has recommended.

sdominick/iStock/Getty Images

Rotation flaps, interpolation flaps, wedge resections, cartilage alar-batten grafts, and Mustarde flaps were among the 20 procedures that can be managed with up to 10 oral oxycodone 5-mg equivalents, according to the panel. Only the Abbe procedure might warrant dispensing up to 15 oxycodone 5-mg pills, Justin McLawhorn, MD, and colleagues wrote in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. The recommended amount of opioids are in addition to nonopioid analgesics, the guidelines point out.

All the other procedures can – and should – be managed with a combination of acetaminophen and ibuprofen, either alone or in an alternating dose pattern, said Dr. McLawhorn, of the department of dermatology at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, and coauthors.

But limited opioid prescribing is an important part of healing for patients who undergo the most invasive procedures, they wrote. “The management of complications, including adequate pain control, should be tailored to each patient on a case-by-case basis. Moreover, any pain management plan should not strictly adhere to any single guideline, but rather should be formed with consideration of the expected pain from the procedure and/or closure and consider the patient’s expectations for pain control.”

The time is ripe for dermatologists to make a stand in combating the opioid crisis, according to a group email response to questions from Dr. McLawhorn, Thomas Stasko, MD, professor and chair of dermatology at the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, and Lindsey Collins, MD, also of the University of Oklahoma.

“The opioid crisis has reached epidemic proportions. More than 70,000 Americans have died from an opioid overdose in 2017,” they wrote. “Moreover, recent data suggest that nearly 6% of postsurgical, opioid-naive patients become long-term users of opioids. The lack of specific evidence-based recommendations likely contributes to a wide variety in prescribing patterns and a steady supply of unused opioids. Countering the opioid crisis necessitates a restructuring of the opioid prescribing practices that addresses pain in a procedure-specific manner. These recommendations are one tool in the dermatologists’ arsenal that can be used as a reference to help guide opioid management and prevent excessive opioid prescriptions at discharge following dermatologic interventions.”

Unfortunately, they added, dermatologists have inadvertently fueled the opioid abuse fire.

“It is difficult to quantify which providers are responsible for the onslaught of opioids into our communities,” the authors wrote in the email interview. “However, we can deduce, based on recent opioid prescribing patterns, that dermatologists provide approximately 500,000 unused opioid pills to their communities on an annual basis. This is the result of a wide variation in practice patterns and narratives that have been previously circulated in an attempt to mitigate the providers’ perception of the addictive nature of opioid analgesics. Our hope is that by addressing pain in a procedure-specific manner, we can help to limit the excessive number of unused opioid pills that are provided by dermatologists and ultimately decrease the rate of opioid-related complications, including addiction and death.”

Still, patients need and deserve effective pain management after a procedure. In the guidelines, the investigators wrote that a “one-size-fits-all” approach “does not account for the mechanism of pain, the invasiveness of the procedure, or the anatomic structures that are manipulated. As a result, current guidelines cannot accurately predict the quantity of opioids that are necessary to manage postoperative pain.”

The panel brought together experts in general dermatology, dermatologic surgery, cosmetics, and phlebology to develop a consensus on opioid prescribing guidelines for 87 of the most common procedures. Everyone on the panel was a member of the American College of Mohs Surgery, American Academy of Dermatology, or the American Vein and Lymphatic Society. The panel conducted a literature review to determine which procedures might require opioids and which would not. At least 75% of the panel had to agree on a reasonable but effective opioid amount; they were then polled as to whether they might employ that recommendation in their own clinical practice.

The recommendations are aimed at patients who experienced no peri- or postoperative complications.

The panel agreed that acetaminophen and ibuprofen – alone, in combination, or with opioids – were reasonable choices for all the 87 procedures. In such instances, acetaminophen 1 g can be staggered with ibuprofen 400 mg every 4 or 8 hours.

“I think providers will encounter a mixed bag of preconceived notions regarding patients’ expectations for pain control,” Dr. McLawhorn and coauthors wrote in the interview. “The important point for providers to make is to emphasize the noninferiority of acetaminophen and/or ibuprofen in controlling acute pain for patients who are not dependent on opioids for the management of chronic pain. Our experience in caring for many surgical patients has shown that patients are usually receptive to the use of nonopioid analgesics as many are familiar with their addictive potential because of the uptick in the publicity of the opioid-related complications.”

In cases where opioids might be appropriate, the panel unanimously agreed that dose limits be imposed. For 15 of the 87 procedures, the panel recommend a maximum prescription of 10 oxycodone 5-mg equivalents. Only one other – the Abbe flap – might warrant more, with a maximum of 15 oxycodone 5-mg pills at discharge.

Sometimes called a “lip switch,” the Abbe flap is reconstruction for full-thickness lip defects. It is a composite flap that moves skin, muscle, mucosa, and blood supply from the lower lip to reconstruct a defect of the upper lip. This reconstruction attempts to respect the native anatomic landmarks of the lip and allow for a better functional outcome.

“Because of the extensive nature of the repair and the anatomic territories that are manipulated, including the suturing of the lower lip to the upper lip with delayed separation, adequate pain control may require opioid analgesics in the immediate postoperative period,” the team wrote in the interview.

The panel could not agree on pain management strategies for five other procedures: Karapandzic flaps, en bloc nail excisions, facial resurfacing with deep chemical peels, and small- or large-volume liposuction. This was partly because of a lack of personal experience. Only 8 of the 40 panelists performed Karapandzic flaps. The maximum number of 5-mg oxycodone tablets any panelist prescribed for Karapandzic flaps and en bloc nail excisions was 20.

Facial resurfacing was likewise an uncommon procedure for the panel, with just 11 members performing this using deep chemical peels. However, five of those panelists said that opioids were routinely needed for postoperative pain with a maximum of 15 oxycodone 5-mg equivalents. And just four panelists performed liposuction, for which they used a maximum of 15 oxycodone 5-mg equivalents.

“However,” they wrote in the guidelines, “these providers noted that the location where the procedure is performed strongly influences the need for opioid pain management, with small-volume removal in the neck, arms, or flanks being unlikely to require opioids for adequate pain control, whereas large-volume removal in the thighs, knees, and hips may routinely require opioids.”

Addressing patient expectations is a very important part of pain management, the panel noted. “Patients will invariably experience postoperative pain after cutaneous surgeries or other interventions, often peaking within 4 hours after surgery. Wound tension, size and type of repair, anatomical location/nerve innervation, and patient pain tolerance are all factors that contribute to postoperative discomfort and should be considered when developing a postoperative pain management plan.”

Ultimately, according to Dr. McLawhorn and coauthors, the decision to use opioids at discharge for postoperative pain control should be an individual one based on patients’ comorbidities and expectations.

“Admittedly, many of the procedures listed within the recommendations may result in a rather large or complex defect that requires an equally large or complex repair,” they wrote in the interview. “However, proper education of the patient and provider regarding the risks of addiction with the use of opioids even short term should be discussed as part of every preoperative consultation. Furthermore, the patient and the provider must discuss their expectations for postoperative pain interventions for adequate pain control.”

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: McLawhorn J et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Nov 12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.080.

Successful deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus may have unforeseen effects on the ability to swim in some patients with Parkinson’s disease, according to findings from a case series of nine patients published in Neurology.

All nine patients in the report were experienced swimmers, including two who competed in several competition-level races. They reported losing their ability to swim after successful deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) procedures. The Neurology paper focuses on three of the patients.

All of the patients achieved good to excellent motor control and cut their L-dopa dosage by impressive amounts. But they also lost the ability to coordinate limb movement when in the water, reported Daniel Waldvogel, MD, of the University of Zurich, and associates.

“All found their ability to swim came back immediately, with improved coordination of the limbs,” when stimulation was discontinued, the team noted. But soon after the stimulation ceased, their motor symptoms also rapidly returned, leading all to resume continuous stimulation.

One possible explanation is that STN-DBS does not strongly improve dopamine levels in the supplementary motor area, which controls independent limb movements.

It “may be that DBS affects the supplementary motor area (SMA) differently than levodopa. The SMA is a main output area of the basal ganglia, with connections to the primary motor cortex and the spinal cord,” wrote Dr. Waldvogel and associates. “Functionally, the SMA is thought to be crucial for facilitating independent movements of the limbs, which is a key requirement for swimming.”

Although the SMA also partly manages gait, walking was unaffected in all nine of the patients.

The authors described three patients in more detail:

• Case 1 was a 69-year-old man who was a proficient swimmer before DBS. His Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score on medication fell from 28 with dyskinesia before DBS to 17 after DBS, and his levodopa-equivalent dosage declined from 1,570 mg to 920 mg. The man almost drowned after he jumped into a lake and had to be rescued by another swimmer.
• Case 4 was a 59-year-old woman who was an accomplished and competitive swimmer and had been swimming up until the DBS procedure. After DBS, her UPDRS motor score on medication fell from 9 with dyskinesia to 6, and her levodopa-equivalent dosage dropped from 825 mg to 150 mg. She had good motor outcome after DBS but lost the ability to swim. “She regularly practiced swimming with her physiotherapist, but never came close to her previous level,” the authors said.
• Case 5 was a 61-year-old woman who was a competitive swimmer, including swimming across Lake Zurich, and held a lifesaving certification. Her UPDRS motor score on medication fell from 11 with dyskinesia to 9, and her levodopa-equivalent dosage decreased from 800 mg to 180 mg. After DBS, she could swim only a quarter of a kilometer and complained of “awkward posture” during her efforts.

The phenomenon has been reported just one other time by a group from the University of Western Australia. This reported patient was a 68-year-old man with a 5-year history of medication-refractory, tremor-predominant Parkinson’s. He received DBS of the posterior subthalamic area (PSA-DBS).

The patient was a dedicated lap swimmer at his local pool. When he returned to his hobby, “he quickly realized he could not propel himself adequately and that he required assistance to get to safety. In a supervised swimming situation, he was unable to float or perform freestyle, breaststroke, or back stroke. With the stimulator turned off for 30 minutes, he regained swimming ability and lost it when the stimulator was turned on.

The Australian team noted that three similar cases presented to them, but they did not discuss those cases in the paper.

Dr. Waldvogel and coauthors wrote that they might also have unreported cases in their cohort of patients with STN-DBS.

“Our cohort of patients with PD who underwent STN-DBS at the time of this retrospective study consisted of 217 patients, but we did not assess patients systematically for their swimming skills or loss thereof,” the authors said. “Until the mechanism of the reported deterioration of the ability to swim after STN-DBS is elucidated, it is crucial that we advise patients of the potential risk of drowning and the need for a carefully supervised assessment of their swimming skills before going into deep water.”

The report received no funding, and one author disclosed financial relationships with industry.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Waldvogel D et al Neurology. 2019 Nov 27. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008664.

Successful deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus may have unforeseen effects on the ability to swim in some patients with Parkinson’s disease, according to findings from a case series of nine patients published in Neurology.

All nine patients in the report were experienced swimmers, including two who competed in several competition-level races. They reported losing their ability to swim after successful deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) procedures. The Neurology paper focuses on three of the patients.

All of the patients achieved good to excellent motor control and cut their L-dopa dosage by impressive amounts. But they also lost the ability to coordinate limb movement when in the water, reported Daniel Waldvogel, MD, of the University of Zurich, and associates.

“All found their ability to swim came back immediately, with improved coordination of the limbs,” when stimulation was discontinued, the team noted. But soon after the stimulation ceased, their motor symptoms also rapidly returned, leading all to resume continuous stimulation.

One possible explanation is that STN-DBS does not strongly improve dopamine levels in the supplementary motor area, which controls independent limb movements.

It “may be that DBS affects the supplementary motor area (SMA) differently than levodopa. The SMA is a main output area of the basal ganglia, with connections to the primary motor cortex and the spinal cord,” wrote Dr. Waldvogel and associates. “Functionally, the SMA is thought to be crucial for facilitating independent movements of the limbs, which is a key requirement for swimming.”

Although the SMA also partly manages gait, walking was unaffected in all nine of the patients.

The authors described three patients in more detail:

• Case 1 was a 69-year-old man who was a proficient swimmer before DBS. His Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score on medication fell from 28 with dyskinesia before DBS to 17 after DBS, and his levodopa-equivalent dosage declined from 1,570 mg to 920 mg. The man almost drowned after he jumped into a lake and had to be rescued by another swimmer.
• Case 4 was a 59-year-old woman who was an accomplished and competitive swimmer and had been swimming up until the DBS procedure. After DBS, her UPDRS motor score on medication fell from 9 with dyskinesia to 6, and her levodopa-equivalent dosage dropped from 825 mg to 150 mg. She had good motor outcome after DBS but lost the ability to swim. “She regularly practiced swimming with her physiotherapist, but never came close to her previous level,” the authors said.
• Case 5 was a 61-year-old woman who was a competitive swimmer, including swimming across Lake Zurich, and held a lifesaving certification. Her UPDRS motor score on medication fell from 11 with dyskinesia to 9, and her levodopa-equivalent dosage decreased from 800 mg to 180 mg. After DBS, she could swim only a quarter of a kilometer and complained of “awkward posture” during her efforts.

The phenomenon has been reported just one other time by a group from the University of Western Australia. This reported patient was a 68-year-old man with a 5-year history of medication-refractory, tremor-predominant Parkinson’s. He received DBS of the posterior subthalamic area (PSA-DBS).

The patient was a dedicated lap swimmer at his local pool. When he returned to his hobby, “he quickly realized he could not propel himself adequately and that he required assistance to get to safety. In a supervised swimming situation, he was unable to float or perform freestyle, breaststroke, or back stroke. With the stimulator turned off for 30 minutes, he regained swimming ability and lost it when the stimulator was turned on.

The Australian team noted that three similar cases presented to them, but they did not discuss those cases in the paper.

Dr. Waldvogel and coauthors wrote that they might also have unreported cases in their cohort of patients with STN-DBS.

“Our cohort of patients with PD who underwent STN-DBS at the time of this retrospective study consisted of 217 patients, but we did not assess patients systematically for their swimming skills or loss thereof,” the authors said. “Until the mechanism of the reported deterioration of the ability to swim after STN-DBS is elucidated, it is crucial that we advise patients of the potential risk of drowning and the need for a carefully supervised assessment of their swimming skills before going into deep water.”

The report received no funding, and one author disclosed financial relationships with industry.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Waldvogel D et al Neurology. 2019 Nov 27. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008664.

Successful deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus may have unforeseen effects on the ability to swim in some patients with Parkinson’s disease, according to findings from a case series of nine patients published in Neurology.

All nine patients in the report were experienced swimmers, including two who competed in several competition-level races. They reported losing their ability to swim after successful deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) procedures. The Neurology paper focuses on three of the patients.

All of the patients achieved good to excellent motor control and cut their L-dopa dosage by impressive amounts. But they also lost the ability to coordinate limb movement when in the water, reported Daniel Waldvogel, MD, of the University of Zurich, and associates.

“All found their ability to swim came back immediately, with improved coordination of the limbs,” when stimulation was discontinued, the team noted. But soon after the stimulation ceased, their motor symptoms also rapidly returned, leading all to resume continuous stimulation.

One possible explanation is that STN-DBS does not strongly improve dopamine levels in the supplementary motor area, which controls independent limb movements.

It “may be that DBS affects the supplementary motor area (SMA) differently than levodopa. The SMA is a main output area of the basal ganglia, with connections to the primary motor cortex and the spinal cord,” wrote Dr. Waldvogel and associates. “Functionally, the SMA is thought to be crucial for facilitating independent movements of the limbs, which is a key requirement for swimming.”

Although the SMA also partly manages gait, walking was unaffected in all nine of the patients.

The authors described three patients in more detail:

• Case 1 was a 69-year-old man who was a proficient swimmer before DBS. His Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score on medication fell from 28 with dyskinesia before DBS to 17 after DBS, and his levodopa-equivalent dosage declined from 1,570 mg to 920 mg. The man almost drowned after he jumped into a lake and had to be rescued by another swimmer.
• Case 4 was a 59-year-old woman who was an accomplished and competitive swimmer and had been swimming up until the DBS procedure. After DBS, her UPDRS motor score on medication fell from 9 with dyskinesia to 6, and her levodopa-equivalent dosage dropped from 825 mg to 150 mg. She had good motor outcome after DBS but lost the ability to swim. “She regularly practiced swimming with her physiotherapist, but never came close to her previous level,” the authors said.
• Case 5 was a 61-year-old woman who was a competitive swimmer, including swimming across Lake Zurich, and held a lifesaving certification. Her UPDRS motor score on medication fell from 11 with dyskinesia to 9, and her levodopa-equivalent dosage decreased from 800 mg to 180 mg. After DBS, she could swim only a quarter of a kilometer and complained of “awkward posture” during her efforts.

The phenomenon has been reported just one other time by a group from the University of Western Australia. This reported patient was a 68-year-old man with a 5-year history of medication-refractory, tremor-predominant Parkinson’s. He received DBS of the posterior subthalamic area (PSA-DBS).

The patient was a dedicated lap swimmer at his local pool. When he returned to his hobby, “he quickly realized he could not propel himself adequately and that he required assistance to get to safety. In a supervised swimming situation, he was unable to float or perform freestyle, breaststroke, or back stroke. With the stimulator turned off for 30 minutes, he regained swimming ability and lost it when the stimulator was turned on.

The Australian team noted that three similar cases presented to them, but they did not discuss those cases in the paper.

Dr. Waldvogel and coauthors wrote that they might also have unreported cases in their cohort of patients with STN-DBS.

“Our cohort of patients with PD who underwent STN-DBS at the time of this retrospective study consisted of 217 patients, but we did not assess patients systematically for their swimming skills or loss thereof,” the authors said. “Until the mechanism of the reported deterioration of the ability to swim after STN-DBS is elucidated, it is crucial that we advise patients of the potential risk of drowning and the need for a carefully supervised assessment of their swimming skills before going into deep water.”

The report received no funding, and one author disclosed financial relationships with industry.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Waldvogel D et al Neurology. 2019 Nov 27. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008664.

A federal supplemental food program continues to reduce obesity prevalence among children aged 2-4 years who participate in it.

LP7/E+/Getty Images

During 2010-2016, the prevalence of obesity among children in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program significantly decreased in 73% of 56 states and territories, Liping Pan, MD, and colleagues reported in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

The obesity prevalence decreases varied, but exceeded 3% in Guam, New Jersey, New Mexico, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Utah, and Virginia. Puerto Rico experienced the greatest benefit, with an 8% decrease in obesity among children aged 2-4 years enrolled in the WIC program, wrote Dr. Pan, an epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and coauthors.

Although the changes were small, the positive trend gains more import when viewed in light of the country’s long-term obesity trends, Dr. Pan and his team wrote. After a short-lived dip during 2007-2012, obesity has been on the rise among these children, jumping from 8% in 2012 to 14% in 2016. “Thus, even these small decreases indicate progress for this vulnerable WIC population,” the team said.

WIC extends nutritional assistance to families whose income is 185% or less of the federal poverty guideline or are eligible for other programs, as well as being deemed at nutritional risk.

The current study looked at obesity trends during 2010-2016 among 12,403,629 WIC recipients aged 2-4 years in all 50 U.S. states and five territories.

In 2010, obesity prevalence ranged from a low of 10% in Colorado to a high of 22% in Virginia. In Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Virginia, it was 20% or higher. Only in Colorado and Hawaii was obesity prevalence 10% or less among these children.

By 2016, obesity prevalence among children aged 2-4 years ranged from 8% in the Northern Mariana Islands to 19.8% in Alaska. It was less than 20% in all the states and territories, and less than 10% in Colorado, Guam, Hawaii, Northern Mariana Islands, Utah, and Wyoming.

It increased during 2010-2016, however, in Alabama (0.5%), North Carolina (0.6%), and West Virginia (2.2%).

The changes reflect the 2009 program revisions made to adhere to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the infant food and feeding practice guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Dr. Pan and associates wrote.

“The revised food packages include a broader range of healthy food options; promote fruit, vegetable, and whole wheat product purchases; support breastfeeding; and give WIC state and territory agencies more flexibility to accommodate cultural food preferences,” the authors noted.

In response to the changes, Dr. Pan and associates noted, authorized WIC stores began carrying healthier offerings. Tracking showed that children in the program consumed more fruits, vegetables, and whole grain products and less juice, white bread, and whole milk after the revisions than they did previously.

Despite the good news, childhood obesity rates still are too high and much remains to be done, they noted.

“Multiple approaches are needed to address and eliminate childhood obesity. The National Academy of Medicine and other groups have recommended a comprehensive and integrated approach that calls for positive changes in physical activity and food and beverage environments in multiple settings including home, early care and education [such as nutrition standards for food served], and community [such as neighborhood designs that encourage walking and biking] to promote healthy eating and physical activity for young children. Further implementation of these positive changes across the United States could further the decreases in child-hood obesity,” Dr. Pan and coauthors concluded.

Dr. Pan and coauthors had no financial disclosures.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Pan L et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Nov 22;68(46):1057-61.

A federal supplemental food program continues to reduce obesity prevalence among children aged 2-4 years who participate in it.

LP7/E+/Getty Images

During 2010-2016, the prevalence of obesity among children in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program significantly decreased in 73% of 56 states and territories, Liping Pan, MD, and colleagues reported in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

The obesity prevalence decreases varied, but exceeded 3% in Guam, New Jersey, New Mexico, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Utah, and Virginia. Puerto Rico experienced the greatest benefit, with an 8% decrease in obesity among children aged 2-4 years enrolled in the WIC program, wrote Dr. Pan, an epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and coauthors.

Although the changes were small, the positive trend gains more import when viewed in light of the country’s long-term obesity trends, Dr. Pan and his team wrote. After a short-lived dip during 2007-2012, obesity has been on the rise among these children, jumping from 8% in 2012 to 14% in 2016. “Thus, even these small decreases indicate progress for this vulnerable WIC population,” the team said.

WIC extends nutritional assistance to families whose income is 185% or less of the federal poverty guideline or are eligible for other programs, as well as being deemed at nutritional risk.

The current study looked at obesity trends during 2010-2016 among 12,403,629 WIC recipients aged 2-4 years in all 50 U.S. states and five territories.

In 2010, obesity prevalence ranged from a low of 10% in Colorado to a high of 22% in Virginia. In Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Virginia, it was 20% or higher. Only in Colorado and Hawaii was obesity prevalence 10% or less among these children.

By 2016, obesity prevalence among children aged 2-4 years ranged from 8% in the Northern Mariana Islands to 19.8% in Alaska. It was less than 20% in all the states and territories, and less than 10% in Colorado, Guam, Hawaii, Northern Mariana Islands, Utah, and Wyoming.

It increased during 2010-2016, however, in Alabama (0.5%), North Carolina (0.6%), and West Virginia (2.2%).

The changes reflect the 2009 program revisions made to adhere to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the infant food and feeding practice guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Dr. Pan and associates wrote.

“The revised food packages include a broader range of healthy food options; promote fruit, vegetable, and whole wheat product purchases; support breastfeeding; and give WIC state and territory agencies more flexibility to accommodate cultural food preferences,” the authors noted.

In response to the changes, Dr. Pan and associates noted, authorized WIC stores began carrying healthier offerings. Tracking showed that children in the program consumed more fruits, vegetables, and whole grain products and less juice, white bread, and whole milk after the revisions than they did previously.

Despite the good news, childhood obesity rates still are too high and much remains to be done, they noted.

“Multiple approaches are needed to address and eliminate childhood obesity. The National Academy of Medicine and other groups have recommended a comprehensive and integrated approach that calls for positive changes in physical activity and food and beverage environments in multiple settings including home, early care and education [such as nutrition standards for food served], and community [such as neighborhood designs that encourage walking and biking] to promote healthy eating and physical activity for young children. Further implementation of these positive changes across the United States could further the decreases in child-hood obesity,” Dr. Pan and coauthors concluded.

Dr. Pan and coauthors had no financial disclosures.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Pan L et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Nov 22;68(46):1057-61.

A federal supplemental food program continues to reduce obesity prevalence among children aged 2-4 years who participate in it.

LP7/E+/Getty Images

During 2010-2016, the prevalence of obesity among children in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program significantly decreased in 73% of 56 states and territories, Liping Pan, MD, and colleagues reported in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

The obesity prevalence decreases varied, but exceeded 3% in Guam, New Jersey, New Mexico, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Utah, and Virginia. Puerto Rico experienced the greatest benefit, with an 8% decrease in obesity among children aged 2-4 years enrolled in the WIC program, wrote Dr. Pan, an epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and coauthors.

Although the changes were small, the positive trend gains more import when viewed in light of the country’s long-term obesity trends, Dr. Pan and his team wrote. After a short-lived dip during 2007-2012, obesity has been on the rise among these children, jumping from 8% in 2012 to 14% in 2016. “Thus, even these small decreases indicate progress for this vulnerable WIC population,” the team said.

WIC extends nutritional assistance to families whose income is 185% or less of the federal poverty guideline or are eligible for other programs, as well as being deemed at nutritional risk.

The current study looked at obesity trends during 2010-2016 among 12,403,629 WIC recipients aged 2-4 years in all 50 U.S. states and five territories.

In 2010, obesity prevalence ranged from a low of 10% in Colorado to a high of 22% in Virginia. In Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Virginia, it was 20% or higher. Only in Colorado and Hawaii was obesity prevalence 10% or less among these children.

By 2016, obesity prevalence among children aged 2-4 years ranged from 8% in the Northern Mariana Islands to 19.8% in Alaska. It was less than 20% in all the states and territories, and less than 10% in Colorado, Guam, Hawaii, Northern Mariana Islands, Utah, and Wyoming.

It increased during 2010-2016, however, in Alabama (0.5%), North Carolina (0.6%), and West Virginia (2.2%).

The changes reflect the 2009 program revisions made to adhere to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the infant food and feeding practice guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Dr. Pan and associates wrote.

“The revised food packages include a broader range of healthy food options; promote fruit, vegetable, and whole wheat product purchases; support breastfeeding; and give WIC state and territory agencies more flexibility to accommodate cultural food preferences,” the authors noted.

In response to the changes, Dr. Pan and associates noted, authorized WIC stores began carrying healthier offerings. Tracking showed that children in the program consumed more fruits, vegetables, and whole grain products and less juice, white bread, and whole milk after the revisions than they did previously.

Despite the good news, childhood obesity rates still are too high and much remains to be done, they noted.

“Multiple approaches are needed to address and eliminate childhood obesity. The National Academy of Medicine and other groups have recommended a comprehensive and integrated approach that calls for positive changes in physical activity and food and beverage environments in multiple settings including home, early care and education [such as nutrition standards for food served], and community [such as neighborhood designs that encourage walking and biking] to promote healthy eating and physical activity for young children. Further implementation of these positive changes across the United States could further the decreases in child-hood obesity,” Dr. Pan and coauthors concluded.

Dr. Pan and coauthors had no financial disclosures.

msullivan@mdedge.com

SOURCE: Pan L et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Nov 22;68(46):1057-61.

The combination of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab may offer some benefit to patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma, especially those who are positive for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), investigators report.

The overall response rate (ORR) among such patients was 60%, compared with 19% in PD-L1–negative patients, Bradley A. McGregor, MD, clinical director for the Lank Center of Genitourinary Oncology at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, and colleagues reported in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

The data were presented last summer at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting in Chicago.

The phase 2 study comprised 60 patients, 42 of whom had variant histology RCC, and 18 of whom had clear cell RCC (ccRCC ) with at least 20% sarcomatoid differentiation. All patients had advanced renal cell carcinoma of various histologies, including papillary (12), chromophobe (10), unclassified (9), TFE3 translocation (5), collecting duct (5), and medullary (1). Most (65%) had not received prior systemic therapy.

They all received infusions of atezolizumab 1,200 mg plus bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks. No dose modifications were allowed. Dose delays were allowed, and patients could also drop one agent and continue with the other. Treatment continued until disease progression, toxicity, or intolerable side effects.

The median number of cycles was 9.5, although the range was wide (1-42). At analysis, 15 were still on the treatment, but 45 had dropped out. Reasons were disease progression (34), death (1), toxicity (5), or unspecified (8). Six patients delayed bevacizumab doses, half because of adverse events.

After a median follow-up of 13 months, the ORR was 33%. Those with ccRCC with sarcomatoid differentiation responded best to the combination (ORR, 50%). Those with variant-histology RCC responded less robustly (ORR, 26%).

ORR varied by baseline risk category, being 33% in favorable-, 45% in intermediate-, and 11% in poor-risk patients. Median time to response was 2.7 months, median response duration was 8.9 months, and median progression-free survival was 8.3 months.

PD-L1 status was determined in 36 patients; 15 were positive. Among the positive patents, ORR was 60%, compared with 19% in PD-L1 negative patients. Response rates varied with tumor characteristics. Among patients with ccRCC with sarcomatoid differentiation, the ORR was 50% in PD-L1–positive patients and 29% in negative patients. In patients with variant histology RCC, the ORR was also better in PD-L1 positive patients (67% vs. 14%).

The most common treatment-related side effects were fatigue (35%), proteinuria (35%), musculoskeletal pain (33%), diarrhea (22%), rash (20%), hypertension (18%), pruritus (18%), thyroid dysfunction (17%), hepatitis (15%), fever (13%), and mucositis (12%). Thirty-four patients developed at least one grade 3 adverse event; there were no grade 4 or 5 toxicities. One patient died, presumably because of disease progression.

Quality of life scores were largely stable during treatment.

“The combination demonstrated responses across several subtypes of RCC, including collecting duct and medullary carcinoma, histologies that are often treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy,” the authors said. “This is notable given the generally poor prognosis and low response rate associated with variant histology RCC in trials to date.”

The study also suggests the PD-L1 status might be “intriguing as a biomarker for response to atezolizumab and bevacizumab in variant histology RCC. We plan to conduct additional correlative work, including genomic profiling and assessment of the immune microenvironment, to better elucidate markers of response and resistance,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE: McGregor BA et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 13. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.01882.

The combination of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab may offer some benefit to patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma, especially those who are positive for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), investigators report.

The overall response rate (ORR) among such patients was 60%, compared with 19% in PD-L1–negative patients, Bradley A. McGregor, MD, clinical director for the Lank Center of Genitourinary Oncology at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, and colleagues reported in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

The data were presented last summer at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting in Chicago.

The phase 2 study comprised 60 patients, 42 of whom had variant histology RCC, and 18 of whom had clear cell RCC (ccRCC ) with at least 20% sarcomatoid differentiation. All patients had advanced renal cell carcinoma of various histologies, including papillary (12), chromophobe (10), unclassified (9), TFE3 translocation (5), collecting duct (5), and medullary (1). Most (65%) had not received prior systemic therapy.

They all received infusions of atezolizumab 1,200 mg plus bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks. No dose modifications were allowed. Dose delays were allowed, and patients could also drop one agent and continue with the other. Treatment continued until disease progression, toxicity, or intolerable side effects.

The median number of cycles was 9.5, although the range was wide (1-42). At analysis, 15 were still on the treatment, but 45 had dropped out. Reasons were disease progression (34), death (1), toxicity (5), or unspecified (8). Six patients delayed bevacizumab doses, half because of adverse events.

After a median follow-up of 13 months, the ORR was 33%. Those with ccRCC with sarcomatoid differentiation responded best to the combination (ORR, 50%). Those with variant-histology RCC responded less robustly (ORR, 26%).

ORR varied by baseline risk category, being 33% in favorable-, 45% in intermediate-, and 11% in poor-risk patients. Median time to response was 2.7 months, median response duration was 8.9 months, and median progression-free survival was 8.3 months.

PD-L1 status was determined in 36 patients; 15 were positive. Among the positive patents, ORR was 60%, compared with 19% in PD-L1 negative patients. Response rates varied with tumor characteristics. Among patients with ccRCC with sarcomatoid differentiation, the ORR was 50% in PD-L1–positive patients and 29% in negative patients. In patients with variant histology RCC, the ORR was also better in PD-L1 positive patients (67% vs. 14%).

The most common treatment-related side effects were fatigue (35%), proteinuria (35%), musculoskeletal pain (33%), diarrhea (22%), rash (20%), hypertension (18%), pruritus (18%), thyroid dysfunction (17%), hepatitis (15%), fever (13%), and mucositis (12%). Thirty-four patients developed at least one grade 3 adverse event; there were no grade 4 or 5 toxicities. One patient died, presumably because of disease progression.

Quality of life scores were largely stable during treatment.

“The combination demonstrated responses across several subtypes of RCC, including collecting duct and medullary carcinoma, histologies that are often treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy,” the authors said. “This is notable given the generally poor prognosis and low response rate associated with variant histology RCC in trials to date.”

The study also suggests the PD-L1 status might be “intriguing as a biomarker for response to atezolizumab and bevacizumab in variant histology RCC. We plan to conduct additional correlative work, including genomic profiling and assessment of the immune microenvironment, to better elucidate markers of response and resistance,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE: McGregor BA et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 13. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.01882.

The combination of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab may offer some benefit to patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma, especially those who are positive for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), investigators report.

The overall response rate (ORR) among such patients was 60%, compared with 19% in PD-L1–negative patients, Bradley A. McGregor, MD, clinical director for the Lank Center of Genitourinary Oncology at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, and colleagues reported in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.

The data were presented last summer at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting in Chicago.

The phase 2 study comprised 60 patients, 42 of whom had variant histology RCC, and 18 of whom had clear cell RCC (ccRCC ) with at least 20% sarcomatoid differentiation. All patients had advanced renal cell carcinoma of various histologies, including papillary (12), chromophobe (10), unclassified (9), TFE3 translocation (5), collecting duct (5), and medullary (1). Most (65%) had not received prior systemic therapy.

They all received infusions of atezolizumab 1,200 mg plus bevacizumab 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks. No dose modifications were allowed. Dose delays were allowed, and patients could also drop one agent and continue with the other. Treatment continued until disease progression, toxicity, or intolerable side effects.

The median number of cycles was 9.5, although the range was wide (1-42). At analysis, 15 were still on the treatment, but 45 had dropped out. Reasons were disease progression (34), death (1), toxicity (5), or unspecified (8). Six patients delayed bevacizumab doses, half because of adverse events.

After a median follow-up of 13 months, the ORR was 33%. Those with ccRCC with sarcomatoid differentiation responded best to the combination (ORR, 50%). Those with variant-histology RCC responded less robustly (ORR, 26%).

ORR varied by baseline risk category, being 33% in favorable-, 45% in intermediate-, and 11% in poor-risk patients. Median time to response was 2.7 months, median response duration was 8.9 months, and median progression-free survival was 8.3 months.

PD-L1 status was determined in 36 patients; 15 were positive. Among the positive patents, ORR was 60%, compared with 19% in PD-L1 negative patients. Response rates varied with tumor characteristics. Among patients with ccRCC with sarcomatoid differentiation, the ORR was 50% in PD-L1–positive patients and 29% in negative patients. In patients with variant histology RCC, the ORR was also better in PD-L1 positive patients (67% vs. 14%).

The most common treatment-related side effects were fatigue (35%), proteinuria (35%), musculoskeletal pain (33%), diarrhea (22%), rash (20%), hypertension (18%), pruritus (18%), thyroid dysfunction (17%), hepatitis (15%), fever (13%), and mucositis (12%). Thirty-four patients developed at least one grade 3 adverse event; there were no grade 4 or 5 toxicities. One patient died, presumably because of disease progression.

Quality of life scores were largely stable during treatment.

“The combination demonstrated responses across several subtypes of RCC, including collecting duct and medullary carcinoma, histologies that are often treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy,” the authors said. “This is notable given the generally poor prognosis and low response rate associated with variant histology RCC in trials to date.”

The study also suggests the PD-L1 status might be “intriguing as a biomarker for response to atezolizumab and bevacizumab in variant histology RCC. We plan to conduct additional correlative work, including genomic profiling and assessment of the immune microenvironment, to better elucidate markers of response and resistance,” the authors wrote.

SOURCE: McGregor BA et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 13. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.01882.